Difference between revisions of "Mogao Caves" - New World Encyclopedia
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}}</ref> As Buddhist monks valued austerity in life, they sought retreat in remote caves to further their quest for [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]]. From the fourth until the fourteenth century, Buddhist monks at Dunhuang collected scriptures from the west while many [[pilgrim]]s passing through the area painted [[mural]]s inside the caves. The cave paintings and architecture served as aids to [[meditation]], as visual representations of the quest for enlightenment, as [[mnemonic]] devices, and as teaching tools to inform illiterate Chinese about Buddhist beliefs and stories. | }}</ref> As Buddhist monks valued austerity in life, they sought retreat in remote caves to further their quest for [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]]. From the fourth until the fourteenth century, Buddhist monks at Dunhuang collected scriptures from the west while many [[pilgrim]]s passing through the area painted [[mural]]s inside the caves. The cave paintings and architecture served as aids to [[meditation]], as visual representations of the quest for enlightenment, as [[mnemonic]] devices, and as teaching tools to inform illiterate Chinese about Buddhist beliefs and stories. | ||
| − | The murals cover 450,000 square feet (42,000 m²). The caves had been walled off sometime after the | + | The murals cover 450,000 square feet (42,000 m²). The caves had been walled off sometime after the eleventh century after they had become a repository for venerable, damaged and used manuscripts and hallowed paraphernalia.<ref name="idp">{{cite web |
|url=http://idp.bl.uk/pages/collections_ch.a4d | |url=http://idp.bl.uk/pages/collections_ch.a4d | ||
|title=Chinese Exploration and Excavations in Chinese Central Asia | |title=Chinese Exploration and Excavations in Chinese Central Asia | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
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==Diamond Sutra== | ==Diamond Sutra== | ||
[[Image:Jingangjing.jpg|thumb|220px|left|The Chinese Diamond Sutra, the oldest known dated [[Woodblock printing|printed]] book in the world, printed in the 9th year of Xiantong Era of the [[Tang Dynasty]], i.e. 868 C.E. [[British Library]].]] | [[Image:Jingangjing.jpg|thumb|220px|left|The Chinese Diamond Sutra, the oldest known dated [[Woodblock printing|printed]] book in the world, printed in the 9th year of Xiantong Era of the [[Tang Dynasty]], i.e. 868 C.E. [[British Library]].]] | ||
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The book displays a great maturity of design and layout and speaks of a considerable ancestry for woodblock printing. The [[colophon (book)|colophon]], at the inner end, reads: ''Reverently [caused to be] made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong (i.e. 11th May, CE 868)''. That printing took place about 587 years before the printing of the [[Gutenberg Bible]]. | The book displays a great maturity of design and layout and speaks of a considerable ancestry for woodblock printing. The [[colophon (book)|colophon]], at the inner end, reads: ''Reverently [caused to be] made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong (i.e. 11th May, CE 868)''. That printing took place about 587 years before the printing of the [[Gutenberg Bible]]. | ||
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==Jesus Sutras== | ==Jesus Sutras== | ||
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===Sutra=== | ===Sutra=== | ||
[[Sutra]] (literally "binding thread") designates a [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] term referring to an [[aphorism]] or group of aphorisms. Originally applied to [[Hindu philosophy]], and later to Buddhist [[Tripitaka|canon]] scripture, the term applies indirectly in the case of the Jesus Sutras. In [[Chinese written language|Chinese]], all religious and classical books have the designator ''jing'' (經), including indigenous Chinese works, Buddhist scriptures. Works foreign to China, such as the [[Bible]] and the [[Koran]], also have ''jing'' (經) appended. In the context of Buddhist scriptures, ''jing'' conventionally translates as "sutra." The Jesus Sutras, although uncanonical, commingle Christian philosophy with Buddhist and [[Taoist]] thought. | [[Sutra]] (literally "binding thread") designates a [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] term referring to an [[aphorism]] or group of aphorisms. Originally applied to [[Hindu philosophy]], and later to Buddhist [[Tripitaka|canon]] scripture, the term applies indirectly in the case of the Jesus Sutras. In [[Chinese written language|Chinese]], all religious and classical books have the designator ''jing'' (經), including indigenous Chinese works, Buddhist scriptures. Works foreign to China, such as the [[Bible]] and the [[Koran]], also have ''jing'' (經) appended. In the context of Buddhist scriptures, ''jing'' conventionally translates as "sutra." The Jesus Sutras, although uncanonical, commingle Christian philosophy with Buddhist and [[Taoist]] thought. | ||
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==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
Revision as of 23:21, 25 August 2008
Coordinates:
| Mogao Caves* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| |
| State Party |  China
|
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi |
| Reference | 440 |
| Region** | Asia-Pacific |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1987 (11th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO. | |
The Mogao Caves, or Mogao Grottoes (Chinese: 莫高窟; pinyin: mò gāo kū) (also known as the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas and Dunhuang Caves) forms a system of 492 temples 25 kilometers (15.5 miles) southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis strategically located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China. The caves contain some of the finest examples of Buddhist art spanning a period of 1,000 years.[1] Construction of the Buddhist cave shrines began in 366 C.E. as places to store scriptures and art.[2] The Mogao Caves have become the best known of the Chinese Buddhist grottoes and, along with Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes, one of the three famous ancient sculptural sites of China. The Mogao Caves became one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1987.[1]
As a depository of pivotal Buddhist, Taoist, and Christian documents, the Mogao Caves provided a rare opportunity for Buddhist monks and devotees to study those doctrines. In that regard, the caves served as a virtual melting pot of Christian, Buddhist, Taoist, and even Hindu ideas in China. The discovery of the caves that served as a depository of documents from those faiths, sealed from the eleventh century, testify to the interplay of religions. The Diamond Sutra and the Jesus Sutras stand out among the scriptural treasures found in the caves in the twentieth century.
History
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According to local legend, in 366 C.E. a Buddhist monk, Lè Zūn (樂尊), had a vision of a thousand Buddhas and inspired the excavation of the caves he envisioned. The number of temples eventually grew to more than a thousand.[3] As Buddhist monks valued austerity in life, they sought retreat in remote caves to further their quest for enlightenment. From the fourth until the fourteenth century, Buddhist monks at Dunhuang collected scriptures from the west while many pilgrims passing through the area painted murals inside the caves. The cave paintings and architecture served as aids to meditation, as visual representations of the quest for enlightenment, as mnemonic devices, and as teaching tools to inform illiterate Chinese about Buddhist beliefs and stories.
The murals cover 450,000 square feet (42,000 m²). The caves had been walled off sometime after the eleventh century after they had become a repository for venerable, damaged and used manuscripts and hallowed paraphernalia.[4] The following, quoted from Fujieda Akira, has been suggested:
The most probable reason for such a huge accumulation of waste is that, when the printing of books became widespread in the tenth century, the handwritten manuscripts of the Tripitaka at the monastic libraries must have been replaced by books of a new type—the printed Tripitaka. Consequently, the discarded manuscripts found their way to the sacred waste-pile, where torn scrolls from old times as well as the bulk of manuscripts in Tibetan had been stored. All we can say for certain is that he came from the Wu family, because the compound of the three-storied cave temples, Nos. 16-18 and 365-6, is known to have been built and kept by the Wu family, of which the mid-ninth century Bishop of Tun-Huan, Hung-pien, was a member. [5]
In the early 1900s, a Chinese Taoist named Wang Yuanlu appointed himself guardian of some of those temples. Wang discovered a walled up area behind one side of a corridor leading to a main cave. Behind the wall stood a small cave stuffed with an enormous hoard of manuscripts dating from 406 to 1002 C.E. Those included old Chinese hemp paper scrolls, old Tibetan scrolls, paintings on hemp, silk or paper, numerous damaged figurines of Buddhas, and other Buddhist paraphernalia.
The subject matter in the scrolls covers diverse material. Along with the expected Buddhist canonical works numbered original commentaries, apocryphal works, workbooks, books of prayers, Confucian works, Taoist works, Nestorian Christian works, works from the Chinese government, administrative documents, anthologies, glossaries, dictionaries, and calligraphic exercises. The majority of which he sold to Aurel Stein for the paltry sum of 220 pounds, a deed which made him notorious to this day in the minds of many Chinese. Rumors of that discovery brought several European expeditions to the area by 1910.
Those included a joint British/Indian group led by Aurel Stein (who took hundreds of copies of the Diamond Sutra because he lacked the ability to read Chinese), a French expedition under Paul Pelliot, a Japanese expedition under Otani Kozui, and a Russian expedition under Sergei F. Oldenburg which found the least. Pelloit displayed interest in the more unusual and exotic of Wang's manuscripts such as those dealing with the administration and financing of the monastery and associated lay men's groups. Those manuscripts survived only because they formed a type of palimpsest in which the Buddhist texts (the target of the preservation effort) had been written on the opposite side of the paper. The Chinese government ordered the remaining Chinese manuscripts sent to Peking (Beijing). The mass of Tibetan manuscripts remained at the sites. Wang embarked on an ambitious refurbishment of the temples, funded in part by solicited donations from neighboring towns and in part by donations from Stein and Pelliot.[4] The image of the Chinese astronomy Dunhuang map is one of the many important artifact found on the scrolls. Today, the site continues the subject of an ongoing archaeological project.[6]
Gallery
A painting of Xuanzang performing ceremonies for the Buddha
Trade on the Silk Road
A close-up of the fresco describing Emperor Han Wudi (156 – 87 B.C.E.) worshiping two statues of the Buddha, c. 700 C.E.
A complete view of the painting.
See also
- Chinese Buddhism
- Gansu
- Wood Block Printing
- Silk Road
- Han Dynasty
- Buddhist Art
- Tao-te Ching
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mogao Caves. UNESCO. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ↑ Silk Road - DunHuang (Tun-Huang) Grottoes. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ↑ Dunhuang—Mogao Caves—. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chinese Exploration and Excavations in Chinese Central Asia. International Dunhuang Project. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ↑ Leif Littrup. 1988. Analecta Hafniensia: 25 years of East Asian studies in Copenhagen (London: Curzon Press), p. 112.
- ↑ The International Dunhuang Project. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Akira, Fujieda, "The Tun-Huan Manuscripts," in 'Leslie, Donald, Colin Mackerras, Gungwu Wang, and C. P. Fitzgerald. 1973. Essays on the sources for Chinese history. Canberra: Australian National University Press. ISBN 9780708103982.
- Baumer, Christoph. 2006. The church of the East: an illustrated history of Assyrian Christianity. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845111151.
- Hopkirk, Peter. 1980. Foreign devils on the Silk Road: the search for the lost cities and treasures of Chinese Central Asia. London: Murray. ISBN 9780719537387.
- Littrup, Leif. 1988. Analecta Hafniensia: 25 years of East Asian studies in Copenhagen. London: Curzon Press. ISBN 9780700701995.
- Moule, A. C. 1930. Christians in China before the year 1550. London: S.P.C.K. OCLC 181797710.
- Mu, Soeng. 2000. Diamond Sutra: transforming the way we perceive the world. Boston, Mass: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 9780861711604.
- Nhat Hanh, Thich. 1992. The diamond that cuts through illusion: commentaries on the Prajñaparamita Diamond Sutra. Berkeley, Calif: Parallax Press. ISBN 9780938077510.
- Palmer, Martin, and Eva Wong. 2001. The Jesus sutras: rediscovering the lost scrolls of Taoist Christianity. New York: Ballantine. (Texts translated by Palmer, Eva Wong, and L. Rong Rong). ISBN 9780345434241.
- Riegert, Ray, and Thomas Moore. 2003. The lost sutras of Jesus: unlocking the ancient wisdom of the Xian Christian monks. Berkeley, Calif: Seastone. (Texts translated by John Babcock). ISBN 9781569753606.The
- Saeki, P. Yoshio. 1951. Nestorian documents and relics in China. Tokyo: Maruzen. (Contains the Chinese texts with English translations). OCLC 52011545.
- Tang, Li. 2004. A study of the history of Nestorian Christianity in China and its literature in Chinese: together with a new English translation of the Dunhuang Nestorian documents. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. (A fresh scholarly translation by a Chinese academic, with historical background and critical linguistic commentary on the texts.). ISBN 9783631522745.
External links
- UNESCO Mogao Caves Site. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
- DunHuang [Tun-Huang Grottoes]. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
- International Dunhuang Project. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
- Turn the pages of the British Library's copy of the Diamond Sutra.. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- Diamond Sutra: English Translation, by A. F. Price and Wong Mou-Lam. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- Diamond Sutra - images of the original printed edition. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- Core Teachings of Diamond Sutra with visual art by Fernando Casas. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- The original texts of the Jesus Sutras in the Taisho Tripitaka: 序聽迷詩所經. Retrieved July 23, 2008. & 景教三威蒙度讚. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- Did Christianity Reach China In the First Century?. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
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