Jobs, Steve

From New World Encyclopedia
Line 116: Line 116:
  
 
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy [[NeXT]] for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,
 
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy [[NeXT]] for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,
−
<ref name="archive">[http://web.archive.org/web/*/product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q2/970207.pr.rel.next.html Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc.], ''Apple Inc.'', February 7, 1997. Retrieved 2006-06-25.</ref> bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became ''de facto'' chief after then-CEO [[Gil Amelio]] was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.<ref name="Apple Formally Names Jobs as Interim Chief">{{Cite news|title=Apple Formally Names Jobs as Interim Chief|work=The New York Times |accessdate=2011-06-27|date=September 17, 1997|url=http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797apple.html |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120907/http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797apple.html |archivedate=September 7, 2012}}</ref> In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as [[Newton (platform)|Newton]], [[Cyberdog]], and [[OpenDoc]]. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."<ref name="The once and future Steve Jobs">{{cite news|url=http://archive.salon.com/tech/books/2000/10/11/jobs_excerpt/index2.html|title=The once and future Steve Jobs|date=October 11, 2000|work=Salon.com |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120709/http://archive.salon.com/tech/books/2000/10/11/jobs_excerpt/index2.html |archivedate=July 9, 2012}}</ref> Jobs also changed the licensing program for [[Macintosh clones]], making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
+
bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became ''de facto'' chief after then-CEO [[Gil Amelio]] was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.<ref name="Apple Formally Names Jobs as Interim Chief">[http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797apple.html Apple Formally Names Jobs as Interim Chief] ''The New York Times'', September 17, 1997. Retrieved April 4, 2013.</ref> In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as [[Newton (platform)|Newton]], [[Cyberdog]], and [[OpenDoc]]. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."<ref name="The once and future Steve Jobs">[http://archive.salon.com/tech/books/2000/10/11/jobs_excerpt/index2.html The once and future Steve Jobs] ''Salon.com'', October 11, 2000. Retrieved April 4, 2013.</ref>  
  
 
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably [[NeXTSTEP]], which evolved into [[Mac OS X]]. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the [[iMac]] and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.
 
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably [[NeXTSTEP]], which evolved into [[Mac OS X]]. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the [[iMac]] and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.

Revision as of 17:10, 4 April 2013

Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP.jpg
Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010
BornSteven Paul Jobs
February 24 1955(1955-02-24) [1][2]
San Francisco, California, U.S.[1][2]
DiedOctober 5 2011 (aged 56)[2]
Palo Alto, California, U.S.
Cause of deathMetastatic Insulinoma
NationalityAmerican
Alma materReed College (dropped out)
OccupationCo-founder, Chairman and CEO,
Apple Inc.
Co-founder and CEO,
Pixar
Founder and CEO,
NeXT Inc.
Years active1974–2011
Board member ofThe Walt Disney Company
Apple Inc.
Religious beliefsZen Buddhism (previously Lutheran)[3]
Spouse(s)Laurene Powell
(1991–2011, his death)
ChildrenLisa Brennan-Jobs
Reed Jobs
Erin Jobs
Eve Jobs
RelativesPatricia Ann Jobs (adoptive sister), Mona Simpson (biological sister)
Signature
Steve Jobs signature.svg

Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American entrepreneur and inventor, best known as the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. He also played a role in introducing the LaserWriter, one of the first widely available laser printers, to the market.

After a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar. He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He served as CEO and majority shareholder until Disney's purchase of Pixar in 2006. In 1996, after Apple had failed to deliver its operating system, Copland, Gil Amelio turned to NeXT Computer, and the NeXTSTEP platform became the foundation for the Mac OS X. Jobs returned to Apple as an advisor, and took control of the company as an interim CEO. Jobs brought Apple from near bankruptcy to profitability by 1998.

As the new CEO of the company, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store. The success of these products and services provided several years of stable financial returns, and propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011. The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.

In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined. On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned in August that year, and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.

Jobs received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has been referred to as "legendary," a "futurist" or simply "visionary", and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution", a "master of innovation", and a "design perfectionist".

Life

Childhood and education

Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble, of Swiss Catholic descent, and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic: عبدالفتاح جندلي), who were both unmarried at the time.[4] The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986), an Armenian American whose maiden name was Hagopian.[5] According to Steve Jobs's commencement address at Stanford, Schieble wanted Jobs to be adopted only by a college-graduate couple. Schieble learned that Clara Jobs hadn't graduated from college and Paul Jobs had only attended high school, but signed final adoption papers after they promised her that the child would definitely be encouraged and supported to attend college. Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[6] He stated in his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."[7] Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child, novelist Mona Simpson, in 1957, and divorce in 1962.[7] In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985[8] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.[6]

The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.[1][2] The parents later adopted a daughter, Patty. Clara was an accountant[6] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Paul worked as a mechanic and a carpenter, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.[9]

Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he frequently played pranks on others.[9] Though school officials recommended that he skip two grades on account of his test scores, his parents elected for him only to skip one grade.[7]

Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Steve Wozniak.[10]

Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son's higher education.[10] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes, including a course on calligraphy.[11] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple. [12] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[12]

Before Apple

In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.[13] He traveled to India in mid-1974 to visit Neem Karoli Baba at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973.[13]

After staying for seven months, Jobs left India[14] and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.[13] Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved and he wore traditional Indian clothing.[15] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".[16] He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in the US.[17] He considered taking up monastic residence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.[18] Jobs would later say that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[16]

Jobs then returned to Atari, where he resumed his friendship with Steve Wozniak. Wozniak had designed a low-cost digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls, and Jobs realized that they could make money selling it.[19]

Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.[2] He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and would explicitly model his own career after that of Land's.[20]

After forming Apple

In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named "Apple Computer Company" in remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples.

Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter.[21] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998.[22]

Shoulder-high portrait of two middle aged men, the one on left wearing a blue dress shirt and suitcoat, the one on right wearing a black turtleneck shirt and with his glasses pushed back onto his head and holding a phone facing them with an Apple logo visible on its back
Jobs demonstrating the iPhone 4 to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on June 23, 2010

Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers. He told biographer Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style."[7]

Health issues and death

In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, a rare form treatable by surgery. Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months,[21] instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet, acupuncture, and other remedies in an attempt to thwart the disease. According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined."[7] He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.[23] During Jobs' absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[24]

Jobs returned to work after a short recovery period. However, in 2006 his appearance and uninspired presentation at Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference led to speculation about his health.[25] Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs' 2008 WWDC keynote address. On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health. In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com, Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[26] In an internal Apple memo a week later, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought," and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple, with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[27]

In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee. His prognosis was described as "excellent".[28]

On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health." As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[29] Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011, writing to the board, "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple’s CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come."[30] Jobs became chairman of the board thereafter, with Tim Cook his successor as CEO.

Jobs died at his California home around 3 pm on October 5, 2011, with his wife, children, and sister at his side. [31]

A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011. On October 16, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour.[32] A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial.

Jobs is buried in Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto.[33]

Career

Through the Apple company Steve Jobs founded, he became widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[34] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields, transforming "one industry after another, from computers and smartphones to music and movies..."[35] Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. He also played a role in introducing the LaserWriter, one of the first widely available laser printers, to the market.[36]

Apple Computer

Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California. Steve Jobs formed Apple Computer in its garage with Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in 1976. Wayne stayed only a short time leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the primary co-founders of the company.
Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California. Steve Jobs formed Apple Computer in its garage with Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in 1976. Wayne stayed only a short time, leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the primary co-founders of the company.

Jobs and Steve Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. In 1976, Wozniak invented what became the Apple I computer. Jobs, Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, another co-worker at Atari, founded Apple computer in the garage of Jobs' parents in order to sell it.[22] They received funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer Mike Markkula.[37]

While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. Disappointing sales caused a deterioration in Jobs' working relationship with CEO John Sculley and a power struggle between the two developed.[38] Sculley learned that Jobs had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup, and on May 24, 1985, called a board meeting to resolve the matter. Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head of the Macintosh division.[38] [39] Jobs resigned from Apple five months later and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.

In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired from Apple was the best thing that could have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." And he added, "I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it."[12][40]

NeXT Computer

A NeXTstation with the original keyboard, mouse and the NeXT MegaPixel monitor

After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985. A year later, Jobs was running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.[22] NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, and were known for their technical strengths, chief among them the object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web on a NeXT computer at CERN.[41]

The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was also released in 1990. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork," Jobs told reporters.[42] Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[43] This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel. [44] The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[22] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,[44] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.

Pixar and Disney

Meanwhile, in 1986 Jobs had acquired a controlling interest in Pixar, Lucasfilm's computer graphics division. The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story (1995) brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced numerous box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010).

On January 24, 2006, Disney announced an agreement to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock. Jobs joined the company’s board of directors and also helped oversee Disney and Pixar’s combined animation businesses.[45]

Return to Apple

In 1996, after Apple had failed to deliver its operating system, Copland, Gil Amelio turned to NeXT Computer, and the NeXTSTEP platform became the foundation for the Mac OS X.[46] Jobs returned to Apple as an advisor, and took control of the company as an interim CEO. Jobs brought Apple from near bankruptcy to profitability by 1998.[7]

As the new CEO of the company, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store. [47] The success of these products and services provided several years of stable financial returns, and propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[48] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.[49][50]

In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996, bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.[51] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[52]

With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO. [53] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO". [54]

The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[55]

Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[12] The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle all e-waste."

In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[56]

Resignation

In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company as chairman of the company's board. [57][58] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hours trading.[59] This relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that his health had been in the news for several years, and he had been on medical leave since January 2011.[60] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[61] In after-hours trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5 percent.[62]

Business life

Management style

Jobs was a demanding perfectionist [63][64] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky

There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.[65]

Ever a stickler for quality, Jobs once famously quoted:

Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren't used to an environment where excellence is expected.

Steve Jobs announcing the transition to Intel processors in 2005.

Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[66] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.

NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable," to which Jobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then. [67]

Apple CEO Tim Cook noted, "More so than any person I ever met in my life, [Jobs] had the ability to change his mind, much more so than anyone I’ve ever met... Maybe the most underappreciated thing about Steve was that he had the courage to change his mind." [68]

Inventions and designs

Jobs's design aesthetic was influenced by the modernist architectural style of Joseph Eichler, and the industrial designs of Braun's Dieter Rams.[7] His design sense was also greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.[69] His sense of intuition was also influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.[69]

According to Apple cofounder, Steve Wozniak, "Steve didn't ever code. He wasn't an engineer and he didn't do any original design..."[70][71] Daniel Kottke, one of Apple's earliest employees and a college friend of Jobs', stated that "Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person."[72]

He is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 346 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Jobs's contributions to most of his patents were to "the look and feel of the product." His industrial design chief Jonathan Ive had his name along with him for 200 of the patents.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many Most of these are design patents (specific product designs; for example, Jobs listed as primary inventor in patents for both original and lamp-style iMacs, as well as PowerBook G4 Titanium) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).[73][74] He has 43 issued US patents on inventions.[73] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.[75] Although Jobs had little involvement in the engineering and technical side of the original Apple computers,[71] Jobs later used his CEO position to directly involve himself with product design.[76]

Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed.[77] He also despised the oxygen monitor on his finger and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity.[78]


Wealth and Philanthropy

Although Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[79] Jobs held 5.426 million Apple shares worth $2.1 billion, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar) worth $4.4 billion.[80][81] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.[82]Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd-wealthiest American. [83]


Two men in their fifties shown full length sitting in red leather chairs smiling at each other
Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: All Things Digital conference (D5) in 2007

Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes," compared to Bill Gates's efforts. [84] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world's richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.[85] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that "the challenges are to figure out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concerns or values."[86] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately.[87]

After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[21] Jobs's friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity.[88] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program. [89] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to Product Red's gift to the Global Fund, which fights AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, according to Bono.[90][91]

Legacy

Jobs received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has been referred to as "legendary," a "futurist" or simply "visionary",[92][93] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution", a "master of innovation",[94] and a "design perfectionist".[95]

Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.[96][97] Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.[98]

His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:

We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.

Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.

His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.[99]

For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait.[100] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:

Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.[100]

An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.[101][102] Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.

Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:[103]

Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family. He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time.[103]

Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, and NBC.[104] Numerous newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama,[105] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[106] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[107] and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.[108] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas.[109][110] After Steve Jobs's death, Adult Swim aired a 15-second segment with the words "hello" in a script font fading in and then changing into "goodbye."

Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issue's cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs was featured on the cover of Time.[111] The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs.[112]

Bloomberg Businessweek also published a commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.

At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius[113][114][115][116]—perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business,[117][118] innovation,[119] and product design,[120] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,[113][115][119] revolutionized at least six different industries,[114] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".[114] His death was widely mourned[119] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.[116]

After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time. [121][122] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet[123]Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it."[124]

There was also a dissenting tone in some coverage of Jobs' life and works in the media, where attention focused on his near-fanatical control mindset and business ruthlessness. A Los Angeles Times media critic reported that the eulogies "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press."[125] Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to Apple's strategy of tight corporate control over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died".[126][127] Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor stated that under Jobs, Apple had taken stances that in his view were "outright hostile to the practice of journalism" [125] - these included suing three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products including attempts to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources, suing teenager Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13[125] (Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill his 'ThinkSecret' blog as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star."[125]).


In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Jobs' biological sister Mona Simpson stated:

I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother.[8]

Honors and public recognition

Steve Jobs with the first generation iPad tablet

After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".[128][129]

Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[130] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[131] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine.[132] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[133]

In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement,[134] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine.


[135] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine.[117]

In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.[136] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay[137] by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'". [138] The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."[137]

In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked to identify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas Edison.[139]

On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award, an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance.[140]

In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time," describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring," and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation".[141]

Two films, Disney's John Carter[142] and Pixar's Brave,[143] are dedicated to Jobs.

On October 5, 2012, Apple.com's homepage was changed to a video tribute to Jobs, because it was the first anniversary of his death, and it showed pictures with audio from some of his greatest keynotes. When the video ended, it showed a note from Tim Cook about the matter.

Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater

Books

  • The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer.
  • The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman
  • iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon
  • iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it covers much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.
  • Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
  • Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
  • The Zen of Steve Jobs (2012) written by Caleb Melby with artwork by Jess3, a graphic novel about the relationship of Jobs and Kobun Chino Otogawa and how the monk's mentorship influenced Jobs's business philosophy.

Documentaries

  • The Machine That Changed the World – Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
  • Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal computer.
  • Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the development of the Internet.
  • iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World  – a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[144]
  • Steve Jobs: One Last Thing – a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions.[145] A slightly shortened and localized[146] version of the show was broadcast[147] in the United Kingdom the following day titled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World – on Channel 4.[148]

Films

  • Steve Jobs – A Sony Pictures film version of the biography by Walter Isaacson, with a screenplay and directed by Aaron Sorkin.
  • Jobs  – an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton Kutcher.[149]
  • Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[150]

Theater

  • The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs – The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey.[151]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Steve Jobs Smithsonian Institution, April 20, 1995. Retrieved March 21, 2013
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 John Markoff, Steven P. Jobs, 1955–2011: Apple's Visionary Redefined Digital Age The New York Times, October 5, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  3. ↑ Fionna Agomuoh,Steve Jobs: Died Buddhist, Raised Lutheran Christian Post, October 7, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  4. ↑ Tributes for Apple 'visionary' Steve Jobs BBC News, October 6, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2013
  5. ↑ Shirin Sadeghi, Steve Jobs' Arab-American background and the story of his adoption New America Media, October 6, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Steve Lohr, Creating Jobs The New York Times, January 12, 1997. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2012, ISBN 978-1451648539).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mona Simpson, A Sister’s Eulogy for Steve Jobs The New York Times, October 30, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Steve Jobs: Early Life A+E Television Networks. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 The Jobs Family, All about Steve Jobs. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  11. ↑ Duncan Campbell, The Guardian Profile: Steve Jobs The Guardian, June 8, 2004. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says. Prepared text of the Commencement address delivered by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, on June 12, 2005, Stanford Report, June 14, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Shashank Chouhan, An exclusive interview with Daniel Kottke India Today, September 13, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  14. ↑ Arun Kumar, Wandering in India for 7 months: Steve Jobs Yahoo News, October 24, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  15. ↑ Amanda Andrews, Steve Jobs, Apple's iGod: Profile The Daily Telegraph, January 14, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 John Markoff, What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry (Penguin, 2005, ISBN 978-0143036760).
  17. ↑ Steve Silberman, What Kind of Buddhist was Steve Jobs, Really? NeuroTribes, October 28, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  18. ↑ Daniel Burke, Steve Jobs' private spirituality now an open book USA Today, November 2, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  19. ↑ Steve Jobs and the Early Apple Years I Programmer, October 6, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  20. ↑ The story of Polaroid inventor Edwin Land, one of Steve Jobs' biggest heroes Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Peter Elkind, The trouble with Steve Jobs Fortune, March 5, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2013. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "sjfortune" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Owen W. Linzmayer, Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company (No Starch Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1593270100).
  23. ↑ Dan Childs and Kevin Dolak, Steve Jobs' Pancreatic Cancer: A Timeline ABC News, October 6, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  24. ↑ Benny Evangelista, Apple's Jobs has cancerous tumor removed / He'll take a month off to recuperate San Francisco Chronicle, August 2, 2004. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  25. ↑ Leander Kahney, Has Steve Jobs Lost His Magic? Wired News, August 8, 2006. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  26. ↑ Letter from Apple CEO Steve Jobs Apple Press Info, January 5, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  27. ↑ Apple Media Advisory Apple Press Info, January 14, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  28. ↑ Steve Jobs recovering after liver transplant CNN, June 23, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  29. ↑ Steve Jobs to take medical leave of absence but remain Apple CEO Apple Insider, January 17, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  30. ↑ Letter from Steve Jobs Apple Press Info, August 24, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  31. ↑ Dominic Rushe, Steve Jobs, Apple co-founder, dies at 56 The Guardian, October 6, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  32. ↑ Steve Jobs's Family Gave Moving Words at Sunday Memorial The Wall Street Journal, October 17, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  33. ↑ Steve Jobs FindaGrave. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  34. ↑ Frederick E. Allen, Malcolm Gladwell Gets Steve Jobs Wrong Forbes, November 9, 2011. March 21, 2013.
  35. ↑ David Sarno and Christopher Goffard, Steve Jobs dies at 56; Apple's co-founder transformed computers and culture Los Angeles Times, October 6, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  36. ↑ Brent Schlender, 25 most powerful people in business CNN money. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  37. ↑ John Markoff, An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil The New York Times, September 1, 1997. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Chris Seibold, May 24, 1985: Jobs Fails to Oust Sculley Apple Matters, May 24, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  39. ↑ Steven Levy, Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything (Penguin Books, 2000, 978-0140291773).
  40. ↑ John Naughton, Steve Jobs: Stanford commencement address, June 2005 The Guardian, October 8, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  41. ↑ Welcome to info.cern.ch: The website of the world's first-ever web server, CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  42. ↑ Interpersonal computing- the third revolution?. New Straits Times, May 31, 1990. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  43. ↑ Randall E. Stross, Steve Jobs & the NeXT Big Thing (Scribner, 1993, ISBN 978-0689121357), 117, 120, 246.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Jason D. O'Grady, Apple Inc (Greenwood Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0313362446).
  45. ↑ Steve Jobs, 1955 – 2011 Splashnology. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  46. ↑ Life after Steve Jobs: What to Expect from the Next Generation at Apple Knowledge@Wharton, October 12, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  47. ↑ Vivek Kaul, What Steve Jobs did when he was fired from Apple DNA (Daily News & Analysis), May 11, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  48. ↑ Nick Bilton, Apple Is the Most Valuable Company New York Times, August 9, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  49. ↑ Michael Hiltzik, Steve Jobs: More than a turnaround artist Los Angeles Times, October 5, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  50. ↑ Conrad Quilty-Harper,Steve Jobs at Apple: a relentless rise in graphs and charts The Telegraph, October 6, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  51. ↑ Apple Formally Names Jobs as Interim Chief The New York Times, September 17, 1997. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  52. ↑ The once and future Steve Jobs Salon.com, October 11, 2000. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  53. ↑ Norr, Henry, "MacWorld Expo/Permanent Jobs/Apple CEO finally drops 'interim' from title", San Francisco Chronicle, January 6, 2000. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
  54. ↑ "Jobs announces new MacOS, becomes 'iCEO'", CNN, January 5, 2000.
  55. ↑ Levy, Steven (1995). Insanely great: the life and times of Macintosh, the computer that changed everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-023237-0. 
  56. ↑ "Apple Improves Recycling Plan", PC Magazine, April 21, 2006.
  57. ↑ Siegler, M.G.. Steve Jobs Resigns As CEO Of Apple. TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  58. ↑ Gupta, Poornima, "Steve Jobs Quits", August 18, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  59. ↑ AAPL: Summary for Apple IncFinance. Yahoo (January 2, 2007). Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  60. ↑ Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer. "Apple's Stock: Looks Like Jobs's Departure Was Priced In", The Wall Street Journal, August 24, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  61. ↑ Steve Schaefer. "Forbes", Forbes, July 26, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  62. ↑ DIS: Summary for Walt Disney Company. Finance.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-25.[verification needed]
  63. ↑ 7.30 – } ABC. ABCnet.au. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  64. ↑ Lateline: "Visionary Steve Jobs succumbs to cancer". ABCnet.au (October 6, 2011). Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  65. ↑ Live from Macworld 2007: Steve Jobs keynote (2007). Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  66. ↑ Colvin, Geoff, "Steve Jobs' Bad Bet", Fortune, March 19, 2007. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  67. ↑ Dumaine, Brian (October 18, 1993). America's Toughest Bosses. Fortune.
  68. ↑ Tyrangiel, Josh, "Tim Cook's Freshman Year: The Apple CEO Speaks", 6 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Steve Jobs' autobiography: a chronicle of a complex genius. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012., The Hindu News
  70. ↑ What Made Steve Jobs So Great?. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Does Steve Jobs know how to code?. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  72. ↑ Searching for Magic in India and Silicon Valley: An Interview with Daniel Kottke, Apple Employee #12. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Patents registry database 1
  74. ↑ U.S. Government patent application database. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  75. ↑ United States Patent 8,032,843, Ording, et al., October 4, 2011, "User interface for providing consolidation and access". Archived from the original on September 16, 2012.
  76. ↑ "Steve Jobs Told Me Why He Loved Being A CEO". Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  77. ↑ A Sister's Eulogy for Steve Jobs. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  78. ↑ Walter Isaacson's 'Steve Jobs' biography shows Apple co-founder's genius, flaws. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  79. ↑ Executive salaries on the rise again. Slideshow. NineMSN. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
  80. ↑ Kim, Susanna, "Future of Steve Jobs' $6.7 Billion Wealth Likely to Remain as Private As He Was", October 7, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  81. ↑ cnn, , "Steve Jobs is $282 million richer". Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  82. ↑ Hatmaker, Taylor, "8 things you didn't know about the life of Steve Jobs", October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  83. ↑ "Forbes 400 Richest Americans", Forbes, September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  84. ↑ Arik Hesseldahl. Thoughts on the Steve Jobs Legacy. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012.. Bloomberg Businessweek. August 29, 2008. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
  85. ↑ Stuart, Elizabeth, "Steve Jobs' philanthropy: Did he give anonymously or not at all?", October 12, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
  86. ↑ Interview to Playboy magazine. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Playboy. February 1985. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  87. ↑ Dilger, Daniel. Tim Cook exposes the lie that Steve Jobs ignored philanthropy. Steve Jobs. AppleInsider. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
  88. ↑ Stuart, Elizabeth, "Steve Jobs' philanthropy: Did he give anonymously or not at all?", October 12, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
  89. ↑ Bono Defends Steve Jobs After Criticism About Apple Ex-CEO's Philanthropy. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. September 2, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  90. ↑ Prios, Jessica, "The Steve Jobs Philanthropy Debate", October 7, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
  91. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/opinion/bono-praises-steve-jobs-as-generous-and-poetic.html. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012.
  92. ↑ Steve Jobs – A Farewell to the Legendary Icon Business Today, October 7, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  93. ↑ Alex Goldfayn, The Traits That Made Steve Jobs Legendary Consumer Evangelists, October 14, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  94. ↑ Steve Jobs: Master of Innovation SUCCESS, May 4, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  95. ↑ Steve Jobs: Design perfectionist CNN, August 25, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  96. ↑ "Apple flies flags at half staff for Steve Jobs", KOKI-TV, October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
  97. ↑ "Microsoft lowers flags to half staff in tribute to Steve Jobs", Network World, October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
  98. ↑ "Disney World flags at half-staff in memory of Steve Jobs", Bay News 9, October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
  99. ↑ Apple Inc. (October 5, 2011). Statement by Apple's Board of Directors. Press release. Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Pepitone, Julianne, "Steve Jobs: The homepage tributes", CNN, October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
  101. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Apple website pays tribute to Steve Jobs
  102. ↑ Remembering Steve Jobs. Apple Inc.. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Pixar Animation Studios. Pixar. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  104. ↑ Steve Jobs at YouTube
  105. ↑ The White House (October 5, 2011). Statement by the President on the Passing of Steve Jobs. Press release.
  106. ↑ Prime Minister pays tribute to Steve Jobs. Number10.gov.uk (October 6, 2011). Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  107. ↑ Steve Jobs. Thegatesnotes.com (October 5, 2011). Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  108. ↑ "1955–2011: Steve Jobs", Wired News, October 6, 2011.
  109. ↑ Industry Icons Unique Legacy. Sky News (October 6, 2011). Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  110. ↑ Patricia Sellers. "George Lucas on Steve Jobs", Fortune, October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  111. ↑ "TIME's Steve Jobs Covers", Time, April 2, 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  112. ↑ Elmer-DeWitt, Philip, "The day Steve Jobs called Walter Isaacson", Fortune, October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Roeper, Richard, "Steve Jobs' impact goes far beyond phones, computers", Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 "Leading article: The sad loss of one of a kind", The Independent, INM, October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Fairweather, Alastair (October 6, 2011). Steve Jobs: A genius to the end. Mail & Guardian Online (South Africa). Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named telegraph 1
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 Lashinsky, Adam, "Steve Jobs: CEO of the decade", Fortune, November 5, 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  118. ↑ Schuman, Michael, "Steve Jobs the businessman: Can Apple thrive without him?", Time, October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer. WNCF TV. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  120. ↑ Gelernter, David, "Steve Jobs and the Coolest Show on Earth", The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones, October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
  121. ↑ Cain Miller, Claire. "Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection", The New York Times, August 25, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-26.
  122. ↑ Nocera, Joe. "What Makes Steve Jobs Great", The New York Times, August 26, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-26.
  123. ↑ Jon Stewart. October 06, 2011 – Jason Sudeikis. Comedy Partners. Retrieved 2011-10-09. Scene occurs at 19:45.
  124. ↑ Gladwell, Malcolm. The tweaker: The real genius of Steve Jobs.. The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 125.3 Rainey, James, "Steve Jobs and Apple vs. a free press", October 7, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
  126. ↑ "Richard Stallman's dissenting view on Steve Jobs", October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
  127. ↑ Amrutha Gayathri. "Richard Stallman's Remarks on Steve Jobs: 'I'm Not Glad He's Dead, but I'm Glad He's Gone'", October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  128. ↑ Cocks, Jay. "The Updated Book of Jobs", Time, January 3, 1983. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  129. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named golden19830103
  130. ↑ The National Medal Of Technology Recipients 1985 Laureates. Uspto.gov. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  131. ↑ National Winners | public service awards. Jefferson Awards.org. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  132. ↑ "25 most powerful people in business – #1: Steve Jobs", Fortune. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  133. ↑ Jobs inducted into California Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012., California Museum. Retrieved 2007.
  134. ↑ Steve Jobs bigger than Oprah! (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  135. ↑ Bo Burlingham and George Gendron (April 1, 1989). The Entrepreneur of the Decade. Inc. magazine. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
  136. ↑ The most Powerful People on Earth. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012.
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 Richard Waters. "Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top", December 22, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
  138. ↑ Richard Waters and Joseph Menn, Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012., Financial Times, December 22, 2010. The actual text from the biography is:

    Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.
  139. ↑ Thomas Edison, Steve Jobs top young adult list of greatest innovators. Los Angeles Times (January 27, 2012). Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
  140. ↑ Arico, Joe, "Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy", Mobiledia.com, December 22, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  141. ↑ Fortune Names Steve Jobs "Greatest Entrepreneur Of Our Time". Fortune (March 26, 2012). Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  142. ↑ John Carter Dedicated to Steve Jobs. Vulture (April 8, 2012). Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  143. ↑ Pixar's 'Brave' Pays Ghostly Tribute to Steve Jobs. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012.
  144. ↑ Nede, Jethro, ""MythBusters" stars Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman host the one-hour documentary", The Hollywood Reporter, October 10, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  145. ↑ Steve Jobs: One Last Thing PBS show website. Pbs.org (October 5, 2011). Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  146. ↑ The narrator in the UK version of the show has a British accent, for the purpose of catering to the local market.
  147. ↑ Truta, Filip. 'Steve Jobs: iChanged the World' Documentary Airs Tonight in the UK. Softpedia. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
  148. ↑ Steve Jobs: iChanged the World. http://www.channel4.com.+Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
  149. ↑ Joshua Michael Stern will begin shooting the film in May, with Five Star Institute's Mark Hulme producing and financing; Sony is planning a separate Jobs biopic.. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012.
  150. ↑ Noah Wyle on playing Steve Jobs. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Fortune
  151. ↑ The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012., The Public Theater website

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Isaacson, Walter. Steve Jobs. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2012. ISBN 978-1451648539
  • Levy, Steven. Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything. Penguin Books, 2000. 978-0140291773
  • Linzmayer, Owen W. Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. No Starch Press, 2004. ISBN 978-1593270100
  • Markoff, John. What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. Penguin, 2005. ISBN 978-0143036760
  • O'Grady, Jason D. Apple Inc. Greenwood Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0313362446
  • Stross, Randall E. Steve Jobs & the NeXT Big Thing. Scribner, 1993. ISBN 978-0689121357


  • Butcher, Lee (1987). Accidental Millionaire: The rise and fall of Steve Jobs at Apple. Paragon House. ISBN 978-0-913729-79-3. 
  • Caddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-935382-56-9. 
  • Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-855-4. 
  • (1989). A conversation with Steve Jobs. Communications of the ACM 32 (4): 436–433.
  • Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8. 
  • Freiberger, Paul and Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7. 
  • Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1. 
  • Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2. 
  • Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press, Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19195-2. 
  • Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9. 
  • Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4.  Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7.
  • Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03382-0. 
  • Schlender, Brent, "The Lost Steve Jobs Tapes", Fast Company magazine, May 2012 issue
  • Simon, William L. and Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-72083-6. 
  • Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-0. 
  • Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4.  Chapter 28
  • Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-18864-7. 
  • Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4. 

External links

All links retrieved

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Steve_Jobs&oldid=968344

Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Copyright Logo
Powered by MediaWiki