Priapus
In Greek mythology, Priapus (Ancient Greek: Πρίαπος) was a minor rustic fertility god of purely phallic character, protector of livestock, fruit plants, gardens and male genitalia. (Roman equivalent: Mutinus Mutunus.)
He was a son of Aphrodite by Dionysus, Hermes, or Adonis.[1]
One of the most famous images of Priapus is that from the House of the Vettii in Pompeii; it is a wall fresco in which Priapus is weighing his phallus against a bag full of money and it appears that his phallus is heavier.
At Helicon in Boeotia, the travel-writer Pausanias pointed out a statue of Priapus that was "worth seeing".[2]
Sculptures of Priapus with large, erect genitalia were placed in gardens and fields to guarantee an abundant crop. For the Romans, his statue was used as a scarecrow and his erect penis was thought to frighten thieves. Epigrams collected in Priapeia (treated below) show Priapus using sodomy as a threat toward transgressors of the boundaries he protected like a herm:
- "I warn you, my lad, you will be sodomised; you, my girl, I shall futter; for the thief who is bearded, a third punishment remains."
- "... If I do seize you . . . you shall be so stretched that you will think your anus never had any wrinkles."
In literature
The Latin collection of Priapeia shows how poets invented comic and obscene situations for him, giving him more literary prominence than he enjoyed in rites or cult, though masked phallic figures were prominent on many festive occasions, both in Greece and in the wider Roman world.
In Ovid's Fasti,[3] the nymph Lotis fell into a drunk slumber at a feast, and Priapus seized this opportunity to advance upon her. With stealth he approached, and just before he could embrace her, Silenus's donkey alerted the party with "raucous braying". Lotis awoke and pushed Priapus away, but her only true escape was to be transformed into the lotus flower. To repay the donkey for spoiling his opportunity, Priapus slaughtered him. In later versions of the story, Lotis is replaced with the virginal goddess Hestia. Ovid's anecdote served to explain why donkeys were sacrificed to Priapus in the city of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, where he was worshipped among the offspring of Hermes.[4]
Worship
Lucian (De saltatione) tells that in Bithynia Priapus was accounted a warlike god, a rustic tutor to the infant Ares. Arnobius is aware of the importance accorded Priapus in this region near the Hellespont.[5] Also, Pausanias notes:
- "This god is worshipped where goats and sheep pasture or there are swarms of bees; but by the people of Lampsacus he is more revered than any other god, being called by them a son of Dionysus and Aphrodite."[6]
Richard Payne Knight, An Account of the Remains of the Worship of Priapus, 1786, identified priapus-worship as surviving in Catholic phallic votives offered in parts of Italy in the 18th century.
Priapus is also recognized as a saint in Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica.
Generally statues of Priapus would be found guarding homes, fields, and crops. It was a quite literally a no tresspassing or you'll be raped violently sign.
Modern misconception
Some scholars have suggested that in the ancient world, large penises were generally considered comical rather than attractive: Priapus' large penis ensured that no woman wanted to sleep with him, whilst his existence as a household god warned potential burglars that, if they were caught and raped (rape was a common punishment in the ancient world), the rape would be as painful as if it were done by Priapus's over-large penis (see inscription quoted above). However, this theory is not supported by all of the literary evidence available. For example in the Satyricon of Petronius, when the heroes arrive in Croton in Sicily, they come across a youth who is exposed and found to be very well endowed. As a result the townspeople (including women) hold him in reverence and literally trip over each other to touch his phallus for good luck. In this instance there does not seem to be any indication that the youth's unnaturally large phallus is regarded with disgust - quite the contrary. It cannot therefore be decidedly concluded what the classical view of penis size may have been. In the case of art and sculpture it seems likely that an average or smaller size was desirable, but this does not exclude the possibility that the public, or the "man on the street" held different views.
Priapus in popular culture
- In Fantasy Lover by Sherrilyn Kenyon, Priapus is responsible for cursing his half-brother, Julian of Macedon, to an existence as a sex slave trapped in an ancient scroll as an act of vengeance for fornicating with one of Priapus' sacred virgins.
- In Marvel Comics, Priapus was a super-villain leader of a cult based on sensual pleasures.
- Priapus is often referred to in the horror movies directed by David Michael Latt: Scarecrow Slayer and Scarecrow Gone Wild.
Medical terminology
The medical condition priapism gets its name from Priapus.
Notes
- ↑ According to a scholiast on Lycophron, noted by Kerenyi 1951.
- ↑ Description of Greece IX.312.
- ↑ Fasti, 6.319ff.
- ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae, 160.
- ↑ In ridiculing the literal aspects of pagan gods given human form, he mentions "the Hellespontian Priapus bearing about among the goddesses, virgin and matron, those parts ever prepared for encounter." (Arnobius, Seven Books against the Heathen III.10 (on-line text).
- ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece IX.312.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Kerenyi, Karl, 1951. The Gods of the Greeks, pp 175–177.
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