Difference between revisions of "Nitrogen dioxide" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Nitrogen dioxide''' is the [[chemical | + | '''Nitrogen dioxide''' is a [[chemical compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] [[Nitrogen|N]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>. It is one of the several [[nitrogen oxide]]s. At ordinary temperatures and atmospheric pressure, it is a reddish-brown [[gas]] with a characteristic sharp, biting odor. It is one of the most prominent air pollutants and a poison by inhalation. This gas is present in small quantities in smog and automobile exhaust fumes. However, chemists find it useful as a catalyst, nitrating agent, and oxidizing agent. |
| + | {{toc}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Preparation== | ||
| + | [[Image:N02-N2O4.jpg|thumb|250px|Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) gas converts to the colorless gas [[dinitrogen tetroxide]] (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) at low temperatures, and converts back to NO<sub>2</sub> at higher temperatures. Both bottles in this photograph contain equal amounts of gas at different temperatures.]] | ||
| + | Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is prepared by simple reaction of [[nitric acid]] (HNO<sub>3</sub>) over [[copper]] metal. The reaction is the following: | ||
| + | :4HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(L) | ||
==Safety and pollution considerations== | ==Safety and pollution considerations== | ||
Nitrogen dioxide is toxic by inhalation. Symptoms of poisoning ([[lung edema]]) tend to appear several hours after one has inhaled a low but potentially fatal dose. Also, low concentrations (4 ppm) will anesthetize the nose, thus creating a potential for overexposure. | Nitrogen dioxide is toxic by inhalation. Symptoms of poisoning ([[lung edema]]) tend to appear several hours after one has inhaled a low but potentially fatal dose. Also, low concentrations (4 ppm) will anesthetize the nose, thus creating a potential for overexposure. | ||
| − | Long-term exposure to NO<sub>2</sub> at concentrations above 40–100 µg/m³ causes adverse health effects | + | Long-term exposure to NO<sub>2</sub> at concentrations above 40–100 µg/m³ causes adverse health effects<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/document/e79097.pdf|title=Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter,Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide|accessdate=May 25, 2008.}}</ref>. |
| + | |||
| + | Nitrogen dioxide is formed in most [[combustion]] processes using [[air]] as the [[oxidant]]. At elevated temperatures [[nitrogen]] combines with [[oxygen]] to form nitrogen dioxide: | ||
| + | : 2O<sub>2</sub> + N<sub>2</sub> → 2 NO<sub>2</sub> | ||
| + | The most important sources of NO<sub>2</sub> are [[internal combustion engines]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Son |first=Busoon |authorlink= |coauthors= Wonho Yang, Patrick Breysse, Taewoong Chung and Youngshin Lee|year=2004 |month=March|title=Estimation of occupational and nonoccupational nitrogen dioxide exposure for Korean taxi drivers using a microenvironmental model |journal=Environmental Research |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=291-296 |id= |url= http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WDS-49WMV2W-1&_user=432163&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000020718&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=432163&md5=1568528cb723b88921f97d88ebddd336|accessdate= May 25, 2008 |quote=}}</ref>, [[thermal power station]]s and, to a lesser extent, [[pulp mill]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metsabotnia.com/en/default.asp?path=204,215,268,267 |title= Air emissions|publisher=Botnia|accessdate=May 25, 2008}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The map shown below, depicting results of satellite measurements over Europe, illustrates nitrogen dioxide as large scale pollutant, with rural background ground level concentrations in some areas around 30 µg/m³, not far below unhealthful levels. Nitrogen dioxide plays a role in atmospheric chemistry, including the formation of [[tropospheric ozone]]. | ||
| + | A recent study by researchers at the [[University of California, San Diego]], suggests a link between NO<sub>2</sub> levels and [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicineonline.com/news/12/1110/Sids-Linked-to-Nitrogen-Dioxide-Pollution.html|title=Sids Linked to Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution|accessdate=May 25, 2008}}</ref> | ||
| + | [[Image:NO2 pollution europe hires.jpg|none|thumb|300px|NO<sub>2</sub> pollution levels in [[Europe]], from January 2003 to June 2004.]] | ||
| − | + | == Oxides of nitrogen == | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | *[[Nitrous oxide]] or N<sub>2</sub>O, "laughing gas," a linear molecule, [[isoelectronic]] with [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] but with a nonsymmetric arrangement of atoms (NNO) | |
| − | *[[Nitrous oxide]] or N<sub>2</sub>O, "laughing gas" | + | *[[Nitric oxide]] or NO, a problematic pollutant that is short lived because it converts to NO2 in the presence of free [[oxygen]]. |
| − | *[[Nitric oxide]] or NO, a problematic pollutant | ||
*[[Nitrogen oxide|NO<sub>x</sub>]] = all of the above in unspecified proportions but tending toward NO<sub>2</sub>. | *[[Nitrogen oxide|NO<sub>x</sub>]] = all of the above in unspecified proportions but tending toward NO<sub>2</sub>. | ||
More esoteric nitrogen oxides include [[dinitrogen pentoxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]] and the blue species [[dinitrogen trioxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]]. | More esoteric nitrogen oxides include [[dinitrogen pentoxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]] and the blue species [[dinitrogen trioxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]]. | ||
| − | Oxidized (cationic) and reduced (anionic) derivatives of many of these oxides exist: [[nitrite]] (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>), | + | Oxidized (cationic) and reduced (anionic) derivatives of many of these oxides exist: [[nitrite]] (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>), [[nitrate]] (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), [[nitronium]] or NO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>, and [[nitrosonium]] or NO<sup>+</sup>. NO<sub>2</sub> is intermediate between nitrite and nitronium: |
::NO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → NO<sub>2</sub> | ::NO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → NO<sub>2</sub> | ||
::NO<sub>2</sub> + e<sup>−</sup> → NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> | ::NO<sub>2</sub> + e<sup>−</sup> → NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | * [[ | + | == See also == |
| + | |||
| + | * [[Air pollution]] | ||
| + | * [[Nitric acid]] | ||
| + | * [[Nitric oxide]] | ||
| + | * [[Nitrogen]] | ||
| + | * [[Nitrous oxide]] | ||
| + | * [[Oxygen]] | ||
| + | * [[Pollutant]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Notes == | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | * Chang, Raymond. 2006. ''Chemistry,'' 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 0073221031. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Cotton, F. Albert, Geoffrey Wilkinson, Carlos A. Murillo, and Manfred Bochmann. 1999. ''Advanced Inorganic Chemistry'' 6th ed. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0471199575. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Sloss, Leslie L. 1992. ''Nitrogen Oxides Control Technology Fact Book.'' Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corp. ISBN 0815512945. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved November 15, 2022. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | *[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0454.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] | + | *[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0454.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] |
| − | * | + | *[http://www.euro.who.int/document/e79097.pdf Health Aspects of Air Pollution (2003)] – WHO-Europe reports: (PDF) |
| − | *[http://www.greenfacts.org/air-pollution/nitrogen-dioxide-no2/index.htm Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution | + | *[http://www.greenfacts.org/air-pollution/nitrogen-dioxide-no2/index.htm Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution] |
| − | |||
| − | |||
[[Category:Physical sciences]] | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Chemistry]] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Environmental science]] |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | {{ | + | {{credit|212353916}} |
Latest revision as of 02:27, 16 November 2022
| Nitrogen dioxide | |
|---|---|
| |
| |
| |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [] |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | NO2 |
| Molar mass | 46.0055 |
| Appearance | brown gas |
| Density | 1443 kg/m³, liquid 3.4 kg/m³, gas at 294.25 K |
| Melting point |
-11.2°C (261.95 K) |
| Boiling point |
21.1°C (293.25 K) |
| Hazards | |
| EU classification | Highly toxic (T+) |
| NFPA 704 |
0
3
0
|
| R-phrases | R26, R34 |
| S-phrases | S1/2, S9, S26, S28,S36/37/39, S45 |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. At ordinary temperatures and atmospheric pressure, it is a reddish-brown gas with a characteristic sharp, biting odor. It is one of the most prominent air pollutants and a poison by inhalation. This gas is present in small quantities in smog and automobile exhaust fumes. However, chemists find it useful as a catalyst, nitrating agent, and oxidizing agent.
Preparation
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is prepared by simple reaction of nitric acid (HNO3) over copper metal. The reaction is the following:
- 4HNO3(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(L)
Safety and pollution considerations
Nitrogen dioxide is toxic by inhalation. Symptoms of poisoning (lung edema) tend to appear several hours after one has inhaled a low but potentially fatal dose. Also, low concentrations (4 ppm) will anesthetize the nose, thus creating a potential for overexposure.
Long-term exposure to NO2 at concentrations above 40–100 µg/m³ causes adverse health effects[1].
Nitrogen dioxide is formed in most combustion processes using air as the oxidant. At elevated temperatures nitrogen combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide:
- 2O2 + N2 → 2 NO2
The most important sources of NO2 are internal combustion engines [2], thermal power stations and, to a lesser extent, pulp mills.[3]
The map shown below, depicting results of satellite measurements over Europe, illustrates nitrogen dioxide as large scale pollutant, with rural background ground level concentrations in some areas around 30 µg/m³, not far below unhealthful levels. Nitrogen dioxide plays a role in atmospheric chemistry, including the formation of tropospheric ozone. A recent study by researchers at the University of California, San Diego, suggests a link between NO2 levels and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. [4]
Oxides of nitrogen
- Nitrous oxide or N2O, "laughing gas," a linear molecule, isoelectronic with CO2 but with a nonsymmetric arrangement of atoms (NNO)
- Nitric oxide or NO, a problematic pollutant that is short lived because it converts to NO2 in the presence of free oxygen.
- NOx = all of the above in unspecified proportions but tending toward NO2.
More esoteric nitrogen oxides include N2O5 and the blue species N2O3.
Oxidized (cationic) and reduced (anionic) derivatives of many of these oxides exist: nitrite (NO2−), nitrate (NO3−), nitronium or NO2+, and nitrosonium or NO+. NO2 is intermediate between nitrite and nitronium:
- NO2+ + e− → NO2
- NO2 + e− → NO2−
See also
Notes
- ↑ Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter,Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide. Retrieved May 25, 2008..
- ↑ Son, Busoon and Wonho Yang, Patrick Breysse, Taewoong Chung and Youngshin Lee (March 2004). Estimation of occupational and nonoccupational nitrogen dioxide exposure for Korean taxi drivers using a microenvironmental model. Environmental Research 94 (3): 291-296.
- ↑ Air emissions. Botnia. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ↑ Sids Linked to Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Chang, Raymond. 2006. Chemistry, 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 0073221031.
- Cotton, F. Albert, Geoffrey Wilkinson, Carlos A. Murillo, and Manfred Bochmann. 1999. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th ed. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0471199575.
- Sloss, Leslie L. 1992. Nitrogen Oxides Control Technology Fact Book. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corp. ISBN 0815512945.
External links
All links retrieved November 15, 2022.
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- Health Aspects of Air Pollution (2003) – WHO-Europe reports: (PDF)
- Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution
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