Difference between revisions of "Leek" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Leek''' is the common name for an cultivated, edible, bulbous, [[herbaceous]] [[plant]], '''''Allium ampeloprasum''''' var. '''''porrum''''', also classified as '''''Allium porrum''''', which is characterized by broad, flat, tightly wrapped, dark green [[leaf|leaves]], a long, thick white stalk, and a slightly bulbous [[root]]. Leek belongs to the same [[genus]] as the [[onion]] and [[garlic]]. Two related vegetables, the [[elephant garlic]] (or great-headed garlic) and [[kurrat]], also are often classified as variant [[subspecies]] of ''[[Allium ampeloprasum]]'', although different in their uses as food. ''A. ampelorpasum'' var. ''porrum'' | + | '''Leek''' is the common name for an cultivated, edible, bulbous, [[herbaceous]] [[plant]], '''''Allium ampeloprasum''''' var. '''''porrum''''', also classified as '''''Allium porrum''''', which is characterized by broad, flat, tightly wrapped, dark green [[leaf|leaves]], a long, thick white stalk, and a slightly bulbous [[root]]. Leek belongs to the same [[genus]] as the [[onion]] and [[garlic]]. Two related vegetables, the [[elephant garlic]] (or great-headed garlic) and [[kurrat]], also are often classified as variant [[subspecies]] of ''[[Allium ampeloprasum]]'', although different in their uses as food. ''A. ampelorpasum'' var. ''porrum'' ''(A. porrum)'' also is known as the '''garden leek'''. |
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
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Leeks are variously placed in the [[flowering plant]] family '''Alliaceae''' or Liliales. Alliaceae, a [[Family (biology)|family]] of herbaceous plants, are [[monocot]]s and part of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. The family has been widely but not universally recognized; in the past, the plants involved were often treated as belonging to the family [[Liliaceae]], and still are by some botanists. The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocots in the order [[Liliales]]. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins, and flower parts in threes. The lily family traditionally was a [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] "catch-all" group that included a great number of genera that are now included in other families, such as those now placed in Alliaceae. | Leeks are variously placed in the [[flowering plant]] family '''Alliaceae''' or Liliales. Alliaceae, a [[Family (biology)|family]] of herbaceous plants, are [[monocot]]s and part of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asparagales]]. The family has been widely but not universally recognized; in the past, the plants involved were often treated as belonging to the family [[Liliaceae]], and still are by some botanists. The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocots in the order [[Liliales]]. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins, and flower parts in threes. The lily family traditionally was a [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] "catch-all" group that included a great number of genera that are now included in other families, such as those now placed in Alliaceae. | ||
| − | '''''Allium''''' is the [[onion]] [[genus]], with about 1250 [[species]], making it one of the largest plant genera in the world. They are bulbous plants that produce chemical compounds (mostly cystein sulfoxide) that give them a characteristic onion or [[garlic]] taste and odor, and many are used as food plants. The [[flower]]s form an [[umbel]] at the top of a leafless stalk. The [[bulb]]s vary in size between species, from very small (around 2 to 3 millimeters in diameter) to rather big (8 to 10 centimeters). Members of the genus include many valued [[vegetable]]s such as onions, [[shallots]], leeks and [[herb]]s such as | + | '''''Allium''''' is the [[onion]] [[genus]], with about 1250 [[species]], making it one of the largest plant genera in the world. They are bulbous plants that produce chemical compounds (mostly cystein sulfoxide) that give them a characteristic onion or [[garlic]] taste and odor, and many are used as food plants. The [[flower]]s form an [[umbel]] at the top of a leafless stalk. The [[bulb]]s vary in size between species, from very small (around 2 to 3 millimeters in diameter) to rather big (8 to 10 centimeters). Members of the genus include many valued [[vegetable]]s such as onions, [[shallots]], leeks and [[herb]]s such as garlic and [[chives]]. A strong "oniony" odor is characteristic of the whole genus, but not all members are equally flavorful. |
| − | The '''leek''' or garden leek is variously classified as ''Allium porrum'', ''Allium ampeloprasum'', ''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''porrum'', ''Allium ampeloprasum porrum'', or ''Allium ampeloprasum'' Leek Group (GRIN 2008a; NRCS; PFAF 2008; Hanelt 1996). In its second season it has a long, white stalk that is cylindrical and a small bulb (Herbst 2001). The [[leaf|leaves]] are flat, broad, long, and dark green and wrap around tightly like a rolled newspaper (Herbst 2001). Rather than forming a tight bulb like the onion, the leek produces a long cylinder of bundled leaf sheaths which are generally blanched by pushing soil around them (trenching). The plant grows to about 0.9 meters (PFAF 2008). The flowers form as an umbel and have both male and female organs. They are [[insect]] [[pollination|pollinated]]. Although leeks commonly are listed as a biennial, with their tall stocks and flowers forming in the second season, leeks actually are true perennials, perennating by means of small lateral growths (PFAF 2008). | + | The '''leek''' or garden leek is variously classified as ''Allium porrum'', ''Allium ampeloprasum'', ''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''porrum'', ''Allium ampeloprasum porrum'', or ''Allium ampeloprasum'' Leek Group (GRIN 2008a; NRCS; PFAF 2008; Hanelt 1996). In its second season it has a long, white stalk that is cylindrical and a small bulb (Herbst 2001). The [[leaf|leaves]] are flat, broad, long, and dark green and wrap around tightly like a rolled newspaper (Herbst 2001). Rather than forming a tight bulb like the onion, the leek produces a long cylinder of bundled leaf sheaths which are generally blanched by pushing soil around them (trenching). The plant grows to about 0.9 meters (PFAF 2008). The flowers form as an umbel and have both male and female organs. They are [[insect]] [[pollination|pollinated]]. Although leeks commonly are listed as a biennial, with their tall stocks and flowers forming in the second season, leeks actually are true perennials, perennating by means of small lateral growths (PFAF 2008). Larger bulbs can be produced if the plant is prevented from flowering in the second year (PFAF 2008). |
| − | Two other related plants often are placed together with the leek as cultivated vegetables of ''Allium ampeloprasum''. The kurrat or Egyptian leek is sometimes classified as ''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''kurrat'' (GRIN 2008b). However, it also is commonly listed as a different species, ''Allium kurrat''. Kurrat is grown in the [[Middle East]] for its leaves. | + | Two other related plants often are placed together with the leek as cultivated vegetables of ''Allium ampeloprasum''. The kurrat or Egyptian leek is sometimes classified as ''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''kurrat'' (GRIN 2008b). However, it also is commonly listed as a different species, ''Allium kurrat''. Kurrat is grown in the [[Middle East]] for its leaves. Elephant garlic or ''Allium ampeloprasum'' var. ''ampeloprasum'' is a variety with very large cloves and a tender, mild, slightly sweet flavor. It also is known as the great-headed garlic and listed as ''A. ampeloprasum'' Great-headed Garlic Group (Grin 2008c). Unlike leeks, elephant garlic has been bred to producer larger edible cloves underground, with less of a focus on the green stalks of the plant. When allowed to fully mature, elephant garlic can develop cloves that are as big as cloves of regular garlic. |
| − | Leeks are easy to grow from seed and tolerate standing in the field for an extended harvest. Leeks usually reach maturity in the autumn months, and they have few pest or disease problems. Leeks can be bunched and harvested early when they are about the size of a finger or pencil, or they can be thinned and allowed to grow to a much larger mature size. [[Hilling]] leeks can produce better specimens. Leeks are often sold as small seedlings in flats that are started off early in [[greenhouse]]s, to be planted out as weather permits. | + | Leeks are easy to grow from seed and tolerate standing in the field for an extended harvest. Leeks usually reach maturity in the autumn months, and they have few pest or disease problems. Leeks can be bunched and harvested early when they are about the size of a finger or pencil, or they can be thinned and allowed to grow to a much larger mature size. [[Hilling]] leeks can produce better specimens. Leeks are often sold as small seedlings in flats that are started off early in [[greenhouse]]s, to be planted out as weather permits. Once established in the garden, leeks are hardy; many varieties can be left in the ground during the winter to be harvested as needed. |
Leek cultivars can be subdivided in several ways, but the most common types are "summer leeks," intended for harvest in the season when planted, and overwintering leeks, meant to be harvested in the spring of the year following planting. Summer leek types are generally smaller than overwintering types; overwintering types are generally more strongly flavored. | Leek cultivars can be subdivided in several ways, but the most common types are "summer leeks," intended for harvest in the season when planted, and overwintering leeks, meant to be harvested in the spring of the year following planting. Summer leek types are generally smaller than overwintering types; overwintering types are generally more strongly flavored. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Uses== |
| + | |||
| + | ===Culinary uses=== | ||
[[Image:Leeks produce-1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Leeks for sale.]] | [[Image:Leeks produce-1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Leeks for sale.]] | ||
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| − | Because of their symbolism in [[Wales]] (see below), they have come to be used extensively in that country's cuisine, while in the rest of Britain leeks have only come back into | + | The leek is considered to have a milder and more subtle flavor and fragrance than the garlic and the onion (Herbst 2001). The leaves, long white blanched stem, bulb, and flowers are all edible. The leaves and stem can be cooked or cut into thin slices and added to salads, doing especially well when they are the prime ingredient. The onion-like layers form around a core. The tender core may be eaten, but as the leek ages the core becomes woody and better replanted than eaten. The bulb also can be eaten raw or cooked. The flowers can be consumed raw and used as a garnish on salads, though they are rather dry and less desirable (PFAF 2008). |
| − | + | ||
| + | Leeks are an essential ingredient of [[cock-a-leekie soup|cock-a-leekie]] and [[vichyssoise]]. | ||
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| + | Because of their symbolism in [[Wales]] (see below), they have come to be used extensively in that country's cuisine, while in the rest of Britain leeks have only come back into favor in the last fifty years or so, having been overlooked for several centuries (Grigson 1978). | ||
| − | + | Dried specimens from archaeological sites in [[ancient Egypt]], as well as wall carvings and drawings, led Zohary and Hopf (2000) to conclude that the leek was a part of the Egyptian diet "from at least the 2<sup>nd</sup> millennium B.C.E..E. onwards." They also allude to surviving texts that show it had been also grown in Mesopotamia from the beginning of the 2<sup>nd</sup> millennium B.C.E.E. (Zohary and Hopf 2000). The leek was the favorite vegetable of the Emperor [[Nero]], who consumed it most often in soup. It is said that Nero believed his singing voice would improve if he ate leeks and for that reason he ate prodigious quantities (Herbst 2001). | |
| − | Dried specimens from archaeological sites in [[ancient Egypt]], as well as wall carvings and drawings, led Zohary and Hopf to conclude that the leek was a part of the Egyptian diet "from at least the 2<sup>nd</sup> millennium B.C.E. onwards." They also allude to surviving texts that show it had been also grown in Mesopotamia from the beginning of the 2<sup>nd</sup> millennium B.C.E. | ||
| − | == Cultural | + | === Cultural significance === |
| − | The leek is one of the [[national emblem]]s of [[Wales]], whose citizens wear it | + | The leek is one of the [[national emblem]]s of [[Wales]], whose citizens wear it—or the [[daffodil]]—on [[St. David's Day]]. According to one [[Welsh mythology|legend]], [[Cadwaladr|King Cadwaladr]] of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]] ordered his soldiers to identify themselves by wearing the vegetable on their helmets in an ancient battle against the [[Saxons]] that took place in a leek field. This story may have been made up by the English poet [[Michael Drayton]], but it is known that the leek has been a symbol of Wales for a long time; [[Shakespeare]], for example, refers to the custom of wearing a leek as an "ancient tradition" in [[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]. In the play, [[Henry V of England|Henry]] tells [[Fluellen]] that he is wearing a leek "for I am Welsh, you know, good countryman." The 1985 and 1990 [[British One Pound coin]]s bear the design of a leek in a [[coronet]], representing Wales. |
Perhaps most visibly however is the leek's use as the [[Cap badge]] of the [[Welsh Guards]], a [[Regiment]] within the [[Household Division]] of the [[British Army]]. | Perhaps most visibly however is the leek's use as the [[Cap badge]] of the [[Welsh Guards]], a [[Regiment]] within the [[Household Division]] of the [[British Army]]. | ||
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[[Image:Double Leek Flower Head 2400px.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Two blooming flower heads]] | [[Image:Double Leek Flower Head 2400px.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Two blooming flower heads]] | ||
[[Image:Single Leek Flower Head 2000px.jpg|thumb|right|240px|A largely spent flower head showing open flowers as well as developing seed pods]] | [[Image:Single Leek Flower Head 2000px.jpg|thumb|right|240px|A largely spent flower head showing open flowers as well as developing seed pods]] | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
Bender and Bender | Bender and Bender | ||
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| + | <ref>[[Jane Grigson]], ''Jane Grigson's Vegetable Book'', (Penguin Books, 1978, ISBN 0140468595) p 291</ref>. | ||
| + | {{clr}} | ||
Herbst | Herbst | ||
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Allium porrum | Allium porrum | ||
| − | + | <ref>Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, ''Domestication of plants in the Old World'', third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000),p. 195</ref> | |
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[[Category:Life sciences]] | [[Category:Life sciences]] | ||
Revision as of 00:16, 13 May 2008
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| Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum (L.) J.Gay |
Leek is the common name for an cultivated, edible, bulbous, herbaceous plant, Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum, also classified as Allium porrum, which is characterized by broad, flat, tightly wrapped, dark green leaves, a long, thick white stalk, and a slightly bulbous root. Leek belongs to the same genus as the onion and garlic. Two related vegetables, the elephant garlic (or great-headed garlic) and kurrat, also are often classified as variant subspecies of Allium ampeloprasum, although different in their uses as food. A. ampelorpasum var. porrum (A. porrum) also is known as the garden leek.
Description
Leeks are variously placed in the flowering plant family Alliaceae or Liliales. Alliaceae, a family of herbaceous plants, are monocots and part of the order Asparagales. The family has been widely but not universally recognized; in the past, the plants involved were often treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae, and still are by some botanists. The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocots in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins, and flower parts in threes. The lily family traditionally was a paraphyletic "catch-all" group that included a great number of genera that are now included in other families, such as those now placed in Alliaceae.
Allium is the onion genus, with about 1250 species, making it one of the largest plant genera in the world. They are bulbous plants that produce chemical compounds (mostly cystein sulfoxide) that give them a characteristic onion or garlic taste and odor, and many are used as food plants. The flowers form an umbel at the top of a leafless stalk. The bulbs vary in size between species, from very small (around 2 to 3 millimeters in diameter) to rather big (8 to 10 centimeters). Members of the genus include many valued vegetables such as onions, shallots, leeks and herbs such as garlic and chives. A strong "oniony" odor is characteristic of the whole genus, but not all members are equally flavorful.
The leek or garden leek is variously classified as Allium porrum, Allium ampeloprasum, Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum, Allium ampeloprasum porrum, or Allium ampeloprasum Leek Group (GRIN 2008a; NRCS; PFAF 2008; Hanelt 1996). In its second season it has a long, white stalk that is cylindrical and a small bulb (Herbst 2001). The leaves are flat, broad, long, and dark green and wrap around tightly like a rolled newspaper (Herbst 2001). Rather than forming a tight bulb like the onion, the leek produces a long cylinder of bundled leaf sheaths which are generally blanched by pushing soil around them (trenching). The plant grows to about 0.9 meters (PFAF 2008). The flowers form as an umbel and have both male and female organs. They are insect pollinated. Although leeks commonly are listed as a biennial, with their tall stocks and flowers forming in the second season, leeks actually are true perennials, perennating by means of small lateral growths (PFAF 2008). Larger bulbs can be produced if the plant is prevented from flowering in the second year (PFAF 2008).
Two other related plants often are placed together with the leek as cultivated vegetables of Allium ampeloprasum. The kurrat or Egyptian leek is sometimes classified as Allium ampeloprasum var. kurrat (GRIN 2008b). However, it also is commonly listed as a different species, Allium kurrat. Kurrat is grown in the Middle East for its leaves. Elephant garlic or Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum is a variety with very large cloves and a tender, mild, slightly sweet flavor. It also is known as the great-headed garlic and listed as A. ampeloprasum Great-headed Garlic Group (Grin 2008c). Unlike leeks, elephant garlic has been bred to producer larger edible cloves underground, with less of a focus on the green stalks of the plant. When allowed to fully mature, elephant garlic can develop cloves that are as big as cloves of regular garlic.
Leeks are easy to grow from seed and tolerate standing in the field for an extended harvest. Leeks usually reach maturity in the autumn months, and they have few pest or disease problems. Leeks can be bunched and harvested early when they are about the size of a finger or pencil, or they can be thinned and allowed to grow to a much larger mature size. Hilling leeks can produce better specimens. Leeks are often sold as small seedlings in flats that are started off early in greenhouses, to be planted out as weather permits. Once established in the garden, leeks are hardy; many varieties can be left in the ground during the winter to be harvested as needed.
Leek cultivars can be subdivided in several ways, but the most common types are "summer leeks," intended for harvest in the season when planted, and overwintering leeks, meant to be harvested in the spring of the year following planting. Summer leek types are generally smaller than overwintering types; overwintering types are generally more strongly flavored.
Uses
Culinary uses
The leek is considered to have a milder and more subtle flavor and fragrance than the garlic and the onion (Herbst 2001). The leaves, long white blanched stem, bulb, and flowers are all edible. The leaves and stem can be cooked or cut into thin slices and added to salads, doing especially well when they are the prime ingredient. The onion-like layers form around a core. The tender core may be eaten, but as the leek ages the core becomes woody and better replanted than eaten. The bulb also can be eaten raw or cooked. The flowers can be consumed raw and used as a garnish on salads, though they are rather dry and less desirable (PFAF 2008).
Leeks are an essential ingredient of cock-a-leekie and vichyssoise.
Because of their symbolism in Wales (see below), they have come to be used extensively in that country's cuisine, while in the rest of Britain leeks have only come back into favor in the last fifty years or so, having been overlooked for several centuries (Grigson 1978).
Dried specimens from archaeological sites in ancient Egypt, as well as wall carvings and drawings, led Zohary and Hopf (2000) to conclude that the leek was a part of the Egyptian diet "from at least the 2nd millennium B.C.E. onwards." They also allude to surviving texts that show it had been also grown in Mesopotamia from the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C.E. (Zohary and Hopf 2000). The leek was the favorite vegetable of the Emperor Nero, who consumed it most often in soup. It is said that Nero believed his singing voice would improve if he ate leeks and for that reason he ate prodigious quantities (Herbst 2001).
Cultural significance
The leek is one of the national emblems of Wales, whose citizens wear it—or the daffodil—on St. David's Day. According to one legend, King Cadwaladr of Gwynedd ordered his soldiers to identify themselves by wearing the vegetable on their helmets in an ancient battle against the Saxons that took place in a leek field. This story may have been made up by the English poet Michael Drayton, but it is known that the leek has been a symbol of Wales for a long time; Shakespeare, for example, refers to the custom of wearing a leek as an "ancient tradition" in Henry V. In the play, Henry tells Fluellen that he is wearing a leek "for I am Welsh, you know, good countryman." The 1985 and 1990 British One Pound coins bear the design of a leek in a coronet, representing Wales.
Perhaps most visibly however is the leek's use as the Cap badge of the Welsh Guards, a Regiment within the Household Division of the British Army.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Bender and Bender
[1].
Herbst
2008a http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2351 USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2351 (12 May 2008)
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?400394 Allium ampeloprasum L. var. ampeloprasum
2008b Allium kurrat Schweinf. ex K. Krause (kurrat) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl (12 May 2008)
- (1258) Proposal to Conserve the Name Allium ampeloprasum against A. porrum (Liliaceae)
- Peter Hanelt
- Taxon, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Nov., 1996), pp. 691-692 (article consists of 2 pages)
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), United States Department of Agriculture.
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ALPO2
PLANTS Profile
Allium porrum L.
garden leek
PFAF. 2008. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Allium+porrum
Plants For A Future: Database Search Results
Allium porrum
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- ↑ Jane Grigson, Jane Grigson's Vegetable Book, (Penguin Books, 1978, ISBN 0140468595) p 291
- ↑ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000),p. 195
