Baum, L. Frank
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| pseudonym = George Brooks, Louis F. Baum, Laura Bancroft, Suzanne Metcalf, Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald, Schuyler Staunton, Edith Van Dyne, Floyd Akers, John Estes Cooke | | pseudonym = George Brooks, Louis F. Baum, Laura Bancroft, Suzanne Metcalf, Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald, Schuyler Staunton, Edith Van Dyne, Floyd Akers, John Estes Cooke | ||
| image = l_frank_baum.jpg | | image = l_frank_baum.jpg | ||
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| caption = L. Frank Baum circa 1901 | | caption = L. Frank Baum circa 1901 | ||
| name = L. Frank Baum | | name = L. Frank Baum | ||
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| − | '''Lyman Frank Baum''' (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an [[United States|American]] [[author]], [[actor]], and [[independent filmmaker]] best known as the creator, along with illustrator [[W.W. Denslow]], of one of the most popular books in American [[children's literature]], ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz,'' better known today as simply ''The Wizard of Oz'' | + | '''Lyman Frank Baum''' (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an [[United States|American]] [[author]], [[actor]], and [[independent filmmaker]] best known as the creator, along with illustrator [[W.W. Denslow]], of one of the most popular books in American [[children's literature]], ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]],'' better known today as simply ''The Wizard of Oz''. |
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| + | ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz,'' written in 1900, and produced for stage in 1902, was immortalized through the [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|1939 movie]] starring [[Judy Garland]], and soon become an iconic part of [[United States|American]] culture. Part [[fairy tale]], part [[fable]], it featured Dorothy, as the girl who leaves [[Kansas]] in a [[tornado]], her beloved [[dog]], Toto, the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion, and the Scarecrow, and a story line uniquely American in its background and setting. The moral of the story—"that with the help of a few good friends, you can find all that you need within yourself"—resonated with American audiences for many years; from 1956 onwards the [[TV|televised]] movie held American children—pre-video age—rapt with attention. | ||
| + | {{toc}} | ||
Baum was a prolific writer, who in addition to children's books, wrote plays, [[Short story|short stories]], and fantasy under various pseudonyms, was coaxed into writing sequel after sequel to his ''Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' book by the incessant pleas of his youthful fans. Although his other children's books and theatrical productions did not receive nearly the critical acclaim of ''Oz,'' he was made wealthy through its unprecedented popularity and adaptations. | Baum was a prolific writer, who in addition to children's books, wrote plays, [[Short story|short stories]], and fantasy under various pseudonyms, was coaxed into writing sequel after sequel to his ''Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' book by the incessant pleas of his youthful fans. Although his other children's books and theatrical productions did not receive nearly the critical acclaim of ''Oz,'' he was made wealthy through its unprecedented popularity and adaptations. | ||
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Baum was born in [[Chittenango]], [[New York]], in 1856, into a devout [[Methodist]] family of [[Germany|German]] (father's side) and [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] (mother's side) origin, the fifth of six children born to Cynthia Stanton and Benjamin Ward Baum, only three of whom survived into adulthood. He was named "Lyman" after his father's brother, but always disliked this name, and preferred to go by his middle name, "Frank." His mother, Cynthia Stanton, was a direct descendant of [[Thomas Stanton]], one of the four Founders of what is now Stonington, [[Connecticut]]. | Baum was born in [[Chittenango]], [[New York]], in 1856, into a devout [[Methodist]] family of [[Germany|German]] (father's side) and [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] (mother's side) origin, the fifth of six children born to Cynthia Stanton and Benjamin Ward Baum, only three of whom survived into adulthood. He was named "Lyman" after his father's brother, but always disliked this name, and preferred to go by his middle name, "Frank." His mother, Cynthia Stanton, was a direct descendant of [[Thomas Stanton]], one of the four Founders of what is now Stonington, [[Connecticut]]. | ||
| − | Benjamin Baum was a wealthy [[businessman]], who had made his fortune in the [[oil fields]] of [[Pennsylvania]]. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate, Rose Lawn, which he would fondly remember in later years, as paradise. As a young child, he was tutored at home with his siblings, but at the age of 12 he was sent to study at [[Peekskill Military Academy]]. He was a sickly child given to [[daydreaming]] and after two years, returned home.<ref> | + | Benjamin Baum was a wealthy [[businessman]], who had made his fortune in the [[oil fields]] of [[Pennsylvania]]. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate, Rose Lawn, which he would fondly remember in later years, as paradise. As a young child, he was tutored at home with his siblings, but at the age of 12 he was sent to study at [[Peekskill Military Academy]]. He was a sickly child given to [[daydreaming]] and after two years, returned home.<ref>Chloe Schama, [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/frank-baum-the-man-behind-the-curtain-32476330/ Frank Baum, the Man Behind the Curtain] ''Smithsonian Magazine'' (June 25, 2009). Retrieved September 26, 2023.</ref> |
Baum started writing at an early age, and when his father bought him a [[printing press]], he used it to produce ''The Rose Lawn Home Journal'' with the help of his younger brother, Henry (Harry) Clay Baum. By the time he was 17, Baum had established a second amateur [[journal]], ''The Stamp Collector,'' and had printed an 11-page pamphlet called ''Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory.'' | Baum started writing at an early age, and when his father bought him a [[printing press]], he used it to produce ''The Rose Lawn Home Journal'' with the help of his younger brother, Henry (Harry) Clay Baum. By the time he was 17, Baum had established a second amateur [[journal]], ''The Stamp Collector,'' and had printed an 11-page pamphlet called ''Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory.'' | ||
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==The South Dakota years== | ==The South Dakota years== | ||
| − | In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to [[Aberdeen, South Dakota|Aberdeen, Dakota Territory]], where he opened a store, "Baum's Bazaar." Local children loved to buy penny candy there and hear stories from Baum of faraway places. His habit of selling goods on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing a local [[newspaper]], ''The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer.'' This enterprise also, however, ended in [[bankruptcy]] with Baum sardonically commenting, "I decided the sheriff wanted the paper more than I."<ref> | + | In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to [[Aberdeen, South Dakota|Aberdeen, Dakota Territory]], where he opened a store, "Baum's Bazaar." Local children loved to buy penny candy there and hear stories from Baum of faraway places. His habit of selling goods on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing a local [[newspaper]], ''The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer.'' This enterprise also, however, ended in [[bankruptcy]] with Baum sardonically commenting, "I decided the sheriff wanted the paper more than I."<ref>Linda McGovern, [https://www.literarytraveler.com/articles/l-frank-baum-the-man-behind-the-curtain/ L. Frank Baum – The Man Behind The Curtain] ''Literary Traveler'' (March 1, 1999). Retrieved September 26, 2023.</ref> |
Baum's description of [[Kansas]] in ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' seems to be based on his experiences in drought-ridden [[South Dakota]]. | Baum's description of [[Kansas]] in ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' seems to be based on his experiences in drought-ridden [[South Dakota]]. | ||
==Baum becomes an author== | ==Baum becomes an author== | ||
| − | [[Image:Baum poster 1b.jpg| | + | [[Image:Baum poster 1b.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Promotional Poster for Baum's "Popular Books For Children," 1901.]] |
After Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, he, Maud, and their four sons moved to [[Chicago]], where Baum took a job reporting for the ''Evening Post.'' For several years, he edited a [[magazine]] for advertising agencies focused on window displays in stores. At that time, the major department stores created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. | After Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, he, Maud, and their four sons moved to [[Chicago]], where Baum took a job reporting for the ''Evening Post.'' For several years, he edited a [[magazine]] for advertising agencies focused on window displays in stores. At that time, the major department stores created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. | ||
| − | In 1897, he wrote and published, ''Mother Goose in Prose,'' a collection of [[Mother Goose]] [[rhyme]]s written as prose stories, and illustrated by [[Maxfield Parrish]]. ''Mother Goose'' was a moderate success. In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator [[W.W. Denslow]], to publish ''Father Goose, His Book,'' a collection of nonsense [[poetry]]. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. Baum was now free to devote himself full time to writing.<ref> | + | In 1897, he wrote and published, ''Mother Goose in Prose,'' a collection of [[Mother Goose]] [[rhyme]]s written as prose stories, and illustrated by [[Maxfield Parrish]]. ''Mother Goose'' was a moderate success. In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator [[W.W. Denslow]], to publish ''Father Goose, His Book,'' a collection of nonsense [[poetry]]. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. Baum was now free to devote himself full time to writing.<ref>Tom Pendergast (ed.), ''St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture'' (St. James Press, 2000, ISBN 978-1558624023).</ref> |
| − | [[Image:goose.gif|thumb| | + | [[Image:goose.gif|thumb|300px|right|The Baum-Denslow Mother Goose book used as free premium for breakfast cereal]] |
===''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz''=== | ===''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz''=== | ||
| − | In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz,'' to much critical acclaim. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the [[Land of Oz]]. | + | In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]],'' to much critical acclaim. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the [[Land of Oz]]. |
| − | === | + | ===Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza=== |
| − | [[Image:Tin-Man-poster-Hamlin.jpeg|thumb| | + | [[Image:Tin-Man-poster-Hamlin.jpeg|thumb|300px|1903 poster of Dave Montgomery as the Tin Man in Hamlin's musical stage version.]] |
Two years after ''Wizard'''s publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer [[Paul Tietjens]] and director [[Julian Mitchell]] to produce a [[The Wizard of Oz (1902 stage play)|musical stage version]] of the book under [[Fred R. Hamlin]]. This stage version, the first to use the shortened title, ''The Wizard of Oz,'' opened in [[Chicago]] in 1902, then ran on [[Broadway Musical|Broadway]] from January to October 1903. | Two years after ''Wizard'''s publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer [[Paul Tietjens]] and director [[Julian Mitchell]] to produce a [[The Wizard of Oz (1902 stage play)|musical stage version]] of the book under [[Fred R. Hamlin]]. This stage version, the first to use the shortened title, ''The Wizard of Oz,'' opened in [[Chicago]] in 1902, then ran on [[Broadway Musical|Broadway]] from January to October 1903. | ||
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Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the [[novel]], have been titled ''The Wizard of Oz,'' rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the [[Hollywood]] film. | Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the [[novel]], have been titled ''The Wizard of Oz,'' rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the [[Hollywood]] film. | ||
| − | === | + | ===On screen and return to stage=== |
Following early film treatments in [[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)|1910]] and [[Wizard of Oz (1925 film)|1925]], [[Metro Goldwyn Mayer]] made the story into the now classic movie ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' (1939) starring [[Judy Garland]] as Dorothy. Among other minor changes, the film was given an "it was all-just a dream ending." | Following early film treatments in [[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)|1910]] and [[Wizard of Oz (1925 film)|1925]], [[Metro Goldwyn Mayer]] made the story into the now classic movie ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' (1939) starring [[Judy Garland]] as Dorothy. Among other minor changes, the film was given an "it was all-just a dream ending." | ||
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==Later life and work== | ==Later life and work== | ||
In 1901, Baum and Denslow published ''Dot and Tot of Merryland''. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It would be their last collaboration. | In 1901, Baum and Denslow published ''Dot and Tot of Merryland''. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It would be their last collaboration. | ||
| − | [[Image:Princess Truella on a stork - Project Gutenberg eText 16529.jpg| | + | [[Image:Princess Truella on a stork - Project Gutenberg eText 16529.jpg|thumb|300px|Princess |
Truella, a character from ''[[The Magical Monarch of Mo]]'']] | Truella, a character from ''[[The Magical Monarch of Mo]]'']] | ||
Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including ''The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus'' and ''Queen Zixi of Ix''. However, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books, he returned to the series each time. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with ''The Master Key'' appearing on ''[[St. Nicholas Magazine]]'''s survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. | Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including ''The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus'' and ''Queen Zixi of Ix''. However, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books, he returned to the series each time. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with ''The Master Key'' appearing on ''[[St. Nicholas Magazine]]'''s survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. | ||
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===Theater and film=== | ===Theater and film=== | ||
Baum continued theatrical work with [[Harry Marston Haldeman]]'s men's social group, The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays. The group, which also included [[Will Rogers]], was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works. Prior to that, his last produced play was ''The Tik-Tok Man of Oz'' (based on ''Ozma of Oz'' and the basis for ''Tik-Tok of Oz''), a modest success in [[Hollywood]] that producer [[Oliver Morosc]] decided did not do well enough to take to [[Broadway Musical|Broadway]]. | Baum continued theatrical work with [[Harry Marston Haldeman]]'s men's social group, The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays. The group, which also included [[Will Rogers]], was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works. Prior to that, his last produced play was ''The Tik-Tok Man of Oz'' (based on ''Ozma of Oz'' and the basis for ''Tik-Tok of Oz''), a modest success in [[Hollywood]] that producer [[Oliver Morosc]] decided did not do well enough to take to [[Broadway Musical|Broadway]]. | ||
| + | {{readout||right|250px|L. Frank Baum wrote and directed silent Oz movies years before the [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film){{!}}1939 classic film “The Wizard of Oz”]]}} | ||
| + | In 1914, having moved to [[Hollywood]] years earlier, Baum started his own film production company, the Oz Film Manufacturing Company. He served as its president, and principal [[Film producer|producer]] and [[screenwriter]]. The rest of the board consisted of [[Louis F. Gottschalk]], Harry Marston Haldeman, and [[Clarence R. Rundel]]. The films were directed by [[J. Farrell MacDonald]], with casts that included [[Violet Macmillan]], [[Vivian Reed (silent film actress)|Vivian Reed]], [[Mildred Harris]], [[Juanita Hansen]], Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by [[Harold Lloyd]] and [[Hal Roach]]. Through this company, Baum adapted several of his Oz books to [[silent film]]s, including ''The Patchwork Girl of Oz'' (1914) based on the 1913 book of the same name, the seventh book in the Oz series; ''The Magic Cloak of Oz'' (1917) an adaptation of his 1905 novel, ''Queen Zixi of Ix''; and ''His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz'' (1915), loosely based on his 1900 book ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz''. | ||
| − | + | These later ventures into bringing children's literature to film did not meet with much success. | |
| + | ===Death=== | ||
Baum, plagued by a weak heart since childhood, died of a stroke on May 6, 1919, aged 62, and was buried in the [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery]], in [[Glendale]], [[California]]. | Baum, plagued by a weak heart since childhood, died of a stroke on May 6, 1919, aged 62, and was buried in the [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery]], in [[Glendale]], [[California]]. | ||
==Modern controversies== | ==Modern controversies== | ||
| − | Kansas is mentioned 23 times in the movie and the whole plot centers on Dorothy trying to get back home. But some Kansas residents, perhaps slightly tongue-in-cheek, complain that the state has been cursed with an image of a bleak and tornado-ridden wasteland that Dorothy dreams of escaping. They point out that only the Kansas scenes are not in Technicolor. Those critics are heartened by | + | Kansas is mentioned 23 times in the movie and the whole plot centers on Dorothy trying to get back home. But some Kansas residents, perhaps slightly tongue-in-cheek, complain that the state has been cursed with an image of a bleak and tornado-ridden wasteland that Dorothy dreams of escaping. They point out that only the Kansas scenes are not in Technicolor. Those critics are heartened by speculation that Baum was not describing Kansas at all in his books, but chose Kansas to avoid embarrassing relatives still living in [[South Dakota]].<ref>Isabel Wilkerson, [https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/09/us/kansas-journal-the-land-wherein-wizard-is-a-humbug.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 Kansas Journal; The Land Wherein 'Wizard' Is A Humbug] ''The New York Times'' (October 9 1989). Retrieved September 26, 2023.</ref> |
| − | In 2000, when plans were announced for an $861 million theme park called the Wonderful World of Oz to be built near De Soto, Kansas, the front pages of area [[newspaper]]s revealed that Baum, while publisher of the weekly newspaper, ''The Saturday Pioneer,'' in Aberdeen, South Dakota, published editorials in 1890 and 1891 that called for the annihilation of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native-American]]s.<ref> | + | In 2000, when plans were announced for an $861 million theme park called the Wonderful World of Oz to be built near De Soto, Kansas, the front pages of area [[newspaper]]s revealed that Baum, while publisher of the weekly newspaper, ''The Saturday Pioneer,'' in Aberdeen, South Dakota, published editorials in 1890 and 1891 that called for the annihilation of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native-American]]s.<ref> Hunter Liguore, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/660606 Sympathy or Racism?] ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 37(2) (Spring 2017): 77-82. Retrieved September 26, 2023.</ref> The plans for the park in Kansas were halted as a result. |
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
The Indiana Wizard of OZ Festival celebrated its 27th Anniversary in 2008, and claims to be the largest Oz festival in the world. Baums' hometown Chittenango, New York, has the L. Frank Baum Oz Museum and hosts an annual Oz Fest, a three day event held in late May or early June. | The Indiana Wizard of OZ Festival celebrated its 27th Anniversary in 2008, and claims to be the largest Oz festival in the world. Baums' hometown Chittenango, New York, has the L. Frank Baum Oz Museum and hosts an annual Oz Fest, a three day event held in late May or early June. | ||
| − | The Land of Oz was a theme park built on Beech Mountain in Watauga County, [[North Carolina]]. It was called "exquisite" and an "adventure, imaginative and unspoiled" by the Washington, | + | The Land of Oz was a theme park built on Beech Mountain in Watauga County, [[North Carolina]]. It was called "exquisite" and an "adventure, imaginative and unspoiled" by the Washington, DC ''Daily News,'' which gave the park its annual award in 1970, as the best new tourist attraction in America. It closed in 1980, the victim of the changed resort economy. Later, the park began to be restored to hold yearly re-openings, known as the Autumn at Oz Festival. Today, while not a fully functioning theme park, it offers many public events that celebrate the magic and legacy of all things Oz!<ref>[https://landofoznc.com/ Land of Oz, North Carolina] ''Land of Oz''. Retrieved September 26, 2023.</ref> |
''The Wizard of Oz'' continues to inspire new versions such as [[Walt Disney|Disney]]'s 1985 ''Return to Oz,'' ''The Muppets' Wizard of Oz,'' ''[[Tin Man (TV miniseries)|Tin Man]]'' (a re-imagining of the story televised in late 2007 on the [[Sci Fi Channel (United States)|Sci Fi Channel]]), and a variety of animated productions. Today's most successful Broadway show, ''[[Wicked (musical)|Wicked]]'' provides a backstory to the two Oz witches used in the classic [[MGM]] film. ''Wicked'' author Gregory Maguire chose to honor L. Frank Baum by naming his main character Elphaba—a phonetic take on Baum's initials. | ''The Wizard of Oz'' continues to inspire new versions such as [[Walt Disney|Disney]]'s 1985 ''Return to Oz,'' ''The Muppets' Wizard of Oz,'' ''[[Tin Man (TV miniseries)|Tin Man]]'' (a re-imagining of the story televised in late 2007 on the [[Sci Fi Channel (United States)|Sci Fi Channel]]), and a variety of animated productions. Today's most successful Broadway show, ''[[Wicked (musical)|Wicked]]'' provides a backstory to the two Oz witches used in the classic [[MGM]] film. ''Wicked'' author Gregory Maguire chose to honor L. Frank Baum by naming his main character Elphaba—a phonetic take on Baum's initials. | ||
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In addition to the classic ''The Wonderful World of Oz,'' Frank L. Baum wrote 55 novels in total, 82 short stories, over 200 poems, an unknown number of scripts, and many miscellaneous writings. | In addition to the classic ''The Wonderful World of Oz,'' Frank L. Baum wrote 55 novels in total, 82 short stories, over 200 poems, an unknown number of scripts, and many miscellaneous writings. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Major works== |
===Oz works=== | ===Oz works=== | ||
*''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' (1900) ISBN 0199540640. | *''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' (1900) ISBN 0199540640. | ||
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*''Sam Steele's Adventures—The Scream of the Sacred Ape'' (novel, 2006) First publication under Baum's name of ''The Boy Fortune Hunters in China'' (1909). | *''Sam Steele's Adventures—The Scream of the Sacred Ape'' (novel, 2006) First publication under Baum's name of ''The Boy Fortune Hunters in China'' (1909). | ||
*''Sam Steele's Adventures—The Amazing Bubble Car'' (novel, 2008) First publication under Baum's name of ''Sam Steele's Adventures in Panama'' (1907). | *''Sam Steele's Adventures—The Amazing Bubble Car'' (novel, 2008) First publication under Baum's name of ''Sam Steele's Adventures in Panama'' (1907). | ||
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== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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| − | * | + | *Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. MacFall. ''To Please a Child: A Biography of L. Frank Baum, Royal Historian of Oz.'' Chicago: Reilly & Lee Co., 1961. {{ASIN|B0006AX69Q}} |
| − | * | + | *Baum, L. Frank, Martin Gardner, and Russel B. Nye. ''The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994. ISBN 0870133667 |
| + | *Baum, L. Frank, W. W. Denslow, and Michael Patrick Hearn. ''The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.'' New York: Norton, 2000. ISBN 0393049922 | ||
| + | *Baum, L. Frank, and Nancy Tystad Koupal (ed.). ''Our Landlady.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. ISBN 0803212216 | ||
| + | *Baum, L. Frank, and Nancy Tystad Koupal (ed.). ''Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years.'' Pierre, SD: South Dakota State Historical Society Press, 2000. ISBN 0962262188 | ||
| + | *Ferrara, Susan. ''The Family of the Wizard: The Baums of Syracuse''. Xlibris Corporation, 1999. ISBN 0738813176 | ||
| + | *Ford, Alla T., and Dick Martin. ''The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum.'' Chicago: Wizard Press, 1958. ISBN 9780801864773 | ||
| + | * Pendergast,Tom (ed.). ''St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture''. St. James Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1558624023 | ||
| + | *Riley, Michael O. ''Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum''. University of Kansas Press, 1997. ISBN 070060832X | ||
| + | *Rogers, Katharine M. ''L. Frank Baum: Creator of Oz''. St. Martin's Press, 2002. ISBN 031230174X | ||
| + | *Swartz, Mark Evan. ''Oz before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz on Stage and Screen to 1939''. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0801864773 | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| − | + | All links retrieved September 26, 2023. | |
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| − | + | * [https://thewizardofoz.info/wiki/Main_Page The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website] | |
| − | + | * [https://www.washburn.edu/reference/cks/mapping/baum/index.html L. Frank Baum] ''Map of Kansas Literature'' | |
| − | + | * [https://americanliterature.com/author/l-frank-baum L. Frank Baum] ''American Literature'' | |
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[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:58, 26 September 2023
| L. Frank Baum | |
 L. Frank Baum circa 1901
| |
| Born | May 15 1856 Chittenango, New York |
|---|---|
| Died | May 6 1919 (aged 62) Hollywood, California |
| Occupation | Author, Newspaper Editor, Actor, Screenwriter, Film Producer |
| Spouse(s) | Maud Gage |
| Children | Frank Joslyn Baum Robert Stanton Baum Harry Neal Baum Kenneth Gage Baum |
Lyman Frank Baum (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author, actor, and independent filmmaker best known as the creator, along with illustrator W.W. Denslow, of one of the most popular books in American children's literature, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, better known today as simply The Wizard of Oz.
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, written in 1900, and produced for stage in 1902, was immortalized through the 1939 movie starring Judy Garland, and soon become an iconic part of American culture. Part fairy tale, part fable, it featured Dorothy, as the girl who leaves Kansas in a tornado, her beloved dog, Toto, the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion, and the Scarecrow, and a story line uniquely American in its background and setting. The moral of the story—"that with the help of a few good friends, you can find all that you need within yourself"—resonated with American audiences for many years; from 1956 onwards the televised movie held American children—pre-video age—rapt with attention.
Baum was a prolific writer, who in addition to children's books, wrote plays, short stories, and fantasy under various pseudonyms, was coaxed into writing sequel after sequel to his Wonderful Wizard of Oz book by the incessant pleas of his youthful fans. Although his other children's books and theatrical productions did not receive nearly the critical acclaim of Oz, he was made wealthy through its unprecedented popularity and adaptations.
Childhood and early life
Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856, into a devout Methodist family of German (father's side) and Scots-Irish (mother's side) origin, the fifth of six children born to Cynthia Stanton and Benjamin Ward Baum, only three of whom survived into adulthood. He was named "Lyman" after his father's brother, but always disliked this name, and preferred to go by his middle name, "Frank." His mother, Cynthia Stanton, was a direct descendant of Thomas Stanton, one of the four Founders of what is now Stonington, Connecticut.
Benjamin Baum was a wealthy businessman, who had made his fortune in the oil fields of Pennsylvania. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate, Rose Lawn, which he would fondly remember in later years, as paradise. As a young child, he was tutored at home with his siblings, but at the age of 12 he was sent to study at Peekskill Military Academy. He was a sickly child given to daydreaming and after two years, returned home.[1]
Baum started writing at an early age, and when his father bought him a printing press, he used it to produce The Rose Lawn Home Journal with the help of his younger brother, Henry (Harry) Clay Baum. By the time he was 17, Baum had established a second amateur journal, The Stamp Collector, and had printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory.
As a young man, Baum embarked upon his lifetime infatuation with the theater, a devotion which would repeatedly lead him to failure and near-bankruptcy. His first such failure occurred when a local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes, with the promise of leading roles that never came his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. At one point, he found another clerk locked in a store room dead, an apparent suicide. This incident appears to have inspired his locked room story, "The Suicide of Kiaros," first published in the literary journal, The White Elephant.
Baum never stayed away from the stage for long. He continued to take roles in plays, performing under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule, proved a modest success. Baum not only wrote the play but composed songs for it and acted in the leading role. His aunt, Katharine Gray, founder of the Syracuse Oratory School, played his character's aunt.
On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically-titled parlor drama, Matches, and destroyed not only the theater, but the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes and props.
The South Dakota years
In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory, where he opened a store, "Baum's Bazaar." Local children loved to buy penny candy there and hear stories from Baum of faraway places. His habit of selling goods on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing a local newspaper, The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer. This enterprise also, however, ended in bankruptcy with Baum sardonically commenting, "I decided the sheriff wanted the paper more than I."[2]
Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz seems to be based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota.
Baum becomes an author
After Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, he, Maud, and their four sons moved to Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. For several years, he edited a magazine for advertising agencies focused on window displays in stores. At that time, the major department stores created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move.
In 1897, he wrote and published, Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories, and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success. In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W.W. Denslow, to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. Baum was now free to devote himself full time to writing.[3]
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, to much critical acclaim. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.
Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza
Two years after Wizard's publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. This stage version, the first to use the shortened title, The Wizard of Oz, opened in Chicago in 1902, then ran on Broadway from January to October 1903.
Subsequently, the play successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast until 1911. The stage version starred David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow, respectively, which brought them instantaneous fame. The stage version differed from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults.
Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled The Wizard of Oz, rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.
On screen and return to stage
Following early film treatments in 1910 and 1925, Metro Goldwyn Mayer made the story into the now classic movie The Wizard of Oz (1939) starring Judy Garland as Dorothy. Among other minor changes, the film was given an "it was all-just a dream ending."
A completely new Tony Award-winning Broadway musical based on African-American musical styles, The Wiz, was staged in 1975, with Stephanie Mills as Dorothy. It was the basis for a 1978 film by the same title starring Diana Ross as an adult Dorothy.
Later life and work
In 1901, Baum and Denslow published Dot and Tot of Merryland. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It would be their last collaboration.
Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books, he returned to the series each time. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.
His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz was published a year after his death, in 1920, but the Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional nineteen Oz books.
Pseudonyms
Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other, non-Oz books. They include:
- Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series)
- Laura Bancroft (Twinkle and Chubbins, Policeman Bluejay)
- Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series)
- Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel)
- Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny)
- John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks)
- Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series)
Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.
Theater and film
Baum continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group, The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays. The group, which also included Will Rogers, was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works. Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosc decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway.
In 1914, having moved to Hollywood years earlier, Baum started his own film production company, the Oz Film Manufacturing Company. He served as its president, and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet Macmillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Through this company, Baum adapted several of his Oz books to silent films, including The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914) based on the 1913 book of the same name, the seventh book in the Oz series; The Magic Cloak of Oz (1917) an adaptation of his 1905 novel, Queen Zixi of Ix; and His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1915), loosely based on his 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
These later ventures into bringing children's literature to film did not meet with much success.
Death
Baum, plagued by a weak heart since childhood, died of a stroke on May 6, 1919, aged 62, and was buried in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery, in Glendale, California.
Modern controversies
Kansas is mentioned 23 times in the movie and the whole plot centers on Dorothy trying to get back home. But some Kansas residents, perhaps slightly tongue-in-cheek, complain that the state has been cursed with an image of a bleak and tornado-ridden wasteland that Dorothy dreams of escaping. They point out that only the Kansas scenes are not in Technicolor. Those critics are heartened by speculation that Baum was not describing Kansas at all in his books, but chose Kansas to avoid embarrassing relatives still living in South Dakota.[4]
In 2000, when plans were announced for an $861 million theme park called the Wonderful World of Oz to be built near De Soto, Kansas, the front pages of area newspapers revealed that Baum, while publisher of the weekly newspaper, The Saturday Pioneer, in Aberdeen, South Dakota, published editorials in 1890 and 1891 that called for the annihilation of Native-Americans.[5] The plans for the park in Kansas were halted as a result.
Legacy
The Indiana Wizard of OZ Festival celebrated its 27th Anniversary in 2008, and claims to be the largest Oz festival in the world. Baums' hometown Chittenango, New York, has the L. Frank Baum Oz Museum and hosts an annual Oz Fest, a three day event held in late May or early June.
The Land of Oz was a theme park built on Beech Mountain in Watauga County, North Carolina. It was called "exquisite" and an "adventure, imaginative and unspoiled" by the Washington, DC Daily News, which gave the park its annual award in 1970, as the best new tourist attraction in America. It closed in 1980, the victim of the changed resort economy. Later, the park began to be restored to hold yearly re-openings, known as the Autumn at Oz Festival. Today, while not a fully functioning theme park, it offers many public events that celebrate the magic and legacy of all things Oz![6]
The Wizard of Oz continues to inspire new versions such as Disney's 1985 Return to Oz, The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, Tin Man (a re-imagining of the story televised in late 2007 on the Sci Fi Channel), and a variety of animated productions. Today's most successful Broadway show, Wicked provides a backstory to the two Oz witches used in the classic MGM film. Wicked author Gregory Maguire chose to honor L. Frank Baum by naming his main character Elphaba—a phonetic take on Baum's initials.
In addition to the classic The Wonderful World of Oz, Frank L. Baum wrote 55 novels in total, 82 short stories, over 200 poems, an unknown number of scripts, and many miscellaneous writings.
Major works
Oz works
- The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) ISBN 0199540640.
- The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) ISBN 0590085654.
- Ozma of Oz (1907) ISBN 978-0548814826.
- Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908) ISBN 9780688098261.
- The Road to Oz (1909)
- The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
- The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
- Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
- The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
- Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
- The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
- The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
- The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)
- Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published)
- Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905)
- The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)
- Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913)
Non-Oz works
- Baum's Complete Stamp Dealer's Directory (1873)
- The Mackrummins (lost play, 1882)
- The Maid of Arran (play, 1882)
- Matches (lost play, 1882)
- Kilmourne, or O'Connor's Dream (lost? play opened April 4, 1883)
- The Queen of Killarney (lost? play, 1883)
- Our Landlady (newspaper stories, 1890-1891)
- The Book of the Hamburgs (poultry guide, 1896)
- By the Candelabra's Glare (poetry, 1897)
- Mother Goose in Prose (1897)
- Father Goose: His Book (1899)
- The Magical Monarch of Mo (Originally published in 1900 as A New Wonderland) (fantasy, 1903)
- The Army Alphabet (poetry, 1900)
- The Navy Alphabet (poetry, 1900)
- The Songs of Father Goose (Father Goose, set to music by Alberta N. Hall Burton, 1900)
- The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors (trade publication, 1900)
- Dot and Tot of Merryland (fantasy, 1901)
- American Fairy Tales (fantasy, 1901)
- The Master Key (fantasy, 1901)
- The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902)
- The Enchanted Island of Yew (fantasy, 1903)
- Queen Zixi of Ix (fantasy, 1905)
- John Dough and the Cherub (fantasy, 1906)
- Father Goose's Year Book: Quaint Quacks and Feathered Shafts for Mature Children (1907)
- Mortal for an Hour or The Fairy Prince or Prince Marvel (play, 1909)
- The Pipes O' Pan (play, 1909, with George Scarborough; only the first act was ever completed)
- L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker; Readings and Recitations in Prose and Verse, Humorous and Otherwise (also known as Baum's Own Book for Children, collection of revised work, 1910)
- The Daring Twins: A Story for Young Folk (novel, 1911; reprinted in 2006 as The Secret of the Lost Fortune)
- The Sea Fairies (fantasy, 1911)
- Sky Island (fantasy, 1912)
- Phoebe Daring: A Story for Young Folk (novel, 1912; reprinted in 2008 as Unjustly Accused!)
- Our Married Life (novel, 1912) [lost]
- Johnson (novel, 1912) [lost]
- King Bud of Noland, or The Magic Cloak (musical play, 1913; music by Louis F. Gottschalk, revised as the scenario to the film, The Magic Cloak of Oz)
- Molly Oodle (novel, 1914) [lost]
- The Mystery of Bonita (novel, 1914) [lost]
- Stagecraft, or, The Adventures of a Strictly Moral Man (musical play, 1914; music by Louis F. Gottschalk)
- The Uplift of Lucifer, or Raising Hell: An Allegorical Squazosh (musical play, music by Louis F. Gottschalk, 1915)
- The Uplifter's Minstrels (musical play, 1916; music by Byron Gay)
- The Orpheus Road Show: A Paraphrastic Compendium of Mirth (musical play, 1917; music by Louis F. Gottschalk)
- Sam Steele's Adventures—The Scream of the Sacred Ape (novel, 2006) First publication under Baum's name of The Boy Fortune Hunters in China (1909).
- Sam Steele's Adventures—The Amazing Bubble Car (novel, 2008) First publication under Baum's name of Sam Steele's Adventures in Panama (1907).
Notes
- ↑ Chloe Schama, Frank Baum, the Man Behind the Curtain Smithsonian Magazine (June 25, 2009). Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ↑ Linda McGovern, L. Frank Baum – The Man Behind The Curtain Literary Traveler (March 1, 1999). Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ↑ Tom Pendergast (ed.), St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (St. James Press, 2000, ISBN 978-1558624023).
- ↑ Isabel Wilkerson, Kansas Journal; The Land Wherein 'Wizard' Is A Humbug The New York Times (October 9 1989). Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ↑ Hunter Liguore, Sympathy or Racism? Great Plains Quarterly 37(2) (Spring 2017): 77-82. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ↑ Land of Oz, North Carolina Land of Oz. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. MacFall. To Please a Child: A Biography of L. Frank Baum, Royal Historian of Oz. Chicago: Reilly & Lee Co., 1961. ASIN B0006AX69Q
- Baum, L. Frank, Martin Gardner, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994. ISBN 0870133667
- Baum, L. Frank, W. W. Denslow, and Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. New York: Norton, 2000. ISBN 0393049922
- Baum, L. Frank, and Nancy Tystad Koupal (ed.). Our Landlady. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. ISBN 0803212216
- Baum, L. Frank, and Nancy Tystad Koupal (ed.). Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD: South Dakota State Historical Society Press, 2000. ISBN 0962262188
- Ferrara, Susan. The Family of the Wizard: The Baums of Syracuse. Xlibris Corporation, 1999. ISBN 0738813176
- Ford, Alla T., and Dick Martin. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Chicago: Wizard Press, 1958. ISBN 9780801864773
- Pendergast,Tom (ed.). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. St. James Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1558624023
- Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. University of Kansas Press, 1997. ISBN 070060832X
- Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum: Creator of Oz. St. Martin's Press, 2002. ISBN 031230174X
- Swartz, Mark Evan. Oz before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz on Stage and Screen to 1939. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0801864773
External links
All links retrieved September 26, 2023.
- The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website
- L. Frank Baum Map of Kansas Literature
- L. Frank Baum American Literature
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