Difference between revisions of "Korean Martyrs" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Infobox Saint
 
{{Infobox Saint
 
|name=Korean Martyrs
 
|name=Korean Martyrs
 
|birth_date=Various
 
|birth_date=Various
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|death_date=1839, 1846, 1866
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|death_date=1839, 1840, 1841, 1846, 1866
 
|feast_day=September 20
 
|feast_day=September 20
 
|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]
 
|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]
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}}
 
}}
  
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A '''religious martyr''' is a person who is killed as a result of maintaining and practicing religious faith. In the early years of the Christian faith in [[Korea]], several thousand Christians, most of them [[Roman Catholics]], were martyred. The Catholic faith came to [[Korea]] at the beginning of the 17th century, during the Joseon period, a time when outside influence of any kind was not welcomed in Korea. Catholicism was seen as a threat to the state ideology of Confucianism, and many Catholic monks, priests and lay members were executed, producing as many as 8,000 or more martyrs.
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A '''religious martyr''' is a person who is killed as a result of maintaining and practicing religious faith. In the early years, of the Christian faith in [[Korea]], several thousand Christians, most of them [[Roman Catholics]], were martyred. The [[Catholic]] faith started to develop in Korea at the beginning of the seventeenth century, during the [[Joseon]] period, a time when outside influence of any kind was not welcomed in Korea. [[Catholicism]] was seen as a threat to the state ideology of [[Confucianism]], and many Catholic monks, priests, and lay members were executed, producing as many as 8,000 or more martyrs.
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{{toc}}
 
==The Early Christian Church in Korea==
 
==The Early Christian Church in Korea==
 
[[Image:Saint Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert, M.E.P. (2).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Laurent Marie Joseph Imbert, 1st Bishop of Korea]]
 
[[Image:Saint Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert, M.E.P. (2).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Laurent Marie Joseph Imbert, 1st Bishop of Korea]]
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The [[Roman Catholic]] church began to develop in [[Korea]] at the beginning of the 17th century, brought by Koreans who had met the faith and been converted in China. They also brought translations of the scriptures from China, and the strong and dynamic Catholic communities were led almost entirely by lay people until the arrival of the first Catholic missionaries from France in 1836.  The protestant churches did not start sending missionaries until nearly 50 years later, in 1884.
+
The [[Roman Catholic]] church began to develop in [[Korea]] at the beginning of the seventeenth century, brought by Koreans who had met the faith and been converted in China. They also brought translations of the scriptures from [[China]], and the strong and dynamic Catholic communities were led almost entirely by lay people until the arrival of the first Catholic missionaries from [[France]] in 1836.  The [[Protestant]] churches did not start sending missionaries until nearly 50 years later, in 1884.
  
 
==Catholic Martyrs==
 
==Catholic Martyrs==
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The Catholic community suffered major persecutions in the years 1839, 1846 and 1866, producing at least 8,000 known [[martyrs]], killed for following a ''false religion''. Among them were the fervent Korean [[priest]] [[Andrew Kim Taegon|Andrew Kim Taegeon]] and the Korean lay catechist [[Paul Chung Hasang|Paul Chung Hasang]]. The vast majority of the martyrs were simple lay people, including men and women, married and single, old and young. The members of this group of martyrs have been [[canonized]] as [[saints]], with [[feast day]] September 20. Currently, Korea has the 4th largest number of saints in the Catholic world.
+
The Catholic community suffered major persecutions in the years 1839, 1846, and 1866, producing at least 8,000 known [[martyrs]], killed for following a ''false religion''. Among them were the fervent Korean [[priest]] [[Andrew Kim Taegon|Andrew Kim Taegeon]] and the Korean lay catechist [[Paul Chung Hasang|Paul Chung Hasang]]. The vast majority of the martyrs were simple lay people, including men and women, married and single, old and young. The members of this group of martyrs have been [[canonized]] as [[saints]], with [[feast day]] September 20. Currently, Korea has the fourth largest number of saints in the Catholic world.
  
 
==Protestant Martyrs==
 
==Protestant Martyrs==
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Robert Jermain Thomas (1839-1866), a Welshman, is the first Protestant missionary on record to have visited Korea, arriving in 1865, to distribute Chinese Bibles, about 20 years before the first organized Protestant evangelists began work in Korea. He returned to Korea again in 1866, on the [[General Sherman]] officially as an interpreter, continuing to also distribute Bibles. He was executed along with the rest of the ships crew when the ship sailed too close to Pyungyang and was attached by Korean forces. Thus, he became the first Protestant Korea martyr in Korea.   
+
[[Robert Jermain Thomas]] (1839-1866), a [[Welshman]], is the first [[Protestant missionary]] on record to have visited [[Korea]], arriving in 1865, to distribute Chinese Bibles, about 20 years before the first organized [[Protestant]] evangelists began work in Korea. He returned to Korea again in 1866, on the [[General Sherman]] officially as an interpreter, continuing to also distribute Bibles. He was executed along with the rest of the ship's crew when the ship sailed too close to [[Pyongyang]] and was attacked by Korean forces. Thus, he became the first Protestant Korea martyr in Korea.   
  
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Many other Protestant missionaries and laymen were killed during the Japanese occupation. Many of the political activists killed during the [[March 1 Movement]] in 1919 were Christians. They are better described as political martyrs than religious martyrs, because they were killed as a direct result of their participation in political activism. From that time on, the Japanese occupation government was increasingly suspicious that any Christian might have political motives, and many Christians were imprisoned, tortured and killed.
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Many other Protestant missionaries and laymen were killed during the Japanese occupation. Many of the political activists killed during the [[March 1 Movement]] in 1919 were Christians. They are better described as political martyrs than religious martyrs, because they were killed as a direct result of their participation in political activism. From that time on, the [[Japan]]ese occupation government was increasingly suspicious that any Christian might have political motives, and many Christians were imprisoned, tortured and killed.
  
 
==North Korean Martyrs==
 
==North Korean Martyrs==
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At the end of the Korea war, there were an estimated 300,000 Catholics in North Korea, including a number of Benedictine monks. Today, according to Pyungyang, the number of Catholics in North Korea is less than 5,000. At the end of the war, some fled to the South. Others were killed, or gave up their faith. It is impossible to know how many became martyrs.
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At the end of the [[Korea War]], there were an estimated 300,000 Catholics in [[North Korea]], including a number of [[Benedictine]] monks. Today, according to [[Pyongyang]], the number of Catholics in North Korea is less than 5,000. At the end of the war, some fled to the South. Others were killed, or gave up their faith. It is impossible to know how many became martyrs.
  
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36 members of the Benedictine order associated with Tokwon Abbey in North Korea have been confirmed as killed by the Stalinist regime between 1949 and 1952, when they refused to abandon their faith.  The 36 have been recommended for sainthood, and the Order of St. Benedict Waegwan Abbey in South Korea is working to move the process of their beatification and canonization forward.
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36 members of the [[Benedictine]] order associated with [[Tokwon Abbey]] in [[North Korea]] have been confirmed as killed by the Stalinist regime between 1949 and 1952, when they refused to abandon their faith.  The 36 have been recommended for sainthood, and the [[Order of St. Benedict]] Waegwan Abbey in [[South Korea]] is working to move the process of their beatification and canonization forward.
  
 
==Legacy==
 
==Legacy==
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Although the history of Catholicism in Korea is relatively short, as a result of the brutal persecutions of the church by the Joseon court, the number of martyrs is quite high, and Korea is the country has the 4th largest number of Catholic saints. Pope John Paul II broke with tradition and held a canonization ceremony in Seoul, bestowing sainthood on 103 of the Korean Martyrs.
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Although the history of [[Catholicism in Korea]] is relatively short, as a result of the brutal persecutions of the church by the [[Joseon]] court, the number of martyrs is quite high, and Korea  
 +
has the fourth largest number of Catholic saints of any country in the world. [[Pope John Paul II]] broke with tradition and held a canonization ceremony in [[Seoul]], bestowing sainthood on 103 of the Korean Martyrs.
  
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The courage and sacrifice of the Korean Catholic Church is well known outside Korea, and there are more than a dozen Catholic Churches in North America bearing the name ''Church of the Korean Martyrs''.
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The courage and sacrifice of the [[Korean Catholic Church]] is well known outside Korea, and there are more than a dozen [[Catholic Churches]] in [[North America]] bearing the name ''Church of the Korean Martyrs''.
  
  
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====Message from Korea's first native Priest====
 
====Message from Korea's first native Priest====
 
[[Image:Saintandrewkim.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Saint Andrew Kim]]
 
[[Image:Saintandrewkim.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Saint Andrew Kim]]
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From the last letter of Andrew Kim Taegeon to his parish as he awaited martyrdom with a group of twenty persons:
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From the last letter of [[Andrew Kim Taegeon]] to his parish as he awaited martyrdom with a group of 20 persons:
  
 
:''My dear brothers and sisters, know this: Our Lord [[Jesus]] [[Christ]] upon descending into the world took innumerable pains upon and constituted the holy Church through his own [[Passion (Christianity)|passion]] and increases it through the passion of its faithful....''
 
:''My dear brothers and sisters, know this: Our Lord [[Jesus]] [[Christ]] upon descending into the world took innumerable pains upon and constituted the holy Church through his own [[Passion (Christianity)|passion]] and increases it through the passion of its faithful....''
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<!--[[Image:Rc con cevang ps pospa img korean-martyrs.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Korean Martyred Saints]]—>
 
<!--[[Image:Rc con cevang ps pospa img korean-martyrs.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Korean Martyred Saints]]—>
  
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==Korean Martyrs and Saints==
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==Korean Saints==
 
 
Names of some of the martyrs killed in the persecutions in 1791, 1801, 1827, 1839, 1846, and 1866, 103 of whom were later canonized to sainthood May 6, 1984 by [[Pope John Paul II]]. In a break with tradition, the ceremony did not take place in [[Rome]], but in [[Seoul]].
 
Names of some of the martyrs killed in the persecutions in 1791, 1801, 1827, 1839, 1846, and 1866, 103 of whom were later canonized to sainthood May 6, 1984 by [[Pope John Paul II]]. In a break with tradition, the ceremony did not take place in [[Rome]], but in [[Seoul]].
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#'''Martyrs from the Shinyu Persecution (1801)'''
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#'''Martyrs from the Shinyu Persecution (1801) 신유박해(辛酉迫害)'''
 
#*Zhou (Chu) Munmo, Chinese, Korea's only priest at the time
 
#*Zhou (Chu) Munmo, Chinese, Korea's only priest at the time
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#*Yi Kyongdo Charles
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#*Charles Yi Kyongdo
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#*Yi Sooni Lutgardis
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#*Lutgardis Yi Sooni  
 
#*Chung Yakjong, father of Paul Chung Hasang
 
#*Chung Yakjong, father of Paul Chung Hasang
 
#'''Ulhae Persecution (1815)
 
#'''Ulhae Persecution (1815)
 
#'''Chonghae Persecution (1827)
 
#'''Chonghae Persecution (1827)
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#'''Martyrs from the Gihye Persection (1839)'''
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#'''Martyrs from the Gihye Persecution (1839) 기해박해(己亥迫害)'''In the Gihae Persecution, the French Bishop Imbert and two other missionaries priests, Maubant and Chaston were martyred, as well as Paul Chung Hasang, one of the most successful lay leaders of the Korean Catholic Church, in addition to hundreds of other faithful.
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#*[[Chung Hasang Paul]], (1795-1839), who worked tirelessly as a lay leader to helped establish the early Korean Catholic Church, traveling back and forth to China many times to rebuild the church after the Shinyu persection, and finally gaining official recognition for the Korean Church from Rome on Sept. 9, 1831.  He studied for the priesthood under Bishop Imbert, but was killed before becoming a priest.   
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#*[[Paul Chung Hasang ]], (1795-1839), who worked tirelessly as a lay leader to helped establish the early Korean Catholic Church, traveling back and forth to China many times to rebuild the church after the Shinyu persecution, and finally gaining official recognition for the Korean Church from Rome on Sept. 9, 1831.  He studied for the priesthood under Bishop Imbert, but was killed before becoming a priest.  (103 Saints)
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#*Yu Cecilia, mother of Paul Chung Hasang, died in prison in 1839
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#*Cecilia Yu, mother of Paul Chung Hasang, died in prison in 1839 (103 Saints)
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#*Chung Junghye, younger sister of Paul Chung Hasang.
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#*Elisabeth Chung Junghye, younger sister of Paul Chung Hasang. (103 Saints)
 +
#*Peter Yi Hoyong Peter (103 Saints)
 
#*'''Nine faithful hung on crosses and then beheaded May 24, 1839:'''
 
#*'''Nine faithful hung on crosses and then beheaded May 24, 1839:'''
−
##Kim Obi Magdalene (1774-1839.
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##Magdalene Kim Obi (1774-1839). (103 Saints)
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##Kim Agi Agatha (1787-1839). Baptized in prison 1839.  
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##Agatha Kim Agi (1787-1839). Baptized in prison 1839. (103 Saints)
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##Han Agi Barbara (1792-1839).  
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##Barbara Han Agi (1792-1839). (103 Saints)
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##Nam Myonghyeok Damian, a leader of the Catholic Church beginning from the 1820's
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##Damian Nam Myonghyeok, a leader of the Catholic Church beginning from the 1820's (103 Saints)
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##Kwon Tugin Peter
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##Peter Kwon Tugin (103 Saints)
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##Pak Agi Anna
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##Anna Pak Agi (103 Saints)
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##Yi Hwanghon Augustine
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##Augustine Yi Hwanghon (103 Saints)
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##Park Huisun Lucy
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##Lucy Park Huisun (103 Saints)
−
##Yi Agatha, sister of Yi Hoyong Peter
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##Agatha Yi Sosa, sister of Peter Yi Hoyong Peter (103 Saints)
 
#*'''Martyred September 21-22, 1839'''
 
#*'''Martyred September 21-22, 1839'''
−
##Yu Chingil Augustine (1791-1839), one of just a few government officials in the Catholic Church, father of Yu Taecheol Peter, baptized in 1824 in China, executed September 22, 1839.
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##Augustine Yu Chingil (1791-1839), one of just a few government officials in the Catholic Church, father of Peter Yu Taecheol, baptized in 1824 in China, executed September 22, 1839. (103 Saints)
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##Yu Taecheol Peter, a thirteen-year old boy, youngest of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints.
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##Peter Yu Taecheol, a thirteen-year old boy, youngest of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints.
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##Ignatius Kim Jejun, father of Andrew Kim Taegon, executed September 22, 1839
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##Ignatius Kim Jejun, father of Andrew Kim Taegon, executed September 22, 1839 (103 Saints)
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##Bishop [[Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert]], the first bishop assigned to Korea, arriving in 1837
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##Bishop [[Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert]], the first bishop assigned to Korea, arriving in 1837 (103 Saints)
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##Father Philibert Maubant, French Catholic Priest
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##Father Philibert Maubant, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
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##Father James Honore' Chastan, French Catholic Priest
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##Father James Honore' Chastan, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
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#*'''Among 8 Catholics beheaded on July 20th, 1839''', the first group to be martyred after Cho Pyongku issued a decree that the Church be completely eliminated.  
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#*'''Among 8 Catholics beheaded on July 20, 1839''', the first group to be martyred after Cho Pyongku issued a decree that the Church be completely eliminated.  
−
##Kim Songim Martha (1787-1839)
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##Martha Kim Songim (1787-1839)(103 Saints)
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##Yi Magdalena
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##Magdalena Yi (103 Saints)
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##Ye Theresa
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##Theresa Yi Mae-im (103 Saints)
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##Kim Lucy
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##Lucy Kim (103 Saints)
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##Won Kwi-im Maria, beaten badly and tortured
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##Maria Won Kwi-im, beaten badly and tortured (103 Saints)
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##Kim, Rosa
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##Rosa Kim (103 Saints)
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#*Kim Barbara (1805-1839) died of disease while in prison.  
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#*Barbara Kim (1805-1839) died of disease while in prison. (103 Saints)
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#'''Killed in the Byeongoh Persecution (1846)'''  
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#'''Killed in the Byeongoh Persecution (1846)''' Martyrs from the Byeongoh Persecution included the first Korean-born Catholic priest, Andrew Kim Taegon, and nine other believers.
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#*[[Andrew Kim Taegon]], son of Ignatius, also a martyr, Korea's first native priest
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#*[[Andrew Kim Taegon]], Korea's first native priest, son of Ignatius, also a martyr (103 Saints)
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#'''Great Persecution (1866-1871)'''
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#'''Byungin Persecution (1866-1871)''', sometimes called the Great Persecution, under the rule of Daewongun, was the final and most severe persecution under the Joseon Dynasty.  9 foreign missionaries were killed, along with an estimated 8,000 Korean Catholics.
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#*Bishop Anthony Daveluy
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#*Bishop Anthony Daveluy (103 Saints)
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#*Father Peter Aumaitre , French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
 
#*'''Beheaded March 7, 1866'''
 
#*'''Beheaded March 7, 1866'''
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##Bishop Siméon François Berneux (1814-1866), French Catholic Bishop, appointed 4th Bishop of Korea in 1854
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##Bishop Siméon François Berneux (1814-1866), French Catholic Bishop, appointed 4th Bishop of Korea in 1854 (103 Saints)
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##Father Peter Henricus Dorie, French Catholic Priest
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##Father Peter Henricus Dorie, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
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##Father Ludovicus Beaulieu, French Catholic Priest
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##Father Ludovicus Beaulieu, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
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##Father Justin de Bretenières, French Catholic Priest
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##Father Justin de Bretenières, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
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<!--
 
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==Sinyu Persecution (1801) 신유박해(辛酉迫害)==
 
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==Gihae Persecution (1839) 기해박해(己亥迫害)==
 
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선교사인 모방·샤스땅·앵베르 모두 희생되었고 교회 지도자들도 상당수 순교했다.
 
  
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* 성녀 고순이 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Ko Suni
 
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* 성 권득인 베드로 (기해박해)  Peter Kwon Tugin
 
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* 성녀 권희 바르바라 (기해박해) Barbara Kwon Hui
 
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* 성녀 김 루치아 (기해박해)  Lucia Kim
 
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* 성녀 김 바르바라 (기해박해)  Barbara Kim
 
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* 성녀 김노사 로사 (기해박해)  Rosa Kim (widow)
 
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* 성녀 김누시아 루치아 (기해박해)
 
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* 성녀 김성임 마르타 (기해박해)  Martha Kim
 
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* 성녀 김아기 아가타 (기해박해)  Agatha Kim
 
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* 성녀 김업이 막달레나 (기해박해)  Magdalene Kim Obi
 
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* 성녀 김유리대 율리에타 (기해박해)  Juliet Kim (virgin)
 
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* 성녀 김장금 안나 (기해박해)  Anna Kim
 
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* 성 김제준 이냐시오 (기해박해)  Ignatius Kim Chejun (catechist)
 
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* 성녀 김효임 골룸바 (기해박해)  Columba Kim Hyo-im
 
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* 성녀 김효주 아녜스 (기해박해)  Agnes Kim Hyoju
 
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* 성 남명혁 다미아노 (기해박해)  Damien Nam Myong-hyok
 
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* 성 남이관 세바스티아노 (기해박해)  Sebastian Nam
 
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* 성 [[모방 (사람)|모방]] 베드로 (기해박해) Peter Maubant (priest MEP)
 
−
* 성녀 박봉손 막달레나 (기해박해)Magdalene Pak Pongson (widow)
 
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* 성녀 박아기 안나 (기해박해)  Anna Pak Agi
 
−
* 성녀 박큰아기 마리아 (기해박해)  Maria Park K'unagi
 
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* 성 박후재 요한 (기해박해)  John Pak
 
−
* 성녀 박희순 루치아 (기해박해)  Lucia Park Huisun
 
−
* 성 샤스탕 야고보 (기해박해)  Jacob Chastan (priest)
 
−
* 성 앵베르 라우렌시오 (기해박해)  Lawrence Imbert (bishop)
 
−
* 성녀 원귀임 마리아 (기해박해)  Maria Won Kwi-im (virgin)
 
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* 성녀 유 체칠리아 (기해박해)  Cecilia Yu
 
−
* 성 유대철 베드로 (기해박해)  Peter Yu Tae-Chol
 
−
* 성 유진길 아우구스티노 (기해박해)  Augustine Yi Chin-gil
 
−
* 성녀 이 가타리나 (기해박해)  Catherine Yi
 
−
* 성녀 이 바르바라 (기해박해)  Barbara Yi
 
−
* 성 이광렬 요한 (기해박해)  John Baptist Yi Kwangnyol (catechist)
 
−
* 성 이광헌 아우구스티노 (기해박해)  Augustine Yi Kwang-hon
 
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* 성녀 이매임 데레사 (기해박해)  Teresa Yi Mae-im
 
−
* 성녀 이소사 아가타 (기해박해)  Agatha Yi Sosa
 
−
* 성녀 이연희 마리아 (기해박해)  Maria Yi Yonhui
 
−
* 성녀 이영덕 막달레나 (기해박해)  Magdalene Yi Yongdog
 
−
* 성녀 이영희 막달레나 (기해박해)  Magdalene Yi Yong-hui
 
−
* 성녀 이정희 바르바라 (기해박해)  Barbara Yi Chong-hui
 
−
* 성 이호영 베드로 (기해박해)  Peter Yi Hoyong
 
−
* 성 장성집 요셉 (기해박해)  Joseph Chang Songjib
 
−
* 성녀 전경협 아가타 (기해박해)  Agatha Chon Kyonghyob
 
−
* 성 정국보 프로타시오 (기해박해)  Protasius Chong Kurbo
 
−
* 성녀 정정혜 엘리사벳 (기해박해)  Elisabeth Chong Chong-hye (virgin)
 
−
* 성 정하상 바오로 (기해박해)  Paul Chong Hasang
 
−
* 성녀 조 막달레나 (기해박해)  Magdalene Cho
 
−
* 성 조신철 가롤로 (기해박해)  Charles Cho Shin-ch'ol
 
−
* 성녀 조증이 바르바라 (기해박해)  Barbara Cho Chung-i
 
−
* 성 최경환 프란치스코 (기해박해) Francis Ch'oe Hyong-hwan
 
−
* 성 최창흡 베드로 (기해박해)  Peter Ch'oe Ch'ang-hub (catechist)
 
−
* 성녀 한아기 바르바라 (기해박해)  Barbara Han Agi
 
−
* 성녀 한영이 막달레나 (기해박해)  Magdalene Han Yong-i
 
−
* 성녀 홍금주 페르페투아 (기해박해)  Perpetua Hong Kumju (widow)
 
−
* 성녀 허계임 막달레나 (기해박해)  Magalena Ho Kye-im
 
−
* 성녀 현경련 베네딕타 (기해박해)  Benedicta Hyon Kyongnyon
 
  
−
==Martyred 1840==
+
==List of the 103 Korean Saints==
−
* 성녀 권진이 아가타 (1840년)  Agatha Kwon Chini
+
#Peter Yi Hoyong (이호영 베드로/회장) November 5, 1838 / Hyungjojeon Prison
−
* 성녀 김 데레사 (1840년)  Teresa Kim
+
#Protasius Chong Kurbo (정국보 프로타시오/공인) May, 1839 / Pochung Prison
−
* 성 민극가 스테파노 (1840년) Stephen Min Kukka (catechist)
+
#Agatha Kim Agi (김아기 아가타/과부) May 4, 1939 / Outside 
−
* 성 박종원 아우구스티노 (1840년) Augustine Pak Chong-won
+
#Anna Pak Agi (박아기 안나/부인) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성녀 손소벽 막달레나 (1840년) Magdalene Son Sobyog
+
#Agatha Yi Sosa (이소사 아가타/과부)  May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성녀 이 아가타 (1840년) Agatha Yi
+
#Magdalene Kim Obi (김업이 막달레나/과부) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun  
−
* 성녀 이경이 아가타 (1840년) Agatha Yi Kyong-i
+
#Augustine Yi Kwang-hon (이광헌 아우구스티노/회장) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun 
−
* 성 이문우 요한 (1840년) John Yi Munu
+
#Barbara Han Agi (한아기 바르바라/과부) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun 
−
* 성녀 이인덕 마리아 (1840년) Maria Yi Indog
+
#Lucia Park Huisun (박희순 루치아/동정궁녀) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun   
−
* 성 정화경 안드레아 (1840년) Andrew-Chong Kwagyong (catechist)
+
#Damien Nam Myong-hyok (남명혁 다미아노/회장) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun   
−
* 성녀 최영이 바르바라 (1840년) Barbara Ch'oe Yong-i
+
#Peter Kwon Tugin (권득인 베드로/상인) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun     
−
* 성 허협 바오로 (1840년) Paul Ho
+
#Joseph Chang Songjib (장성집 요셉/환부) May 6, 1839 / Pochung Prison
−
* 성 홍병주 베드로 (1840년) Peter Hong Pyongju
+
#Barbara Kim (김 바르바라/과부) May 7, 1839 / Died in prison
−
* 성 홍영주 바오로 (1840년) Paul Hong Yongju (catechist)
+
#Barbara Yi (이 바르바라/동정녀) May 7, 1839 / Died in prison
−
 
+
#Rosa Kim (widow) (김 로사/과부) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun       
−
==Martyred 1841==
+
#Martha Kim Songim (김성임 마르타/과부) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 김성우 안토니오 (1841년) Anthony Kim Son-u
+
#Teresa Yi Mae-im (이매임 데레사/부인) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
 
+
#Anna Kim Changkeum (김장금 안나/과부) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
==Byungoh Persecution (1846) 병오박해(丙午迫害)==
+
#John Baptist Yi Kwangnyol (catechist) (이광렬 요한/공인) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
한국 최초의 신부인 김대건(金大建) 신부와 신도 9명이 순교했다.
+
#Magdalene Yi Yong-hui (이영희 막달레나/동정) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 [[김대건]] 안드레아 (병오박해) Andrew Kim Taegon
+
#Lucia Kim (김 루치아/동정녀) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성녀 김임이 데레사 (병오박해) Teresa Kim Imi
+
#Maria Won Kwi-im (virgin) (원귀임 마리아/동정녀) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 남경문 베드로 (병오박해) Peter Nam Kyongmun (catechist)
+
#Paul Chong Hasang (정하상 바오로/회장) September 2, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성녀 우술임 수산나 (병오박해) Susanna U Surim
+
#Maria Park K'unagi (박큰아기 마리아/부인) September 3, 1839/ Outside Seosomun
−
* 성녀 이간난 아가타 (병오박해) Agatha Yi Kannan
+
#Barbara Kwon Hui (권희 바르바라/부인) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 임치백 요셉 (병오박해) Joseph Im Ch'ibaeg
+
#John Pak Hujae (박후재 요한/상인) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성녀 정철염 가타리나 (병오박해) Catherine Chong Ch'oryom
+
#Barbara Yi Chong-hui (이정희 바르바라/과부) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 한이형 라우렌시오 (병오박해)Lawrence Han Ihyong (catechist)  
+
#Maria Yi Yonhui (이연희 마리아/부인) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 현석문 가롤로 (병오박해) Charles Hyon Songmun
+
#Agnes Kim Hyoju (김효주 아녜스/동정녀) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
 
+
#Francis Ch'oe Hyong-hwan (최경환 프란치스코/회장) September 2, 1839 / Died in prison
−
==Kyungsin Persecution (1860)경신박해(庚申迫害)==
+
#Lawrence Imbert (Korea's 2nd Bishop) (앵베르 라우렌시오/주교 September 1, 1839 / Saenamteo
−
 
+
#Peter Maubant (priest MEP) September 1, 1839 / Saenamteo
−
==Byungin Persecution (1866) 병인박해(丙寅迫害)==
+
#Jacob Chastan (priest) September 1, 1839 / Saenamteo
−
Great Persecution under Daewongun
+
#Augustine Yu Chin-gil (유진길 아우구스티노/회장, 역관) September 2, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
이 에서 선교사 9명을 비롯하여 모두 8,000여 명의 신자들이 순교하기에 이른다.
+
#Magalena Ho Kye-im (허계임 막달레나/부인) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 남종삼 요한 (병인박해) John Nam Chong-sam
+
#Sebastian Nam Yigwan (남이관 세바스티아노/회장) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 다블뤼 안토니오 (병인박해) Anthony Daveluy (bishop)
+
#Juliet Kim (virgin) (김 율리에타/궁녀) / September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 도리 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Henricus Dorie (priest)
+
#Agatha Chon Kyonghyob (전경협 아가타/궁녀) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 베르뇌 시메온 (병인박해) Simon Berneux (bishop)  
+
#Charles Cho Shin-ch'ol (조신철 가롤로/역관) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 볼리외 베르나르도 (병인박해) Bernard Ludovicus Beaulieu (priest)
+
#Ignatius Kim Chejun (catechist) (김제준 이냐시오/회장) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 브르트니에르 유스토 (병인박해) Justin de Bretenières (priest)  
+
#Magdalene Pak Pongson (widow) (박봉손 막달레나/과부) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 손선지 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Son Sonji (catechist)  
+
#Perpetua Hong Kumju (widow) (홍금주 페르페투아/과부) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun 
−
* 성 손자선 토마스 (병인박해) Thomas Son Chason
+
#Columba Kim Hyo-im (김효임 골롬바/동정녀) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 오메트르 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Aumaitre (priest)
+
#Lucia Kim (김 루치아/과부) September 1839 / Died in prison
−
* 성 우세영 알렉시오 (병인박해) Alex U Seyong
+
#Catherine Yi (이 가타리나/과부) September 1839 / Died in prison
−
* 성 위앵 마르티노 루카 (병인박해) Martin Luke Huin (priest)
+
#Magdalene Cho (조 막달레나/동정녀) September 1839 / Died in prison
−
* 성 유정률 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Yu Chongyul (catechist)  
+
#Peter Yu Tae-Chol (유대철 베드로/소년) October 1, 1839 / Died in prison
−
* 성 이명서 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Yi Myongseo
+
#Cecilia Yu Sosa (유소사 체칠리아/과부) November 3, 1839 / Died in prison
−
* 성 이윤일 요한 (병인박해) John Yi Yunil (catechist)  
+
#Peter Ch'oe Ch'ang-hub (catechist) (최창흡 베드로/회장) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 장주기 요셉 (병인박해) Joseph Chang Chugi (priest)  
+
#Barbara Cho Chung-i (조증이 바르바라/부인) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 전장운 요한 (병인박해) John Baptist Chong Chang-un (catechist)  
+
#Magdalene Han Yong-i (한영이 막달레나/과부) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 정문호 바르톨로메오 (병인박해) Bartholomew Chong Munho
+
#Benedicta Hyon Kyongnyon (현경련 베네딕타/여회장) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 정원지 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Chong Wonji
+
#Elisabeth Chong Chong-hye (virgin) (정정혜 엘리사벳/동정녀) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 정의배 마르코 (병인박해)  Mark Chong Uibae (catechist)
+
#Barbara Ko Suni (고순이 바르바라/부인) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 조윤호 요셉 (병인박해)  Joseph Cho Yunho
+
#Magdalene Yi Yongdeog (이영덕 막달레나/동정녀) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
−
* 성 조화서 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Cho Hwaso  
+
#Teresa Kim (김 데레사/과부) January 9, 1840 / Died in prison
−
* 성 최형 베드로 (병인박해) Peter Choi Hyong (catechist)
+
#Agatha Yi (이 아가타/동정녀) January 9, 1840 / Died in prison
−
* 성 한재권 요셉 (병인박해) Joseph Peter Han Wonso (catechist)
+
#Stephen Min Kukka (catechist) (민극가 스테파노/회장) January 1840 / Died in prison
−
* 성 황석두 루카 (병인박해) Luke Hwang Seoktu
+
#Andrew-Chong Kwagyong (catechist) (정화경 안드레아/회장) January 3, 1840 / Died in prison
−
—>
+
#Paul Hohyup (허협 바오로/군인) January 1840 / Died in prison
−
 
+
#Augustine Pak Chong-won (박종원 아우구스티노/회장) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
−
==See also==
+
#Peter Hong Pyongju (홍병주 베드로/회장) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
−
*[[Andrew Kim Taegon]]
+
#Magdalene Son Sobyog (손소벽 막달레나/부인) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
−
*[[Saint Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert|Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert]]
+
#Agatha Yi Kyong-i (이경이 아가타/동정녀) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
−
*[[Christianity in Korea]]
+
#Maria Yi Indog (이인덕 마리아/동정녀) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
 +
#Agatha Kwon Chini (권진이 아가타/부인) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
 +
#Paul Hong Yongju (catechist) (홍영주 바오로/회장) February 1, 1840 / Danggogae)  
 +
#John Yi Munu (이문우 요한/복사) February 1, 1840 / Danggogae
 +
#Barbara Ch'oe Yong-i (최영이 바르바라/부인) February 1, 1840 / Danggogae
 +
#Anthony Kim Song-u (김성우 안토니오/회장) April 9, 1841 / Died in prison
 +
#Andrew Kim Taegon (김대건 안드레아/신부) September 16, 1846 / Saenamteo
 +
#Charles Hyon Songmun (현석문 가롤로/회장) September 9, 1846 / Saenamteo
 +
#Peter Nam Kyongmun (catechist) (남경문 베드로/회장) September 1846 / Pochung Prison
 +
#Lawrence Han Ihyong (catechist) (한이형 라우렌시오/회장) September 1846 / Pochung Prison
 +
#Susanna U Surim (우술임 수산나/과부) September 1846 / Pochung Prison
 +
#Joseph Im Ch'ibaeg (임치백 요셉/사공) September 1846 / Died in prison
 +
#Teresa Kim Imi (김임이 데레사/동정녀) September 1846 / Pochung Prison
 +
#Agatha Yi Kannan (이간난 아가타/과부) September 1846 / Died in prison
 +
#Catherine Chong Ch'oryom (정철염 가타리나/부인) September 1846 / Died in prison
 +
#Peter Yu Chongyul (catechist) (유정률 베드로/회장) February 7, 1866 / Pyungyang
 +
#Simon Berneux (Korea's 4th Bishop) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
 +
#Justin de Bretenières (priest) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
 +
#Peter Henricus Dorie (priest) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
 +
#Bernard Ludovicus Beaulieu (priest) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
 +
#John Nam Chong-sam (남종삼 요한/승지) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
 +
#John Baptist Chong Chang-un (catechist) (전장운 요한/상인) March 9, 1866 / Outside Seosomun
 +
#Peter Choi Hyong (catechist) (최형 베드로/회장) March 9, 1866 / Outside Seosomun  
 +
#Mark Chong Uibae (catechist) (정의배 마르코/회장) March 1, 1866 / Saenamteo
 +
#Alex U Seyong (우세영 알렉시오/역관) March 1, 1866 / Saenamteo
 +
#Anthony Daveluy (Korea's 5th bishop) / March 1866 / Galmaemot
 +
#Martin Luke Huin (priest) / March 1866 / Galmaemot
 +
#Peter Aumaitre (priest) / March 1866 / Galmaemot
 +
#Joseph Chang Chugi (priest) (장주기 요셉/회장) March 1866 / Galmaemot
 +
#Luke Hwang Seoktu (황석두 루카/회장) March 1866 / Galmaemot  
 +
#Thomas Son Chason )손자선 토마스/농부) March 1866 / Gongju
 +
#Bartholomew Chong Munho (정문호 바르톨로메오/원님) December 3, 1866 /Supjeongi
 +
#Peter Cho Hwaso (조화서 베드로/농부) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
 +
#Peter Son Sonji (catechist) (손선지 베드로/회장) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
 +
#Peter Yi Myongseo (이명서 베드로/농부) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
 +
#Joseph Han Jaegwon (catechist) (한재권 요셉/회장) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
 +
#Peter Chong Wonji (정원지 베드로/농부) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
 +
#Joseph Cho Yunho (조윤호 요셉/농부) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
 +
#John Yi Yunil (catechist) (이윤일 요한/회장) January 1, 1867 / Gwangdeukjeong
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
Line 241: Line 219:
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
*[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html APOSTOLIC JOURNEY TO KOREA: MASS FOR THE CANONIZATION OF KOREAN MARTYRS]. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
+
All links retrieved April 24, 2018.
−
*[http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=4740 Catholic Culture: Stories of the Korean Martyrs]. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
+
*[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html Apostolic Journey To Korea: Mass For The Canonization Of Korean Martyrs].
−
*[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=4774 Catholic Online: Martyrs of Korea]. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
+
*[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=4774 Catholic Online: Martyrs of Korea].  
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:Catholic martyrs of Modern Times| Korean martyrs]]
 
−
[[Category:Korean saints| ]]
 
−
[[Category:Roman Catholic Church in Korea]]
 
−
[[Category:Multiple people]]
 
  
 +
[[Category:Philosophy and religion]]
 +
[[Category:Religion]]
 +
[[Category:Korea]]
 
{{credits|139906442}}
 
{{credits|139906442}}

Latest revision as of 14:27, 24 April 2018

Korean Martyrs
Rc con cevang ps pospa img korean-martyrs.jpg

Korean Martyrs
Martyrs
Born Various
Died 1839, 1840, 1841, 1846, 1866
Venerated in Roman Catholicism
Beatified 1925, 1968
Canonized May 6, 1984, Yeouido, Seoul, South Korea

by Pope John Paul II

Feast September 20

A religious martyr is a person who is killed as a result of maintaining and practicing religious faith. In the early years, of the Christian faith in Korea, several thousand Christians, most of them Roman Catholics, were martyred. The Catholic faith started to develop in Korea at the beginning of the seventeenth century, during the Joseon period, a time when outside influence of any kind was not welcomed in Korea. Catholicism was seen as a threat to the state ideology of Confucianism, and many Catholic monks, priests, and lay members were executed, producing as many as 8,000 or more martyrs.

The Early Christian Church in Korea

Laurent Marie Joseph Imbert, 1st Bishop of Korea

The Roman Catholic church began to develop in Korea at the beginning of the seventeenth century, brought by Koreans who had met the faith and been converted in China. They also brought translations of the scriptures from China, and the strong and dynamic Catholic communities were led almost entirely by lay people until the arrival of the first Catholic missionaries from France in 1836. The Protestant churches did not start sending missionaries until nearly 50 years later, in 1884.

Catholic Martyrs

The Catholic community suffered major persecutions in the years 1839, 1846, and 1866, producing at least 8,000 known martyrs, killed for following a false religion. Among them were the fervent Korean priest Andrew Kim Taegeon and the Korean lay catechist Paul Chung Hasang. The vast majority of the martyrs were simple lay people, including men and women, married and single, old and young. The members of this group of martyrs have been canonized as saints, with feast day September 20. Currently, Korea has the fourth largest number of saints in the Catholic world.

Protestant Martyrs

Robert Jermain Thomas (1839-1866), a Welshman, is the first Protestant missionary on record to have visited Korea, arriving in 1865, to distribute Chinese Bibles, about 20 years before the first organized Protestant evangelists began work in Korea. He returned to Korea again in 1866, on the General Sherman officially as an interpreter, continuing to also distribute Bibles. He was executed along with the rest of the ship's crew when the ship sailed too close to Pyongyang and was attacked by Korean forces. Thus, he became the first Protestant Korea martyr in Korea.

Many other Protestant missionaries and laymen were killed during the Japanese occupation. Many of the political activists killed during the March 1 Movement in 1919 were Christians. They are better described as political martyrs than religious martyrs, because they were killed as a direct result of their participation in political activism. From that time on, the Japanese occupation government was increasingly suspicious that any Christian might have political motives, and many Christians were imprisoned, tortured and killed.

North Korean Martyrs

At the end of the Korea War, there were an estimated 300,000 Catholics in North Korea, including a number of Benedictine monks. Today, according to Pyongyang, the number of Catholics in North Korea is less than 5,000. At the end of the war, some fled to the South. Others were killed, or gave up their faith. It is impossible to know how many became martyrs.

36 members of the Benedictine order associated with Tokwon Abbey in North Korea have been confirmed as killed by the Stalinist regime between 1949 and 1952, when they refused to abandon their faith. The 36 have been recommended for sainthood, and the Order of St. Benedict Waegwan Abbey in South Korea is working to move the process of their beatification and canonization forward.

Legacy

Although the history of Catholicism in Korea is relatively short, as a result of the brutal persecutions of the church by the Joseon court, the number of martyrs is quite high, and Korea has the fourth largest number of Catholic saints of any country in the world. Pope John Paul II broke with tradition and held a canonization ceremony in Seoul, bestowing sainthood on 103 of the Korean Martyrs.

The courage and sacrifice of the Korean Catholic Church is well known outside Korea, and there are more than a dozen Catholic Churches in North America bearing the name Church of the Korean Martyrs.


Message from Korea's first native Priest

Saint Andrew Kim

From the last letter of Andrew Kim Taegeon to his parish as he awaited martyrdom with a group of 20 persons:

My dear brothers and sisters, know this: Our Lord Jesus Christ upon descending into the world took innumerable pains upon and constituted the holy Church through his own passion and increases it through the passion of its faithful....
Now, however, some fifty or sixty years since holy Church entered into our Korea, the faithful suffer persecutions again. Even today persecution rages, so that many of our friends of the same faith, among whom am I myself, have been thrown into prison. just as you also remain in the midst of persecution. Since we have formed one body, how can we not be saddened in our innermost hearts? How can we not experience the pain of separation in our human faculties?
However, as Scripture says, God cares for the least hair of our heads, and indeed he cares with his omniscience; therefore, how can persecution be considered as anything other than the command of God, or his prize, or precisely his punishment?...
We are twenty here, and thanks be to God all are still well. If anyone is killed, I beg you not to forget his family. I have many more things to say, but how can I express them with pen and paper? I make an end to this letter. Since we are now close to the struggle, I pray you to walk in faith, so that when you have finally entered into Heaven, we may greet one another. I leave you my kiss of love.


Korean Martyrs and Saints

Names of some of the martyrs killed in the persecutions in 1791, 1801, 1827, 1839, 1846, and 1866, 103 of whom were later canonized to sainthood May 6, 1984 by Pope John Paul II. In a break with tradition, the ceremony did not take place in Rome, but in Seoul.

  1. Martyrs from the Shinyu Persecution (1801) 신유박해(辛酉迫害)
    • Zhou (Chu) Munmo, Chinese, Korea's only priest at the time
    • Charles Yi Kyongdo
    • Lutgardis Yi Sooni
    • Chung Yakjong, father of Paul Chung Hasang
  2. Ulhae Persecution (1815)
  3. Chonghae Persecution (1827)
  4. Martyrs from the Gihye Persecution (1839) 기해박해(己亥迫害)In the Gihae Persecution, the French Bishop Imbert and two other missionaries priests, Maubant and Chaston were martyred, as well as Paul Chung Hasang, one of the most successful lay leaders of the Korean Catholic Church, in addition to hundreds of other faithful.
    • Paul Chung Hasang , (1795-1839), who worked tirelessly as a lay leader to helped establish the early Korean Catholic Church, traveling back and forth to China many times to rebuild the church after the Shinyu persecution, and finally gaining official recognition for the Korean Church from Rome on Sept. 9, 1831. He studied for the priesthood under Bishop Imbert, but was killed before becoming a priest. (103 Saints)
    • Cecilia Yu, mother of Paul Chung Hasang, died in prison in 1839 (103 Saints)
    • Elisabeth Chung Junghye, younger sister of Paul Chung Hasang. (103 Saints)
    • Peter Yi Hoyong Peter (103 Saints)
    • Nine faithful hung on crosses and then beheaded May 24, 1839:
    1. Magdalene Kim Obi (1774-1839). (103 Saints)
    2. Agatha Kim Agi (1787-1839). Baptized in prison 1839. (103 Saints)
    3. Barbara Han Agi (1792-1839). (103 Saints)
    4. Damian Nam Myonghyeok, a leader of the Catholic Church beginning from the 1820's (103 Saints)
    5. Peter Kwon Tugin (103 Saints)
    6. Anna Pak Agi (103 Saints)
    7. Augustine Yi Hwanghon (103 Saints)
    8. Lucy Park Huisun (103 Saints)
    9. Agatha Yi Sosa, sister of Peter Yi Hoyong Peter (103 Saints)
    • Martyred September 21-22, 1839
    1. Augustine Yu Chingil (1791-1839), one of just a few government officials in the Catholic Church, father of Peter Yu Taecheol, baptized in 1824 in China, executed September 22, 1839. (103 Saints)
    2. Peter Yu Taecheol, a thirteen-year old boy, youngest of the 103 Korean Martyr Saints.
    3. Ignatius Kim Jejun, father of Andrew Kim Taegon, executed September 22, 1839 (103 Saints)
    4. Bishop Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert, the first bishop assigned to Korea, arriving in 1837 (103 Saints)
    5. Father Philibert Maubant, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
    6. Father James Honore' Chastan, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
    • Among 8 Catholics beheaded on July 20, 1839, the first group to be martyred after Cho Pyongku issued a decree that the Church be completely eliminated.
    1. Martha Kim Songim (1787-1839)(103 Saints)
    2. Magdalena Yi (103 Saints)
    3. Theresa Yi Mae-im (103 Saints)
    4. Lucy Kim (103 Saints)
    5. Maria Won Kwi-im, beaten badly and tortured (103 Saints)
    6. Rosa Kim (103 Saints)
    • Barbara Kim (1805-1839) died of disease while in prison. (103 Saints)
  5. Killed in the Byeongoh Persecution (1846) Martyrs from the Byeongoh Persecution included the first Korean-born Catholic priest, Andrew Kim Taegon, and nine other believers.
    • Andrew Kim Taegon, Korea's first native priest, son of Ignatius, also a martyr (103 Saints)
  6. Byungin Persecution (1866-1871), sometimes called the Great Persecution, under the rule of Daewongun, was the final and most severe persecution under the Joseon Dynasty. 9 foreign missionaries were killed, along with an estimated 8,000 Korean Catholics.
    • Bishop Anthony Daveluy (103 Saints)
    • Father Peter Aumaitre , French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
    • Beheaded March 7, 1866
    1. Bishop Siméon François Berneux (1814-1866), French Catholic Bishop, appointed 4th Bishop of Korea in 1854 (103 Saints)
    2. Father Peter Henricus Dorie, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
    3. Father Ludovicus Beaulieu, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)
    4. Father Justin de Bretenières, French Catholic Priest (103 Saints)


List of the 103 Korean Saints

  1. Peter Yi Hoyong (이호영 베드로/회장) November 5, 1838 / Hyungjojeon Prison
  2. Protasius Chong Kurbo (정국보 프로타시오/공인) May, 1839 / Pochung Prison
  3. Agatha Kim Agi (김아기 아가타/과부) May 4, 1939 / Outside
  4. Anna Pak Agi (박아기 안나/부인) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  5. Agatha Yi Sosa (이소사 아가타/과부) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  6. Magdalene Kim Obi (김업이 막달레나/과부) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  7. Augustine Yi Kwang-hon (이광헌 아우구스티노/회장) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  8. Barbara Han Agi (한아기 바르바라/과부) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  9. Lucia Park Huisun (박희순 루치아/동정궁녀) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  10. Damien Nam Myong-hyok (남명혁 다미아노/회장) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  11. Peter Kwon Tugin (권득인 베드로/상인) May 4, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  12. Joseph Chang Songjib (장성집 요셉/환부) May 6, 1839 / Pochung Prison
  13. Barbara Kim (김 바르바라/과부) May 7, 1839 / Died in prison
  14. Barbara Yi (이 바르바라/동정녀) May 7, 1839 / Died in prison
  15. Rosa Kim (widow) (김 로사/과부) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  16. Martha Kim Songim (김성임 마르타/과부) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  17. Teresa Yi Mae-im (이매임 데레사/부인) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  18. Anna Kim Changkeum (김장금 안나/과부) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  19. John Baptist Yi Kwangnyol (catechist) (이광렬 요한/공인) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  20. Magdalene Yi Yong-hui (이영희 막달레나/동정) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  21. Lucia Kim (김 루치아/동정녀) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  22. Maria Won Kwi-im (virgin) (원귀임 마리아/동정녀) July 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  23. Paul Chong Hasang (정하상 바오로/회장) September 2, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  24. Maria Park K'unagi (박큰아기 마리아/부인) September 3, 1839/ Outside Seosomun
  25. Barbara Kwon Hui (권희 바르바라/부인) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  26. John Pak Hujae (박후재 요한/상인) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  27. Barbara Yi Chong-hui (이정희 바르바라/과부) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  28. Maria Yi Yonhui (이연희 마리아/부인) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  29. Agnes Kim Hyoju (김효주 아녜스/동정녀) September 3, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  30. Francis Ch'oe Hyong-hwan (최경환 프란치스코/회장) September 2, 1839 / Died in prison
  31. Lawrence Imbert (Korea's 2nd Bishop) (앵베르 라우렌시오/주교 September 1, 1839 / Saenamteo
  32. Peter Maubant (priest MEP) September 1, 1839 / Saenamteo
  33. Jacob Chastan (priest) September 1, 1839 / Saenamteo
  34. Augustine Yu Chin-gil (유진길 아우구스티노/회장, 역관) September 2, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  35. Magalena Ho Kye-im (허계임 막달레나/부인) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  36. Sebastian Nam Yigwan (남이관 세바스티아노/회장) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  37. Juliet Kim (virgin) (김 율리에타/궁녀) / September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  38. Agatha Chon Kyonghyob (전경협 아가타/궁녀) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  39. Charles Cho Shin-ch'ol (조신철 가롤로/역관) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  40. Ignatius Kim Chejun (catechist) (김제준 이냐시오/회장) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  41. Magdalene Pak Pongson (widow) (박봉손 막달레나/과부) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  42. Perpetua Hong Kumju (widow) (홍금주 페르페투아/과부) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  43. Columba Kim Hyo-im (김효임 골롬바/동정녀) September 6, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  44. Lucia Kim (김 루치아/과부) September 1839 / Died in prison
  45. Catherine Yi (이 가타리나/과부) September 1839 / Died in prison
  46. Magdalene Cho (조 막달레나/동정녀) September 1839 / Died in prison
  47. Peter Yu Tae-Chol (유대철 베드로/소년) October 1, 1839 / Died in prison
  48. Cecilia Yu Sosa (유소사 체칠리아/과부) November 3, 1839 / Died in prison
  49. Peter Ch'oe Ch'ang-hub (catechist) (최창흡 베드로/회장) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  50. Barbara Cho Chung-i (조증이 바르바라/부인) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  51. Magdalene Han Yong-i (한영이 막달레나/과부) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  52. Benedicta Hyon Kyongnyon (현경련 베네딕타/여회장) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  53. Elisabeth Chong Chong-hye (virgin) (정정혜 엘리사벳/동정녀) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  54. Barbara Ko Suni (고순이 바르바라/부인) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  55. Magdalene Yi Yongdeog (이영덕 막달레나/동정녀) December 9, 1839 / Outside Seosomun
  56. Teresa Kim (김 데레사/과부) January 9, 1840 / Died in prison
  57. Agatha Yi (이 아가타/동정녀) January 9, 1840 / Died in prison
  58. Stephen Min Kukka (catechist) (민극가 스테파노/회장) January 1840 / Died in prison
  59. Andrew-Chong Kwagyong (catechist) (정화경 안드레아/회장) January 3, 1840 / Died in prison
  60. Paul Hohyup (허협 바오로/군인) January 1840 / Died in prison
  61. Augustine Pak Chong-won (박종원 아우구스티노/회장) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
  62. Peter Hong Pyongju (홍병주 베드로/회장) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
  63. Magdalene Son Sobyog (손소벽 막달레나/부인) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
  64. Agatha Yi Kyong-i (이경이 아가타/동정녀) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
  65. Maria Yi Indog (이인덕 마리아/동정녀) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
  66. Agatha Kwon Chini (권진이 아가타/부인) January 1, 1840 / Danggogae
  67. Paul Hong Yongju (catechist) (홍영주 바오로/회장) February 1, 1840 / Danggogae)
  68. John Yi Munu (이문우 요한/복사) February 1, 1840 / Danggogae
  69. Barbara Ch'oe Yong-i (최영이 바르바라/부인) February 1, 1840 / Danggogae
  70. Anthony Kim Song-u (김성우 안토니오/회장) April 9, 1841 / Died in prison
  71. Andrew Kim Taegon (김대건 안드레아/신부) September 16, 1846 / Saenamteo
  72. Charles Hyon Songmun (현석문 가롤로/회장) September 9, 1846 / Saenamteo
  73. Peter Nam Kyongmun (catechist) (남경문 베드로/회장) September 1846 / Pochung Prison
  74. Lawrence Han Ihyong (catechist) (한이형 라우렌시오/회장) September 1846 / Pochung Prison
  75. Susanna U Surim (우술임 수산나/과부) September 1846 / Pochung Prison
  76. Joseph Im Ch'ibaeg (임치백 요셉/사공) September 1846 / Died in prison
  77. Teresa Kim Imi (김임이 데레사/동정녀) September 1846 / Pochung Prison
  78. Agatha Yi Kannan (이간난 아가타/과부) September 1846 / Died in prison
  79. Catherine Chong Ch'oryom (정철염 가타리나/부인) September 1846 / Died in prison
  80. Peter Yu Chongyul (catechist) (유정률 베드로/회장) February 7, 1866 / Pyungyang
  81. Simon Berneux (Korea's 4th Bishop) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
  82. Justin de Bretenières (priest) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
  83. Peter Henricus Dorie (priest) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
  84. Bernard Ludovicus Beaulieu (priest) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
  85. John Nam Chong-sam (남종삼 요한/승지) March 7, 1866 / Saenamteo
  86. John Baptist Chong Chang-un (catechist) (전장운 요한/상인) March 9, 1866 / Outside Seosomun
  87. Peter Choi Hyong (catechist) (최형 베드로/회장) March 9, 1866 / Outside Seosomun
  88. Mark Chong Uibae (catechist) (정의배 마르코/회장) March 1, 1866 / Saenamteo
  89. Alex U Seyong (우세영 알렉시오/역관) March 1, 1866 / Saenamteo
  90. Anthony Daveluy (Korea's 5th bishop) / March 1866 / Galmaemot
  91. Martin Luke Huin (priest) / March 1866 / Galmaemot
  92. Peter Aumaitre (priest) / March 1866 / Galmaemot
  93. Joseph Chang Chugi (priest) (장주기 요셉/회장) March 1866 / Galmaemot
  94. Luke Hwang Seoktu (황석두 루카/회장) March 1866 / Galmaemot
  95. Thomas Son Chason )손자선 토마스/농부) March 1866 / Gongju
  96. Bartholomew Chong Munho (정문호 바르톨로메오/원님) December 3, 1866 /Supjeongi
  97. Peter Cho Hwaso (조화서 베드로/농부) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
  98. Peter Son Sonji (catechist) (손선지 베드로/회장) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
  99. Peter Yi Myongseo (이명서 베드로/농부) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
  100. Joseph Han Jaegwon (catechist) (한재권 요셉/회장) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
  101. Peter Chong Wonji (정원지 베드로/농부) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
  102. Joseph Cho Yunho (조윤호 요셉/농부) December 3, 1866 / Supjeongi
  103. John Yi Yunil (catechist) (이윤일 요한/회장) January 1, 1867 / Gwangdeukjeong

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Attwater, Donald, and Catherine Rachel John. 1995. The Penguin dictionary of saints. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140513127
  • Kim, Chang-seok Thaddeus, and Choong-woo Andreas Lee. 1986. Holy places of the Korean martyrs. Seoul: Lay Apostolate Council of Korea. OCLC: 50093397
  • MacMahon, Hugh. 1995. The Korean martyr saints: founders of a church. Seoul: St. Hwang Sŏk Tu Luke Pub. House. ISBN 9788985996020

External links

All links retrieved April 24, 2018.

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