Louisa May Alcott
Louisa May Alcott (November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888), a beloved American novelist, best known for her classic work Little Women, which she wrote in 1868.
Childhood
Louisa May Alcott was the second of four daughters born to Amos Bronson Alcott and Abigail May. From her father she gained a strong and solid education, and from her mother, affectionately known by all as Abba, she gained an enlightened understanding of charity and Christianity. Her parents shared a mutual respect and love for each other throughout their marriage. Her father was a freethinker and her mother was a women's right's activist, both supported one another in their individual and collective activities. This strong parental relationship influenced each of their daughters to be innovative, intelligent, self-assured, and confident. Louisa's sisters: Anna Alcott Pratt, Elizabeth Sewell Alcott, and May Alcott Nieriker are the inspirations for Louisa's most famous work, Little Women
Louisa was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania on November 29, 1832. Bronson Alcott, an educator, took his small family to Boston where he established the Temple School. This was an experimental school where he could implement his novel and visionary methods. He believed that students should be involved in their individual education and enjoy the learning process. Thus more time than usual was spent in nature and outside of the classroom. Because of his controversial methods, the school did not fair well. It was also at this time that he and his wife joined the Transcendentalist Movement. The Alcotts fostered a love and appreciation of nature in each of their daughters. However, during childhood and adolescence, Louisa and her family suffered from poverty and ridicule brought on by an innovative yet inconsistent provider.
In 1840 the school was closed because Bronson admitted a mulatto girl for enrolement. The Alcott family moved to a small cottage along the Concord River in Concord, Massachusetts. It was here that Louisa often enjoyed visits and nature walks with Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and other noted dignitaries of the time who were also Trancendentalists. It was the focused values and ideas about nature of the Trancendentalists that prompted the family to move to the experimental Utopian Fruitlands community for a brief interval in 1843-1844. The beliefs and actions of Bronson and Abba Alcott would cause several moves for their family over the next several years. After the Fruitlands failed, the Alcotts returned again to the city of Concord to rent out rooms at Hillside.
Early Works
Louisa was well educated by her father during her youth. As she grew, she also recieved lessons from the naturalist Henry David Thoreau and from writers and educators such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, William Garrison, and Margaret Fuller, who were all family friends. Looking back on her youth, Louisa later depicted these early lessons in education and the realities of Transendentalism in a newspaper sketch entitled "Transcendental Wild Oats", which was later printed in the volume Silver Pitchers (1876). The sketch portrays the Alcott's "plain living and high thinking" at Fruitlands.
As Louisa began to mature, she was burdened by a great sense of responsibility for her family's welfare. Due to the consistent lack of funds, Louisa felt the need to do whatever jobs she could to help support her family. She participated in domestic tasks such as reading to an elderly man and his daughter, taking in sewing and mending, and being a maid. After the failure of the Temple School and the Fruitlands community, it was up to Abba and her daughters to try and earn a living. The family moved back to Boston where Abba, a known abolitionist and women's suffragist, was employed as a social worker. It was here that Louisa, along with her elder sister Anna, tutored young children for a very small income. Although Louisa detested these jobs, they provided her with a plethora of ideas for her future writings. Her ambitious and independent nature spurred her onward in her writing. These were the years when Louisa began to write more than just the plays that she and her sisters performed together. She began writing with the intent to publish and earn a living. Louisa published her first poem "Sunlight" in 1852 under the pseudonym Flora Fairfield. She received a modest sum for her poem, but it was just the start she needed to begin her writings in earnest.
As Louisa grew older, her ideas about life and gender took shape in the roles of abolitionist and feminist. In 1847, the Alcott family was said to have taken in a fugitive slave for a week and Louisa herself belived strongly in the equality of every human being. Her family had held to these beliefs and often suffered condemnation for their ideals. This did not deter Louisa, and she formed her own ideas about race and women from her readings and her individualized experiences. Louisa read the "Declaration of Sentiments" published by the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights and other publications. Although her future writings would idealize the Victorian woman as a wife and mother, Louisa's own life proved to be unconventional. She never married and often wrote articles expressing her ideals that a woman should be independent both intellectually and emotionally.
Three years after the success of her poem, Louisa's first book, Flower Fables (1855), was published. It consisted of tales originally written for Ellen Emerson, daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson. The family had been living for a brief time in New Hampshire, but finally, with Abba's inheritance and financial help from Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Alcott's secured a permanent home at Orchard House in Concord, Massachusettes. It was at this time that Elizabeth, or Lizzie, contracted scarlet fever. She was weak and sickly for two years afterwards, finally succumbing to death on March 14, 1856. The passing of Lizzie was followed by a happier time for the family when Anna and Louisa formed the Concord Dramatic Union in 1858, where Anna was introduced to John Bridge Pratt whom she later married in 1860. Louisa stayed at Orchard House in Concord during this time to be with her mother and provide companionship, as Abba found it hard to be parted from two of her daughters.
Louisa did not neglect her writings during these eventful family years, and in 1860, she began publishing articles for the Atlantic Monthly and the more illustrious Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. Louisa was not prone to any one format. During the next several years she published poetry, short stories, melodramatic plays, fairytales, various domestic sketches, and gothic thrillers. She also gained her frist critical recognition for the sketches she wrote about the Civil War. For six weeks in 1892-1863, she worked as a nurse in the Union Hospital at Georgetown, D.C. During this time she wrote several detailed letters home recording her day to day observations of the soldiers and her thoughts about the war. These sketches were peppered with humor, but also a maturity that showed promise for her writing career. Her family encouraged Louisa to edit the letters together, which she did, creating Hospital Sketches (1863, republished with additions in 1869),which was published in the Commonwealth.
For the next five years Louisa wrote non-stop publishing several thrillers that are not well known to her faithful audience of Little Women. Her passionate and sensational tales were published under the pseudonym A. M. Barnard. Her novel Paulin's PAssion and Punishment was published in 1863, followed by others such as A Long Fatal Love Chase. These fiery stories were known in the Victorian Era as "potboilers" or "blood-and-thunder tales" and Louisa clearly enjoyed writing them. Not only was she able to support herself and her family, she also had a good time while doing it. Louisa mocks her own writings later in Little Women where such genre of writing was referred to as "dangerous for little minds". Louisa consistenly created protagonists who were headstrong, willful and persistent in their pursuit of life and what they could achieve. These relentless pursuits often meant that villians were thwarted and revenge was imminent. Louisa's works on this scale were quite enjoyable and achieved a range of commercial success. She followed that with another novel, Moods (1864), which targeted adult women, but was vastly different from the thrillers she had written earlier. With Moods, Alcott wanted to present a more mature and independent women, free from the rigid rules placed upon them by society. It did not garner her much acclaim, but it did have a small following
Literary Success
In 1868, Thomas Niles, Louisa's publisher, requested "a girl's story". Louisa took the next two and a half months and poured her heart and her memories into her most famous work, Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, (1868). As soon as it was published on September 30, 1868, it became an instant success, selling more than 2,000 copies in the first few months. The story put four young women in the main roles, coming of age in Concord, Massachusettes. Their mother was a strong leader, and all of them worked hard to provide a living for themselves while their father was at war. The public fell in love with these little women and begged for more. Louisa thus wrote a sequel, Good Wives, (1869) which followed the March sisters in their various lives, showing Jo move to New York, Meg marrying, the death of Beth, and finally, to everyone's shock, Amy's marriage to Jo's long time friend, Laurie. Originally, Louisa did not want to have Jo marry at all, but the publishers insisted upon it, wanting Jo to marry Laurie. Louisa would not hear of this, and from this arguement she created the beloved character of Professor Bhaer.
The sequel rivaled the first and Louisa found herself never having to worry about finances again. She wrote Little Men (1871) a heartwarming tale of the adventures that befell Jo and Professor Bhaer when they open up their home as a school to a group of rowdy boys. All of the characters were revisited for the last time with the final installment in the "March Family Saga", Jo's Boys, (1886) which continues on with stories of the education of the boys and the trials and joys of growing up.
Louisa also wrote one more novel for adults. Work was published in 1873 and detailed her experiences trying to provide an income for her and her family at the various jobs she did while growing up. It was also during this time that she became more serious about participating in the women's suffrage movement. She wrote several articles for "The Woman's Journal" and even went door to door encouraging women everywhere to get out and fight for their right to vote. In 1879, Louisa became the first women registered to vote in Concord, Massachusettes. Although Louisa's success was immeasurable at the time, it was damped by the passing of Abba in 1877.
Louisa's success continued with the publication of An Old-Fashioned Girl (1870), Aunt Jo's Scrap Bag (6 vols., 1871–1879), Eight Cousins(1874) and its sequel Rose in Bloom (1876), and others. These moral and altruistic novels were popular to her loyal following.
Later Life
Although the Jo character in Little Women was based on Louisa May Alcott, Alcott, unlike Jo, never married. In 1879 her younger sister, May, died, and Louisa May took in May's daughter, Louisa May Nieriker ("Lulu"), who was two years old. In her later life, Alcott became an advocate of women's suffrage, and was the first woman to register to vote in Concord, Massachusetts.
Despite worsening health, Alcott wrote through the rest of her life, finally succumbing to the after effects of mercury poisoning contracted during her American Civil War service (she had received calomel treatments for the effects of typhoid). She died in Boston on March 6, 1888, two days after visiting her father on his deathbed.
The story of her life and career was initially told in Ednah D. Cheney's Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters and Journals (Boston, 1889) and then in Madeleine B. Stern's seminal biography Louisa May Alcott (University of Oklahoma Press, 1950).
Selected works
- "Flower Fables," 1855
- "Hospital Sketches," 1863
- "The Rose Family: A Fairy Tale," 1864
- "Moods," 1865: rev. ed. 1882
- "Morning-Glories and Other Stories," 1867
- "The Mysterious Key and What It Opened," 1867
- "Three Proverb Stories (includes "Kitty's Class Day," "Aunt Kipp," and "Psyche's Art"), 1868
- "Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy," 1868
- "Good Wives," 1869
- "An Old Fashioned Girl," 1870
- "Little Men: Life at Plumfield with Jo's Boys," 1871
- "Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag," 1872-1882
- "Work: A Story of Experience," 1873
- "Beginning Again, Being a Continuation of Work," 1875
- "Eight Cousins; or, The Aunt-Hill," 1875
- "Silver Pitchers, and Independence: A Centennial Love Story," 1876
- "Rose in Bloom: A Sequel to "Eight Cousins," 1876
- "A Modern Mephistopheles," 1877
- "Under the Lilacs," 1877
- "Jack and Jill: A Village Story," 1880
- "Jo's Boys and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to 'Little Men'," 1886
- "Lulu's Library," 1886-1889
- "A Garland for Girls," 1888
- "Comic Tragedies Written by Jo and Meg and Acted by the 'Little Women'," 1893
Reference
- Shealy, Daniel, Editor. "Alcott in Her Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of Her Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends and Associates." University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, Iowa, 2005. ISBN 0-87745-938-X.
See also
- Orchard House, where Alcott lived when writing Little Women
External links
- Works by Louisa May Alcott. Project Gutenberg
- biographical information
- E-books by Louisa May Alcott at Classici Stranieri
- [1] (extensive bibliography including primary works and information on secondary literature - critical essays, theses and dissertations)
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