Hepburn, Katharine

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[[Image:The African Queen, Hepburn2.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Hepburn in ''The African Queen'']]
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'''Katharine Houghton Hepburn''' ([[May 12]], [[1907]] – [[June 29]], [[2003]]) was an iconic four-time [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning [[United States|American]] star of [[film]], [[television]] and [[theatre|stage]], widely recognized for her sharp wit, [[New England]] gentility and fierce independence.
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| name              = Katharine Hepburn
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| image              = Katharine Hepburn promo pic.jpg
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A screen legend, Hepburn holds the record for the most [[Best Actress]] [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominations with twelve and wins with four ([[Meryl Streep]] currently holds the record for most overall acting nominations). Hepburn won an [[Emmy Award]] in 1975 for her lead role in ''[[Love Among the Ruins (TV movie)|Love Among the Ruins]]'', and was nominated for four other Emmys and two [[Tony Award]]s during the course of her more than 70-year acting career. In 1999, the [[American Film Institute]] ranked Hepburn as the number one female star in their Greatest American Screen Legends list ([[AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars]]). Hepburn had a famous and [[affair|longtime romance]] with [[Spencer Tracy]], both on- and off-screen.
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| caption            = MGM studio publicity photograph, c. 1941
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==Hepburn's early years==
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| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1907|5|12}}
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Hepburn was born in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], to Dr. Thomas Norval Hepburn, a successful urologist from [[Virginia]], and Katharine Martha [[Houghton family|Houghton]], a [[suffragette]] and [[birth control]] advocate, who, along with [[Margaret Sanger]], helped to found the organization that became [[Planned Parenthood]]. Hepburn's father was a staunch proponent of publicizing the dangers of [[venereal disease]] in a time when such things were not discussed, and her mother campaigned for birth control and equal rights for women. The Hepburns demanded frequent familial discussions on these topics and more, and as a result the Hepburn children were well versed in social and political issues. The Hepburn children were never asked to leave a room no matter what the topic of conversation was. Once a very young Katharine Hepburn even accompanied her mother to a suffrage rally. The Hepburn children, at their parents' encouragement, were unafraid of expressing frank views on various topics, including sex. "We were snubbed by everyone, but we grew quite to enjoy that," Hepburn later said of her unabashedly liberal family, who she credited with giving her a sense of adventure and independence.
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| birth_place        = {{nowrap|[[Hartford, Connecticut]], U.S.}}
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| death_date        = {{Death date and age|2003|6|29|1907|5|12}}
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Her father insisted that his children be athletic, and encouraged [[swimming]], [[horse|riding]], [[golf]] and [[tennis]]. Hepburn, eager to please her father, emerged as a fine athlete in her late teens, winning a bronze medal for figure skating from the [[Madison Square Garden]] skating club, shooting golf in the low eighties, and reaching the semifinal of the Connecticut Young Women's Golf Championship. Hepburn especially enjoyed swimming, and regularly took dips in the frigid waters that fronted her bayfront [[Connecticut]] home, generally believing that "the bitterer the medicine, the better it was for you." She continued her brisk swims well into her 80s. Hepburn would come to be recognized for her athletic physicality — she fearlessly performed her own pratfalls in films such as ''[[Bringing up Baby]]'', which is now held up as an exemplar of [[screwball comedy]].
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| death_place        = {{nowrap|[[Fenwick, Connecticut]], U.S.}}
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| resting_place      = [[Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)|Cedar Hill Cemetery]], [[Hartford]]
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| occupation        = Actress
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| alma_mater        = [[Bryn Mawr College]]
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| years active      = 1928–1995
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| birth_name        = {{nowrap|Katharine Houghton Hepburn}}
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| party              = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
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| spouse            = Ludlow Ogden Smith <br> ​(m. 1928; div. 1934)
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| partner            = [[Spencer Tracy]] <br>(1941–1967; his death)
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| mother            = [[Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn]]
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| family            = [[Houghton family|Houghton]]
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| works              = [[Katharine Hepburn on screen and stage|Full list]]
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| awards            = [[List of awards and nominations received by Katharine Hepburn|Full list]]
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| signature          = Katharine Hepburn signature.png
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}}
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'''Katharine Houghton Hepburn''' (May 12, 1907 &ndash; June 29, 2003) was an iconic four-time [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning [[United States|American]] star of [[film]], [[television]], and [[theater|stage]], widely recognized for her sharp wit, New England gentility, and fierce independence.  
  
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When Hepburn was young, she found her older brother Tom, whom she idolized, hanging from the rafters by a rope, dead of an apparent [[suicide]]. Her family denied that it was self-inflicted, arguing that he had been a happy boy; rather, they insisted that it must have been an experimentation gone awry. It has also been speculated that the boy was trying to carry out a trick that his father had taught him. Hepburn was devastated by his death and sank into a depression. She shied away from children her own age and was mostly schooled at home. For many years she used Tom's birthday (November 8) as her own. It was not until she wrote her autobiography, ''[[Me: Stories of my Life]]'', that Hepburn revealed her true birth date.
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A screen legend, Hepburn holds the record for the most Best Actress Oscar nominations with 12 and the record for wins in that category with four. Hepburn won an [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]] in 1975 for her lead role in ''Love Among the Ruins,'' and was nominated for four other Emmys and two [[Tony Awards]] during the course of her more than 70- year acting career. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Hepburn as the number one female star in their Greatest American Screen Legends list. Hepburn had a famous and longtime romance with [[Spencer Tracy]], both on- and off-screen. She worked hard at her craft but was also very modest, suggesting that acting couldn't be so hard to master if [[Shirley Temple]] could do so at only four years of age. She was able, however, to bring something distinctive to each role she played and to resist being typecast.
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{{toc}}
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As a woman, she was a determined and independent person who defied convention by continuing to act and to earn critical acclaim over six decades, unusual for a female star at that time. It has been said that she helped to place women on the same footing as men within the movie industry, proving the absurdity of assumptions about gender that took it as read that only young, attractive women could star in major films. At the age of 77, she became a best-selling author with her book about the making of ''The African Queen.''
  
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She was educated at the [[Kingswood-Oxford School]] before going on to attend [[Bryn Mawr College]], receiving a [[academic degree|degree]] in history and philosophy in <!-- check... Katharine Hepburn's mother got a degree from Bryn Mawr in history and philosophy; can this be a mistake? other sources say her degree was in drama, [[history]] and [[philosophy]] —> 1928, the same year she had her debut on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] after landing a bit part in ''[[Night Hostess]]''.  
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==Early life==
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Hepburn was born in Hartford, [[Connecticut]], to Dr. Thomas Norval Hepburn, a successful urologist from [[Virginia]], and Katharine Martha Houghton, a [[women's suffrage|suffragette]]. Her father insisted that his children be athletic, and encouraged [[swimming]], [[equestrianism|horse riding]], [[golf]], and [[tennis]]. Hepburn, eager to please her father, emerged as a fine athlete in her late teens. Hepburn especially enjoyed swimming, and regularly took dips in the frigid waters that fronted her bay front Connecticut home, having been led to believe that "the bitterer the medicine, the better it was for you."<ref> Zadie Smith, [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/jul/01/film.zadiesmith The Divine Ms H] ''The Guardian,'' July 1, 2003. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</ref> She continued her brisk swims well into her 80s. Hepburn would come to be recognized for her athletic physicality&mdash;she fearlessly performed her own pratfalls in films such as ''Bringing Up Baby,'' which is now held up as an exemplar of screwball comedy.
  
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A banner year for Hepburn, 1928 also marked her nuptials to [[socialite]] businessman [[Ludlow Ogden Smith|Ludlow ("Luddy") Ogden Smith]], whom she had met while attending Bryn Mawr and married after a short engagement. Hepburn and Smith's marriage was rocky from the start &mdash; she insisted he change his name to S. Ogden Ludlow so she would not be confused with well-known musician [[Kate Smith]]. They were divorced in [[Mexico]] in 1934. Fearing that the Mexican divorce was not legal, Ludlow got a second divorce in the United States in 1942 and a few days later he remarried. Although their marriage was a failure, Katharine Hepburn often expressed her gratitude toward Ludlow for his financial and moral support in the early days of her career.  "Luddy" continued to be a lifelong friend to her and the Hepburn family.
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She was educated at the Kingswood-Oxford School before going on to attend Bryn Mawr College, receiving a degree in [[history]] and [[philosophy]] in 1928, the same year she had her debut on [[Broadway]] after landing a bit part in ''Night Hostess.''
  
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On [[September 21]], [[1938]], Hepburn was staying in her [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut]] home when the [[1938 New England Hurricane]] struck and destroyed her house. Hepburn narrowly escaped before the home was washed away.
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Hepburn [[marriage|married]] socialite [[business]]man Ludlow ("Luddy") Ogden Smith in 1928, whom she had met while attending Bryn Mawr and married after a short engagement. They were [[divorce]]d in [[Mexico]] in 1934. Fearing that the Mexican divorce was not legal, Ludlow got a second divorce in the [[United States]] in 1942 and a few days later he remarried. Although their marriage was a failure, Katharine Hepburn often expressed her gratitude toward Ludlow for his financial and moral support in the early days of her career. "Luddy" continued to be a lifelong friend to Katharine and the Hepburn family.
  
 
==Acting career==
 
==Acting career==
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===Theatre===
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===Theater===
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Hepburn cut her acting teeth in plays at Bryn Mawr and later in revues staged by stock companies. During her last years at Bryn Mawr, Hepburn had met a young producer with a stock company in [[Baltimore, Maryland]], who cast her in several small roles, including a production of ''The Czarina'' and ''The Cradle Snatchers''.
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Hepburn began acting in plays at Bryn Mawr and later in revues staged by stock companies. During her last years at Bryn Mawr, Hepburn had met a young producer with a stock company in Baltimore, [[Maryland]], who cast her in several small roles, including a production of ''The Czarina'' and ''The Cradle Snatchers.''
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Hepburn's first leading role was in a production of ''[[The Big Pond]]'', which opened in [[Great Neck, New York]]. The producer had fired the play's original leading lady at the last minute, and asked Hepburn to assume the role. Terror stricken at the unexpected change, Hepburn arrived late and, once on stage, flubbed her lines, tripped over her feet and spoke so rapidly that she was almost incomprehensible. She was fired from the play, but continued to work in small stock company roles and as an understudy.
 
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Later, Hepburn was cast in a speaking part in the Broadway play ''Art and Mrs. Bottle''. Hepburn was fired from this role as well, though she was eventually rehired when the director could not find anyone to replace her. After another summer of stock companies, in 1932 Hepburn landed the role of [[Antiope (mythology)|Antiope]] the [[Amazons|Amazon]] princess in ''The Warrior's Husband'' (an update of ''[[Lysistrata]]''), which debuted to excellent reviews. Hepburn became the talk of [[New York City]], and began getting noticed by [[Hollywood]].  
 
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In the play, Hepburn entered the stage by leaping down a flight of steps while carrying a large stag on her shoulders &mdash; an [[RKO]] scout ([[Leland Hayward]], whom she would later romance) was so impressed by this display of physicality that he asked her to do a screen test for the studio's next vehicle, ''[[A Bill of Divorcement]]'', which starred [[John Barrymore]] and [[Billie Burke]].
 
  
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In true Hepburn fashion, she demanded an outlandish $1,500 per week for film work (at the time she was earning between $80 and $100 per week). After seeing her screen test, RKO agreed to her demands and cast her, launching her film career beside legendary actor [[John Barrymore]] and director [[George Cukor]], who would become a lifetime friend and colleague. In one of Barrymore's many attempts to bed her, he pinched Kate's behind on the set.  She said, "If you do that again I'm going to stop acting."  Barrymore replied, "I wasn't aware that you'd started, my dear."
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Hepburn's first leading role was in a production of ''The Big Pond,'' which opened in Great Neck, [[New York]]. The producer had fired the play's original leading lady at the last minute, and asked Hepburn to assume the role. Terror-stricken at the unexpected change, Hepburn arrived late and, once on stage, flubbed her lines, tripped over her feet, and spoke so rapidly that she was almost incomprehensible. She was fired from the play, but continued to work in small stock company roles and as an understudy.
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[[File:Katharine Hepburn in The Warriors Husband.jpg|thumb|300px|Katharine Hepburn in the 1932 Broadway production of ''The Warrior's Husband'']]
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Later, Hepburn was cast in a speaking part in the [[Broadway]] play ''Art and Mrs. Bottle.'' After another summer of stock companies, Hepburn landed the role of Antiope, the Amazon princess in ''The Warrior's Husband,'' in 1932, which debuted to excellent reviews. Hepburn became the talk of [[New York City]], and began getting noticed by [[Hollywood]].  
  
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===Film===
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In the play ''The Warrior’s Husband,'' Hepburn entered the stage by leaping down a flight of steps while carrying a large stag on her shoulders&mdash;an [[RKO Pictures|RKO]] scout was so impressed by this display of physicality that he asked her to do a screen test for the studio's next vehicle, ''A Bill of Divorcement,'' which starred John Barrymore and Billie Burke.  
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[[RKO]] was delighted by audience reaction to ''[[A Bill of Divorcement]]'' and signed Hepburn to a new contract after it wrapped. But her nonconformist, anti-Hollywood behavior offscreen, which would make her one of the silver screen's most beloved stars and a feminist icon, at the time made studio executives fret that she would never become a superstar. Though she was headstrong, her work ethic and talent were undeniable, and the following year (1933), Hepburn won her first Oscar for best actress in ''[[Morning Glory]]''. <!-- more here on Morning Glory, since it was her first Oscar —> That same year, Hepburn played Jo in the [[Little Women (1933 film)|screen adaptation]] of ''[[Little Women]]'', which broke box-office records.  
 
  
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Intoxicated with her success &mdash; an Oscar followed by a smash hit at the box office &mdash; Hepburn felt it was time to make her return to the theater. She chose ''[[The Lake]]'', but was unable to obtain a release from RKO and instead went back to Hollywood to film the forgettable movie ''[[Spitfire]]'' in 1933. Having satisfied RKO, Hepburn went immediately back to Manhattan to begin the play, in which she played an [[Britain|English]] girl unhappy with her overbearing mother and wimpy father. Generally considered a flop, Hepburn's acting in ''The Lake'' resulted in [[Dorothy Parker]]’s famous quip that the actress "ran the gamut of emotions from A to B."
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RKO was delighted by audience reaction to ''A Bill of Divorcement'' and signed Hepburn to a new contract after it wrapped. Though she was headstrong, her work ethic and talent were undeniable, and the following year (1933), Hepburn won her first [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] for best actress in ''Morning Glory.''  
  
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In 1935, in the title role of the film ''[[Alice Adams]]'', Hepburn earned her second Oscar nomination. By 1938, Hepburn was a bona fide star, and her foray into comedy with the films ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]'' and ''[[Stage Door]]'' was well-received critically. But audience response to the two films was tepid, and the good reviews from critics were not enough to rescue her from an earlier string of flops (''The Little Minister'', ''Spitfire'', ''[[Break of Hearts]]'', ''[[Sylvia Scarlett]]'', ''[[A Woman Rebels]]'', ''[[Mary of Scotland (film)|Mary of Scotland]]'', ''[[Quality Street (film)|Quality Street]]''). With these box office flops, Hepburn's movie career began to decline.
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Hepburn felt it was time to make her return to the theater after ''Morning Glory.'' She chose ''The Lake,'' but was unable to obtain a release from RKO and instead went back to Hollywood to film the forgettable movie ''Spitfire'' in 1933. Having satisfied RKO, Hepburn went immediately back to Manhattan to begin the play, in which she played an [[England|English]] girl unhappy with her overbearing mother and wimpy father.
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In 1935, in the title role of the film ''Alice Adams,'' Hepburn earned her second Oscar nomination. By 1938, Hepburn was a bona fide star, and her foray into comedy with the films ''Bringing Up Baby'' and ''Stage Door'' was well received critically. But audience response to the two films was tepid and Hepburn's movie career began to decline.
  
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==="Box office poison"===
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===Poor fan reception===
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Some of what has made Hepburn greatly beloved today &mdash; her unconventional, straightforward, anti-[[Hollywood]] attitude &mdash; at the time began to turn audiences sour. Outspoken and intellectual with an acerbic tongue, she defied the era's "blonde bombshell" stereotypes, preferring to wear pantsuits and disdaining makeup. She also had a famously difficult relationship with the [[News media|press]], turning down most interviews, which did not help her exposure to the public. When she did speak with the press, occasionally she fed them [[lies]] to amuse herself. On her first outing with the Hollywood press corps after the success of ''A Bill of Divorcement'', Hepburn talked with reporters who had invaded her and her husband's cabin aboard the ship ''[[City of Paris]]''. A reporter asked if they were really married; Hepburn responded, "I don't remember." Following up, another reporter asked if they had any children; Hepburn's answer: "Two white and three colored." Hepburn's aversion to media attention did not thaw until 1973, when she appeared on ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]'' for an extended two-day interview.
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[[File:Hepburn Stewart Philadelphia Story.jpg|thumb|300px|As Tracy Lord in ''The Philadelphia Story'' (1940), alongside [[James Stewart]]]]
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Some of what has made Hepburn greatly beloved today&mdash;her unconventional, straightforward, anti-Hollywood attitude&mdash;at the time began to turn audiences sour. Outspoken and intellectual with an acerbic tongue, she defied the era's "blonde bombshell" [[stereotype]]s, preferring to wear pantsuits and disdaining makeup.  
  
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She could also be prickly with fans &mdash; though she relented as she aged, early in her career, Hepburn often denied requests for [[autograph]]s, feeling it an invasion of her privacy.  However, on movie sets, she was eager to learn the ways of the grip people and befriended many of them. Even so, her refusal to sign autographs and answer personal questions earned her the nickname "Katharine of Arrogance" (an allusion to [[Catherine of Aragon]]). Soon, audiences began staying away from her movies.
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She could also be prickly with fans&mdash;though she relented as she aged. Early in her career, Hepburn often denied requests for autographs, feeling it an invasion of her privacy. Even so, her refusal to sign autographs and answer personal questions earned her the nickname "Katharine of Arrogance" (an allusion to [[Catherine of Aragon]]). Soon, audiences began staying away from her movies.
  
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Hepburn was already reeling from a devastating series of flops when, in 1938, she (along with [[Fred Astaire]], [[Joan Crawford]], [[Marlene Dietrich]], and others) was voted "box office poison" in a poll taken by motion picture exhibitors. In 1939, Hepburn was going to do producer [[David O. Selznick]] a favor and play the role of [[Scarlett O'Hara]] because he did not yet have anyone else signed for the role. Hepburn insisted that she did not have the lustful, sexual appeal that the part demanded and told Selznick that his studio needed to find the woman who did. Hepburn rehearsed the lines thoroughly in case Selznick could not find anyone else suitable. The night before the deadline, Selznick finally cast [[Vivien Leigh]]. Unbeknownst to Hepburn and the rest of Hollywood, Vivien Leigh was favored for the role early on, but as a British actress she was deemed unsuitable for the part. In addition, her affair with [[Laurence Olivier]] while he was in the middle of a divorce made her a controversial pick. The vast "search for Scarlett" was orchestrated to make it seem as if no other actress could be found, thus limiting the shock of Vivien Leigh landing the role. Hepburn was later the maid of honor at Leigh and Olivier's wedding in 1940.
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Yearning for a comeback on the stage, Hepburn returned to her roots on Broadway, appearing in ''The Philadelphia Story,'' a play written especially for her by Philip Barry. She purchased the [[film]] rights to the play and sold the rights to MGM, which adapted the play into one of the biggest hits of 1940. As part of her deal with MGM, Hepburn got to choose the director—[[George Cukor]]—and her costars—[[Cary Grant]] and [[James Stewart|Jimmy Stewart]]. She was nominated for an [[Academy Award]] for Best Actress for her work opposite Grant and Stewart. She enhanced Stewart's performance, and in turn he received an Oscar. Her career was revived almost overnight.
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Yearning for a comeback on the stage, Hepburn returned to her roots on Broadway, appearing in ''[[The Philadelphia Story]]'', a play written especially for her by [[Philip Barry]], a year after Hepburn had starred in [[Holiday (1938 film)|the film version]] of his play ''Holiday''. She played spoiled socialite Tracy Lord to rave reviews. With the help of ex-lover [[Howard Hughes]], she purchased the film rights to the play and sold the rights to [[MGM]], which adapted the play into one of the biggest hits of 1940. As part of her deal with MGM, Hepburn got to choose the director — [[George Cukor]] — and her costars — [[Cary Grant]] and [[James Stewart (actor)|James Stewart]]. She was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for her work opposite Grant and Stewart. She enhanced Stewart's performance, and in turn he received an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]. Her career was revived almost overnight.
 
  
 
===Hepburn and Spencer Tracy===
 
===Hepburn and Spencer Tracy===
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Hepburn made her first appearance opposite [[Spencer Tracy]] in ''Woman of the Year'' (1942), directed by George Stevens. Behind the scenes the pair fell in love, beginning what would become one of the silver screen's most famous romances, despite Tracy's [[marriage]] to another woman. They became one of [[Hollywood]]'s most recognizable pairs both on-screen and off. Hepburn, with her agile mind and distinctive New England accent, complemented Tracy's easy, working-class machismo.
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[[File:Tracy Hepburn Adams Rib.jpg|thumb|400px|[[Spencer Tracy]] and Katharine Hepburn in ''Adam's Rib'' (1949)]]
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Most of their films together stress the sparks that can fly when a couple tries to find an equable balance of power. They appeared in a total of nine movies together, including ''Adam's Rib'' (1949), ''Pat and Mike'' (1952), and ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'' (1967), for which Hepburn won her second [[Academy Award]] for Best Actress.
  
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Hepburn made her first appearance opposite [[Spencer Tracy]] in ''[[Woman of the Year]]'' (1942), directed by [[George Stevens]]. Behind the scenes the pair fell in love, beginning what would become one of the silver screen's most famous romances, despite Tracy's marriage to another woman.  
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Hepburn and Tracy were undeniably a couple for decades, but did not live together regularly until the last few years of Tracy's life. Even then, they maintained separate homes to keep up appearances. Tracy, a [[Roman Catholic]], had been married to the former Louise Treadwell since 1923, and remained so until his death. Tracy's decision not to [[divorce]] was not based on his adherence to [[Roman Catholic Church]] law. His wife Louise was not Catholic, and they were not married in the Catholic Church, making divorce and remarriage possible for Tracy without violation of Church [[canon law]]s.
  
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They became one of Hollywood's most recognizable pairs both on-screen and off. Hepburn, with her agile mind and distinctive New England accent, complemented Tracy's easy working-class machismo.  When [[Joseph Mankiewicz]] introduced the two, Hepburn, who was wearing special heels that added several inches to her lanky frame, said, "I'm afraid I'm too tall for you, Mr. Tracy." Mankiewicz retorted, "Don't worry, he'll soon cut you down to size."  As the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' observed in Hepburn's obituary, "Hepburn and Spencer Tracy were at their most seductive when their verbal fencing was sharpest: it was hard to say whether they delighted more in the battle or in each other."
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Hepburn took five years off from her film career after ''Long Day's Journey Into Night'' (1962) to care for Tracy while he was in failing health. Out of consideration for Tracy's family, Hepburn did not attend his funeral. She described herself as too heartbroken to ever watch ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner,'' the last movie they made together, saying it evoked memories of Tracy that were too painful.
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Most of their films together stress the sparks that can fly when a couple try to find an equable balance of power. The sexy sparring over power and control is almost always resolved in an agreement to share and share alike. They appeared in a total of nine movies together, including ''[[Adam's Rib]]'' (1949), ''[[Pat and Mike]]'' (1952), and ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'' (1967), for which Hepburn won her second Academy Award for Best Actress.
 
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The pair carefully hid their affair from the public, using back entrances to studios and hotels and assiduously avoiding the press. Hepburn and Tracy were undeniably a couple for decades, but did not live together regularly until the last few years of Tracy's life. Even then, they maintained separate homes to keep up appearances. Tracy, a [[Roman Catholic]], had been married to the former Louise Treadwell since 1923, and remained so until his death.<ref>Tracy's decision not to divorce was not based on Catholic Church law. His wife Louise was not Catholic, and they were not married in the Catholic church, making divorce and remarriage possible for Tracy without violation of church law.</ref>
 
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Before Tracy, Hepburn had had relationships with several Hollywood directors and personalities, including her agent [[Leland Hayward]]. Hepburn also had a famous affair with billionaire aviator [[Howard Hughes]]. Tracy, however, seemed to have been her one true love. Hepburn took five years off from her film career after ''[[Long Day's Journey Into Night]]'' (1962) to care for Tracy while he was in failing health. Out of consideration for Tracy's family, Hepburn did not attend his funeral. She described herself as too heartbroken to ever watch ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'', saying it evoked memories of Tracy that were too painful.
 
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Hepburn figures in [[Martin Scorsese]]'s 2004 biopic of Hughes, ''[[The Aviator]]''. However, the movie is a highly fictionalized portrayal of Hepburn and Hughes' courtship, and many portions of the movie involving their relationship are inaccurate. Hepburn did not, as depicted in the film, leave Hughes for Tracy; Hepburn and Hughes had split up years before, in 1938. Hepburn was portrayed by [[Cate Blanchett]], who won a [[Best Supporting Actress]] Oscar for her performance.
 
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===''The African Queen''===
 
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Hepburn is perhaps best remembered for her role in ''[[The African Queen]]'' (1951), for which she received her fifth Best Actress nomination, losing to Vivien Leigh in ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (film)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]''. She played a prim spinster missionary in [[Africa]] who convinces [[Humphrey Bogart]]'s character, a hard-drinking riverboat captain, to use his boat to attack a [[Germany|German]] ship.
 
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Filmed mostly on location in Africa, almost all the cast and crew suffered from [[malaria]] and [[dysentery]] &mdash; except director [[John Huston]] and Bogart, neither of whom ever drank any water. Hepburn, ever the urologist's daughter, disapproved of the two men's boozing and piously drank gallons of water each day to spite them. She wound up so sick with dysentery that, even months after she returned home, the famously vigorous actress was still ill. The trip and the movie made such an impact on her that later in life she wrote a book about filming the movie: ''The Making of The African Queen: Or, How I Went to Africa With Bogart, Bacall and Huston and Almost Lost My Mind'', which made her a best-selling author at the age of 77.
 
  
 
===Later film career===
 
===Later film career===
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Following ''The African Queen'' Hepburn often played spinsters, most notably in her Oscar-nominated performances for ''[[Summertime (film)|Summertime]]'' (1955) and ''[[The Rainmaker]]'' (1956), although at 49 some considered her too old for the role. She also received nominations for her performances in films adapted from stage dramas, namely as Mrs. Venable in [[Tennessee Williams]]' ''[[Suddenly Last Summer]]'' (1959) and as Mary Tyrone in the 1962 version of [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s ''[[Long Day's Journey Into Night]].''
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[[File:The African Queen production still.jpg|thumb|300px|Katharine Hepburn and [[Humphrey Bogart]] during the production of ''The African Queen'']]
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Hepburn is perhaps best remembered for her role in ''The African Queen'' (1951), for which she received her fifth Best Actress nomination. She played a prim spinster missionary in [[Africa]] who convinces [[Humphrey Bogart]]'s character, a hard-drinking riverboat captain, to use his boat to attack a [[Germany|German]] ship. Filmed mostly on location in Africa, almost all the cast and crew suffered from [[malaria]] and [[dysentery]]&mdash;except director John Huston and Bogart, neither of whom ever drank any water.
  
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Hepburn received her second Best Actress Oscar for ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]''. She always said she believed the award was meant to honor Spencer Tracy, who died shortly after filming was completed. The following year, she won a record-breaking third Oscar for her role as [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] in ''[[The Lion in Winter (1968 film)|The Lion in Winter]]'', an award shared that year with [[Barbra Streisand]] for her performance in ''[[Funny Girl]].''  
+
Following ''The African Queen,'' Hepburn often played spinsters, most notably in her [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-nominated performances for ''Summertime'' (1955) and ''The Rainmaker'' (1956), although at 49, some considered her too old for the roles. She also received nominations for her performances in films adapted from stage dramas, namely as Mrs. Venable in [[Tennessee Williams]]' ''Suddenly Last Summer'' (1959) and as Mary Tyrone in the 1962 version of [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s ''Long Day's Journey Into Night.''  
  
−
Hepburn continued to do filmed stage dramas, including ''[[The Madwoman of Chaillot]]'' (1969), ''[[The Trojan Women]]'' (1971) by [[Euripides]], and [[Edward Albee]]'s ''[[A Delicate Balance (film)|A Delicate Balance]]'' (1973). In 1973, she first appeared in an original television production of Tennessee Williams' ''[[The Glass Menagerie]].''  
+
Hepburn received her second Best Actress Oscar for ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner.'' She always said she believed the award was meant to honor [[Spencer Tracy]], who died shortly after filming was completed. The following year, she won a record-breaking third Oscar for her role as [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] in ''The Lion in Winter.''
  
−
Two years later, Hepburn received an [[Emmy]] Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Special Program (Drama or Comedy) for ''[[Love Among the Ruins (TV movie)|Love Among the Ruins]]'', which costarred [[Laurence Olivier]] and was directed by [[George Cukor]]. Hepburn also appeared with [[John Wayne]] in ''[[Rooster Cogburn]]'', which was essentially ''The African Queen'' done as a [[Western movies|western]]. Hepburn won her fourth Oscar for ''[[On Golden Pond]]'' (1981), opposite [[Henry Fonda]]. In 1994, Hepburn gave her final three movie performances &mdash; ''One Christmas'', based on a short story by [[Truman Capote]], as Ginny in the remake of ''[[Love Affair]]''; and ''This Can't Be Love,'' directed by one of her close friends, Anthony Harvey (''The Lion in Winter'').
+
Hepburn won her fourth Oscar for ''On Golden Pond'' (1981), opposite [[Henry Fonda]]. In 1994, Hepburn gave her final three movie performances&mdash;''One Christmas,'' based on a short story by [[Truman Capote]]; the remake of ''Love Affair,'' as Ginny; and ''This Can't Be Love,'' directed by one of her close friends, Anthony Harvey.
  
 
==Death==
 
==Death==
−
On [[June 29]], [[2003]], Hepburn died of natural causes at [[Fenwick, Connecticut|Fenwick]], the Hepburn family home in [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut]]. She was 96 years old. She was buried in the family plot in [[Cedar Hill Cemetery]], 453 Fairfield Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut. In honor of her extensive theater work, the lights of Broadway were dimmed for an hour.
+
On June 29, 2003, Hepburn died of natural causes at Fenwick, the Hepburn family home in Old Saybrook, [[Connecticut]]. She was 96 years old. She was buried in the family plot in Cedar Hill Cemetery, 453 Fairfield Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut. In honor of her extensive theater work, the lights of [[Broadway]] were dimmed for an hour.
  
−
The book ''Kate Remembered'', by A. Scott Berg, was published just 13 days after her death. It documents the friendship between the actress and Berg. The book bills itself as an authorized biography, but that has been called into question by ''[[The New York Times]]'' (see[http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/16/books/16KAKU.html?ex=1124856000&en=4ae490f223501d48&ei=5070]).
+
In 2004, in accordance with Hepburn's wishes, her personal effects were put up for auction with [[Sotheby's]] in [[New York City]]. Hepburn had meticulously collected an extraordinary amount of material relating to her career and place in [[Hollywood]] over the years, as well as personal items such as a [[sculpture|bust]] of [[Spencer Tracy]] she sculpted herself and her own oil paintings. The auction netted several million dollars, which Hepburn willed mostly to her family and close friends, including [[television]] [[journalism|journalist]] Cynthia McFadden.
−
Berg has been criticized for inserting himself into the book too much, including by a columnist for the ''[[Hartford Courant]]''. ''[[New York Post]]'' columnist [[Liz Smith (journalist)|Liz Smith]] called the book "self-promoting fakery," and suggested that Hepburn "would have despised it and his betrayal of her friendship" (see [http://entertainment.myway.com/celebgossip/lizsmith/id/08_04_2003.html]).
 
  
−
In 2004, in accordance with Hepburn's wishes, her personal effects were put up for auction with [[Sotheby's]] in New York. Hepburn had meticulously collected an extraordinary amount of material relating to her career and place in Hollywood over the years, as well as personal items such as a [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of [[Spencer Tracy]] she sculpted herself and her own oil paintings. The auction netted several million dollars, which Hepburn willed mostly to her family and close friends, including television journalist [[Cynthia McFadden]].
+
==Legacy==
 +
[[File:Katharine hepburn woman of the year cropped.jpg|thumb|300px|Hepburn, with her unconventional lifestyle and the independent females she played on screen (such as Tess Harding in ''[[Woman of the Year]]'', pictured), represented the emancipated woman.]]
  
−
==Honors==
+
Hepburn is considered an important and influential cultural figure. Ros Horton included her in ''Women Who Changed The World'', which honors 50 women who helped shape world history and culture:
 +
<blockquote>Confident, intelligent and witty, four-time Oscar winner Katharine Hepburn defied convention throughout her professional and personal life ... Hepburn provided an image of an assertive woman whom [females] could watch and learn from.<ref>Ros Horton, ''Women Who Changed the World'' (Quercus, 2007, ISBN 978-1847240262).</ref></blockquote>
  
−
On [[September 8]] and 9, 2006, [[Bryn Mawr College]], Hepburn's alma mater, launched the [http://www.brynmawr.edu/hepburn Katharine Houghton Hepburn Center],dedicated to both the actress and her mother. At the launch celebration, [[Lauren Bacall]] and [[Blythe Danner]] were awarded the Katharine Hepburn Medals for "lives, work and contributions that embody the intelligence, drive and independence of the four-time-Oscar-winning actress." [http://www.brynmawr.edu/hepburn/launch_medalists.php]
+
Regarding Hepburn's film legacy, one of her biographers, [[Sheridan Morley]], said she "broke the mold" for women in Hollywood.<ref>Sheridan Morley, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3031684.stm Hepburn's spirited legacy] ''BBC News'', June 30, 2003. Retrieved July 24, 2022.</ref>  Film academic Andrew Britton wrote a monograph studying Hepburn's "key presence within classical Hollywood, a consistent, potentially radical disturbance," and pinpoints her "central" influence in bringing feminist issues to the screen.<ref>Andrew Britton, ''Katharine Hepburn: Star as Feminist'' New York City, NY: Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0231132770).</ref>
  
−
Katharine Hepburn lent her name to some liberal social and political causes, particularly family planning. In 1985, she received the Humanist Arts Award of the [[American Humanist Association]], presented by her friend [[Corliss Lamont]].
+
She once said of herself, "I was fortunate to be born with a set of characteristics that were in public vogue."<ref>Susan Crimp, ''Katharine Hepburn Once Said…: Great Lines to Live By'' (New York: HarperCollins, 2003 ISBN 0060581727), 5.</ref>
  
−
There is a garden dedicated to her in New York City on East 49th Street and 2nd Avenue. Hepburn lived in a brownstone on East 49th Street. The garden contains 12 stepping stones each enscribed with quotes. One reads "I remember walking as a child, it was not customary to say you were fatigued. It was customary to complete the goal of the expedition."
+
Off screen, Hepburn's lifestyle was ahead of her time, coming to symbolize the "modern woman" and playing a part in changing gender attitudes.<ref>A. Scott Berg, ''Kate Remembered'' (Putnam, 2003, ISBN 978-0399151644).</ref> She pioneered wearing trousers (pants) at a time when it was a radical move for a woman.<ref>Valli Herman-Cohen, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-01-et-herman1-story.html The fashion rebel] ''The Los Angeles Times'', July 1, 2003. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</ref> She helped make them acceptable for women, and fans began to imitate her clothing.<ref>Garson Kanin, ''Tracy and Hepburn: An Intimate Memoir'' (New York City, NY: Viking, 1971, ISBN 978-0670722938).</ref> In 1986 she received a lifetime achievement award from the [[Council of Fashion Designers of America]] in recognition of her influence on women's fashion, "because she showed us what American fashion was all about even before any of us thought of designing it." Asked why she wore pants, she replied "It was really because I couldn't abide stockings."<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1986/03/09/the-hepburn-style/8677d825-a384-4d94-8c90-0d9ee495835c/ Interviewed by Calvin Klein: The Hepburn Style] ''The Washington Post'', March 9, 1986.</ref>
  
−
==Family==
+
A number of Hepburn's films have become classics of American cinema, with three of her pictures (''The African Queen'', ''The Philadelphia Story'', and ''Bringing Up Baby'') featured on the American Film Institute's list of the 100 greatest American films of all time.<ref>[https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-movies-10th-anniversary-edition/ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies - 10th Anniversary Edition] ''American Film Institute''. Retrieved July 288, 2022,</ref>
  
−
In 1910, the Hepburn family lived at 133 Hawthorne St. in Hartford, Connecticut.  Eight years later, they were recorded living at 352 Laurel St., also in Hartford.  By 1930, Katharine's parents and four younger siblings had moved to a large eight bedroom house at 201 Bloomfield Avenue in [[West Hartford, Connecticut|West Hartford]].  As of 2006, the house is owned by the [[University of Hartford]].
+
[[File:Katharine Hepburn Place.jpg|thumb|350px|East 49th Street in New York City, named after Katharine Hepburn]]
  
−
Margaret "Peg" Perry, Hepburn's last surviving sister, died on [[February 13]] [[2006]], aged 85 (see [http://blogs.courant.com/nightbeat/2006/02/margaret_perry_.html#more]). Perry was a librarian in [[Canton, Connecticut]]. She was survived by a daughter and three sons, as well as a brother (who is Hepburn's last surviving sibling).
+
Hepburn has been honored with several memorials. After Hepburn's death in 2003, the intersection of East 49th Street and 2nd Avenue was renamed "Katharine Hepburn Place." Three years later [[Bryn Mawr College]], Hepburn's alma mater, launched the Katharine Houghton Hepburn Center. It is dedicated to both the actress and her mother and encourages women to address important issues affecting their gender.<ref>Myra Yellin Outwater, [https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-2006-09-17-3679392-story.html Bryn Mawr gala celebrates new Katharine Hepburn center] ''The Morning Call'', September 17, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2022. </ref> [[The Katharine Hepburn Cultural Arts Center]] was opened in 2009 in [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut]], the location of the Hepburn family beach home, which she loved and later owned: "Fenwick is, and always has been, my other paradise."<ref>Katherine Hepburn, ''Me: Stories of My Life'' (New York: Ballantine Books, 1991, ISBN 0345410092).</ref> The building includes a performance space and a Katharine Hepburn museum.<ref>[https://www.katharinehepburntheater.org/about/ The Katharine Hepburn Cultural Arts Center]. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</ref>
  
−
Hepburn's professional legacy is today carried on within her family. Hepburn's niece is actress [[Katharine Houghton]], who appeared as her daughter in ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner''. Hepburn's grandniece is actress [[Schuyler Grant]]; the two appeared together in the 1988 television movie ''[[Laura Lansing Slept Here]]''.
+
A number of exhibitions have been held to showcase Hepburn's career. ''One Life: Kate, A Centennial Celebration'' was held at the The Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery in Washington DC from November 2007 to September 2008.<ref>[https://npg.si.edu/exhibit/hepburn/visit.html One Life: Kate, a Centennial Celebration] ''The Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery''. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</ref> In 2015, the [[British Film Institute]] held a two-month retrospective of Hepburn's work.<ref>[https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-press-release-march-at-bfi-southbank-2015-01-21.pdf March 2015 at BFI Southbank] ''British Film Institute''. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</ref> Hepburn has also been honored with her own postal stamp as part of the "Legends of Hollywood" stamp series.<ref>[https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_2010.2013.55 44c Katharine Hepburn single] ''Smithsonian National Postal Museum''. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</ref>
  
−
It is sometimes claimed that [[Audrey Hepburn]] and Katharine Hepburn were related. The truth is they were only very distantly related, and certainly had never met before the former's rise to prominence. The closest relationship that has been identified for them is 19th cousins once removed. It has also been claimed that Audrey chose the last name Hepburn in honor of Katharine when she became an actress; however, the record shows that it was part of her family name for some time before she entered show business.
+
===Awards and nominations===
 +
Hepburn won four [[Academy Awards]], the record number for a performer, and received a total of 12 Oscar nominations for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]—a number surpassed only by [[Meryl Streep]].<ref>[https://www.filmsite.org/bestactress.html Academy Awards Best Actress Facts & Trivia] ''Filmsite''. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</ref> She received two awards and five nominations from the [[BAFTAs|British Academy Film Awards]], one award and six nominations from the [[Emmy Awards]], eight [[Golden Globe]] nominations, two [[Tony Award]] nominations, and awards from the [[Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Cannes Film Festival]], [[Volpi Cup|Venice Film Festival]], the [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress|New York Film Critics Circle Awards]], the [[People's Choice Awards]], and others. Hepburn was inducted into the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]] in 1979. She also won a [[Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] from the [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild]] in 1979, and received the [[Kennedy Center Honors]], which recognize a lifetime of accomplishments in the arts, in 1990.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000031/awards Katharine Hepburn – Awards] ''Internet Movie Database''. Retrieved July 28, 2022. </ref>
  
−
==Trivia==
+
==Notes==
−
* Katharine Hepburn is listed as one of the descendants of the Mayflower compact author [[William Brewster (Pilgrim)|William Brewster]] ([http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=PED&db=glencoe&id=I8024 her family tree]).
+
<references/>
−
*Her paternal grandfather, Sewell Hepburn, was an Episcopal clergyman, but on the subject of religion, she told a ''Ladies Home Journal'' reporter, "I'm an atheist and that's it. I believe there's nothing we can know except that we should be kind to each other and do what we can for other people."[http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Katharine_Hepburn.html]
 
  
−
*Her autobiography, ''Me: Stories of My Life'', was published in 1991.
+
==References==
−
 
+
* Berg, A. Scott. ''Kate Remembered''. Putnam, 2003. ISBN 978-0399151644
−
* In addition to Hepburn's own four Oscars, actress [[Cate Blanchett]] won an Oscar for her portrayal of Hepburn in ''[[The Aviator]]''.
+
* Britton, Andrew. ''Katharine Hepburn: Star as Feminist.'' New York City, NY: Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0231132770
−
 
+
* Carey, Gary. ''Katharine Hepburn.'' London: Robson, 1983. ISBN 086051210X
−
*Standing at 5 feet 7 inches (1.71 m), Hepburn was one of the tallest leading ladies of her time. {{cn}}
+
* Crimp, Susan. ''Katharine Hepburn Once Said…: Great Lines to Live By''. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. ISBN 0060581727
−
 
+
* Felder, Deborah G. ''The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time: A Ranking Past and Present.'' Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 9780806517261
−
==Stage work==
+
* Hepburn, Katharine. ''Me: Stories of My Life.'' New York: Ballantine Books, 1991. ISBN 0345410092
−
*''[[Night Hostess]]'' (1928)
+
* Hepburn, Katharine. ''The Making of The African Queen; Or, How I Went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall and Huston and Almost Lost My Mind.'' New York: Knopf, 1987. ISBN 0712619062
−
*''These Days'' (1928)
+
* Horton, Ros. ''Women Who Changed the World''. Quercus, 2007. ISBN 978-1847240262
−
*''Art and Mrs. Bottle'' (1930)
+
* Leaming, Barbara. ''Katharine Hepburn.'' Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Record, 1997. ISBN 850104685X
−
*''The Warrior's Husband'' (1932)
 
−
*''[[The Lake (play)|The Lake]]'' (1934)
 
−
*''[[Jane Eyre (1936 play)|Jane Eyre]]'' (1936-1937)
 
−
*''[[The Philadelphia Story]]'' (1939)
 
−
*''Without Love'' (1942)
 
−
*''[[As You Like It]]'' (1950)
 
−
*''[[The Millionairess]]'' (1952)
 
−
*''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', ''[[Measure for Measure]]'', and ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' (1955)&mdash;On tour in [[Australia]] with the [[Old Vic]]
 
−
*''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' and ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' (1957)&mdash;[[Stratford, Connecticut|Stratford]], [[Connecticut]] Shakespeare Theatre
 
−
*''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' and ''[[Twelfth Night (play)|Twelfth Night]]'' (1960)&mdash;[[Stratford, Connecticut|Stratford]], [[Connecticut]] Shakespeare Theatre
 
−
*''[[Coco (musical)|Coco]]'' (1969) ([[Tony Award]] nomination for Leading Actress in a Musical)
 
−
*''A Matter of Gravity'' (1975)
 
−
*''[[The West Side Waltz]]'' (1981) ([[Tony Award]] nomination for Leading Actress in a Play)
 
−
 
 
−
==Filmography==
 
−
===1930s===
 
−
* ''[[A Bill of Divorcement]]'' (1932)
 
−
* ''[[Christopher Strong]]'' (1933)
 
−
* '''''[[Morning Glory]]''''' (1933)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress]]
 
−
* ''[[Little Women]]'' (1933)
 
−
* ''[[Spitfire (1934 movie)|Spitfire]]'' (1934)
 
−
* ''[[The Little Minister]]'' (1934)
 
−
* ''[[Break of Hearts]]'' (1935)
 
−
* ''[[Alice Adams]]'' (1935)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination
 
−
* ''[[Sylvia Scarlett]]'' (1936)
 
−
* ''[[Mary of Scotland (film)|Mary of Scotland]]'' (1936)
 
−
* ''[[A Woman Rebels]]'' (1936)
 
−
* ''[[Quality Street (film)|Quality Street]]'' (1937)
 
−
* ''[[Stage Door]]'' (1937)
 
−
* ''[[Bringing up Baby]]'' (1938)
 
−
* ''[[Holiday (1938 film)|Holiday]]'' (1938)
 
−
 
 
−
===1940s===
 
−
* ''[[The Philadelphia Story]]'' (1940)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination
 
−
* ''[[Woman of the Year]]'' (1942)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination
 
−
* ''[[Keeper of the Flame]]'' (1942)
 
−
* ''[[Stage Door Canteen]]'' (1943)
 
−
* ''[[Dragon Seed]]'' (1944)
 
−
* ''[[Without Love]]'' (1945)
 
−
* ''[[Undercurrent (film)|Undercurrent]]'' (1946)
 
−
* ''[[The Sea of Grass]]'' (1947)
 
−
* ''[[Song of Love]]'' (1947)
 
−
* ''[[State of the Union (movie)|State of the Union]]'' (1948)
 
−
* ''[[Adam's Rib]]'' (1949)
 
−
 
 
−
===1950s===
 
−
* ''[[The African Queen]]'' (1951)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination
 
−
* ''[[Pat and Mike]]'' (1952)
 
−
* ''[[Summertime (film)|Summertime]]'' (1955)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination
 
−
* ''[[The Rainmaker (1956 film)|The Rainmaker]]'' (1956)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination
 
−
* ''[[The Iron Petticoat]]'' (1956)
 
−
* ''[[Desk Set]]'' (also known as ''His Other Woman'') (1957)
 
−
* ''[[Suddenly, Last Summer (film)|Suddenly Last Summer]]'' (1959)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination
 
−
 
 
−
===1960s===
 
−
* ''[[Long Day's Journey Into Night (1962 film)|Long Day's Journey into Night]]'' (1962)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination
 
−
* '''''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]''''' (1967)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress]]
 
−
* '''''[[The Lion in Winter (1968 film)|The Lion in Winter]]''''' (1968)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress]]
 
−
* ''[[The Madwoman of Chaillot]]'' (1969)
 
−
 
 
−
===1970s===
 
−
* ''[[The Trojan Women]]'' (1971)
 
−
* ''[[The Glass Menagerie]]'' (1973)
 
−
* ''[[A Delicate Balance]]'' (1974)
 
−
* ''[[Rooster Cogburn]]'' (1975)
 
−
* ''[[Love Among the Ruins (TV movie)|Love Among the Ruins]]'' (1975)
 
−
* ''[[Olly Olly Oxen Free]]'' (1978)
 
−
* ''[[The Corn is Green]]'' (1979)
 
−
 
 
−
===1980s===
 
−
* '''''[[On Golden Pond]]''''' (1981)&mdash;[[Academy Award for Best Actress]]
 
−
* ''[[George Stevens: A Filmmaker's Journey]]'' (1984)
 
−
* ''[[The Ultimate Solution of Grace Quigley]]'' (1985)
 
−
* ''[[The Spencer Tracy Legacy]]'' (1986)
 
−
* ''[[Mrs. Delafield Wants to Marry]]'' (1986)
 
−
* ''[[Laura Lansing Slept Here]]'' (1988)
 
−
 
 
−
===1990s===
 
−
* ''[[The Man Upstairs]]'' (1992)
 
−
* ''[[Katharine Hepburn: All About Me]]'' (1993)
 
−
* ''[[This Can't be Love]]'' (1994)
 
−
* ''[[Love Affair_(1994)|Love Affair]]'' (1994)
 
−
* ''[[One Christmas]]'' (1994)
 
−
 
 
−
{{start box}}  {{s-awards}}
 
−
{{succession box
 
−
| title=[[Academy Award for Best Actress]]
 
−
| years=1933<br>'''for ''[[Morning Glory]]'' '''
 
−
| before=[[Helen Hayes]]<br>for ''[[The Sin of Madelon Claudet]]''
 
−
| after=[[Claudette Colbert]]<br>for ''[[It Happened One Night]]''}}
 
−
{{succession box
 
−
| title=Academy Award for Best Actress
 
−
| years=1967<br>'''for ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'' '''
 
−
| before=[[Elizabeth Taylor]]<br>for ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]''
 
−
| after=Katharine Hepburn<br>for ''[[The Lion in Winter (1968 film)|The Lion in Winter]]'' '''<br>'''co-awardee with [[Barbra Streisand]]<br>for ''[[Funny Girl]]''}}
 
−
{{succession box
 
−
| title=Academy Award for Best Actress
 
−
| years=1968<br>'''for ''[[The Lion in Winter (1968 film)|The Lion in Winter]]'' '''<br>'''co-awardee with [[Barbra Streisand]]<br>for ''[[Funny Girl]]'''''
 
−
| before=Katharine Hepburn<br>for ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]''
 
−
| after=[[Maggie Smith]]<br>for ''[[The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie]]''}}
 
−
{{succession box
 
−
| title=Academy Award for Best Actress
 
−
| years=1981<br>'''for ''[[On Golden Pond]]'' '''
 
−
| before=[[Sissy Spacek]]<br>for ''[[Coal Miner's Daughter]]''
 
−
| after=[[Meryl Streep]]<br>for ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]''}}
 
−
{{end}}
 
−
 
 
−
==References ==
 
−
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
 
−
 
 
−
==Further reading ==
 
−
{{wikiquote}}
 
−
* <cite>Me, Stories of My Life</cite>, Katharine Hepburn, Knopf, 1991
 
−
* <cite>Kate Remembered</cite>, A. Scott Berg, Putnam, 2003
 
−
* <cite>Kate: The Woman Who Was Hepburn</cite>, William J. Mann, Henry Holt and Company, 2006
 
−
* <cite>Tracy and Hepburn</cite>, Garson Kanin, Viking, 1971
 
−
* <cite>Kate</cite>, Charles Higham, Norton, 1975
 
−
* <cite>Knowing Hepburn</cite>, James Prideaux
 
  
 
== External links==
 
== External links==
−
{{commons|Katharine Hepburn}}
+
All links retrieved October 5, 2022.
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* {{imdb name|id=31|name=Katharine Hepburn}}
 
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* {{tcmdb name|id=85052|name=Katharine Hepburn}}
 
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* {{ibdb name|id=44928|name=Katharine Hepburn}}
 
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* [http://www.katharinehepburn.net/ Katharine Hepburn: Woman of the Year, a tribute site]
 
−
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/3030792.stm BBC Obituary]
 
−
* [http://home.nyc.rr.com/alweisel/premierekatharinehepburn.htm An Uncommon Woman: Katharine Hepburn (article from Premiere magazine)]
 
  
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<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
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* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000031/ Katharine Hepburn] ''IMDb''
−
 
+
* [https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/85052%7C92357/Katharine-Hepburn/#overview Katharine Hepburn] ''Turner Classic Movies''
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{{Persondata
+
* [https://www.katharinehepburntheater.org/ The Kate] ''The Katharine Hepburn Cultural Arts Center''
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|NAME=Hepburn, Katharine Houghton
+
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/3030792.stm BBC Obituary]  
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
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* [https://walkoffame.com/katharine-hepburn/ Katharine Hepburn] ''Hollywood Walk of Fame''
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=American actor
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* [https://npg.si.edu/exhibit/hepburn/ One Life: Kate A Centennial Celebration]  
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|DATE OF BIRTH=[[May 12]], [[1907]]
+
* [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7637789/katharine-hepburn Katharine Hepburn] ''Find a Grave''
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Hartford]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]
 
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|DATE OF DEATH=[[June 29]], [[2003]]
 
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|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Old Saybrook]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]
 
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Latest revision as of 17:11, 5 October 2022

Katharine Hepburn
Katharine Hepburn promo pic.jpg
MGM studio publicity photograph, c. 1941
BornKatharine Houghton Hepburn
May 12 1907(1907-05-12)
Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.
DiedJune 29 2003 (aged 96)
Fenwick, Connecticut, U.S.
Resting placeCedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford
Alma materBryn Mawr College
OccupationActress
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)Ludlow Ogden Smith
​(m. 1928; div. 1934)
Partner(s)Spencer Tracy
(1941–1967; his death)
Signature
Katharine Hepburn signature.png

Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907 – June 29, 2003) was an iconic four-time Academy Award-winning American star of film, television, and stage, widely recognized for her sharp wit, New England gentility, and fierce independence.

A screen legend, Hepburn holds the record for the most Best Actress Oscar nominations with 12 and the record for wins in that category with four. Hepburn won an Emmy Award in 1975 for her lead role in Love Among the Ruins, and was nominated for four other Emmys and two Tony Awards during the course of her more than 70- year acting career. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Hepburn as the number one female star in their Greatest American Screen Legends list. Hepburn had a famous and longtime romance with Spencer Tracy, both on- and off-screen. She worked hard at her craft but was also very modest, suggesting that acting couldn't be so hard to master if Shirley Temple could do so at only four years of age. She was able, however, to bring something distinctive to each role she played and to resist being typecast.

As a woman, she was a determined and independent person who defied convention by continuing to act and to earn critical acclaim over six decades, unusual for a female star at that time. It has been said that she helped to place women on the same footing as men within the movie industry, proving the absurdity of assumptions about gender that took it as read that only young, attractive women could star in major films. At the age of 77, she became a best-selling author with her book about the making of The African Queen.

Early life

Hepburn was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to Dr. Thomas Norval Hepburn, a successful urologist from Virginia, and Katharine Martha Houghton, a suffragette. Her father insisted that his children be athletic, and encouraged swimming, horse riding, golf, and tennis. Hepburn, eager to please her father, emerged as a fine athlete in her late teens. Hepburn especially enjoyed swimming, and regularly took dips in the frigid waters that fronted her bay front Connecticut home, having been led to believe that "the bitterer the medicine, the better it was for you."[1] She continued her brisk swims well into her 80s. Hepburn would come to be recognized for her athletic physicality—she fearlessly performed her own pratfalls in films such as Bringing Up Baby, which is now held up as an exemplar of screwball comedy.

She was educated at the Kingswood-Oxford School before going on to attend Bryn Mawr College, receiving a degree in history and philosophy in 1928, the same year she had her debut on Broadway after landing a bit part in Night Hostess.

Hepburn married socialite businessman Ludlow ("Luddy") Ogden Smith in 1928, whom she had met while attending Bryn Mawr and married after a short engagement. They were divorced in Mexico in 1934. Fearing that the Mexican divorce was not legal, Ludlow got a second divorce in the United States in 1942 and a few days later he remarried. Although their marriage was a failure, Katharine Hepburn often expressed her gratitude toward Ludlow for his financial and moral support in the early days of her career. "Luddy" continued to be a lifelong friend to Katharine and the Hepburn family.

Acting career

Theater

Hepburn began acting in plays at Bryn Mawr and later in revues staged by stock companies. During her last years at Bryn Mawr, Hepburn had met a young producer with a stock company in Baltimore, Maryland, who cast her in several small roles, including a production of The Czarina and The Cradle Snatchers.

Hepburn's first leading role was in a production of The Big Pond, which opened in Great Neck, New York. The producer had fired the play's original leading lady at the last minute, and asked Hepburn to assume the role. Terror-stricken at the unexpected change, Hepburn arrived late and, once on stage, flubbed her lines, tripped over her feet, and spoke so rapidly that she was almost incomprehensible. She was fired from the play, but continued to work in small stock company roles and as an understudy.

Katharine Hepburn in the 1932 Broadway production of The Warrior's Husband

Later, Hepburn was cast in a speaking part in the Broadway play Art and Mrs. Bottle. After another summer of stock companies, Hepburn landed the role of Antiope, the Amazon princess in The Warrior's Husband, in 1932, which debuted to excellent reviews. Hepburn became the talk of New York City, and began getting noticed by Hollywood.

In the play The Warrior’s Husband, Hepburn entered the stage by leaping down a flight of steps while carrying a large stag on her shoulders—an RKO scout was so impressed by this display of physicality that he asked her to do a screen test for the studio's next vehicle, A Bill of Divorcement, which starred John Barrymore and Billie Burke.

RKO was delighted by audience reaction to A Bill of Divorcement and signed Hepburn to a new contract after it wrapped. Though she was headstrong, her work ethic and talent were undeniable, and the following year (1933), Hepburn won her first Oscar for best actress in Morning Glory.

Hepburn felt it was time to make her return to the theater after Morning Glory. She chose The Lake, but was unable to obtain a release from RKO and instead went back to Hollywood to film the forgettable movie Spitfire in 1933. Having satisfied RKO, Hepburn went immediately back to Manhattan to begin the play, in which she played an English girl unhappy with her overbearing mother and wimpy father. In 1935, in the title role of the film Alice Adams, Hepburn earned her second Oscar nomination. By 1938, Hepburn was a bona fide star, and her foray into comedy with the films Bringing Up Baby and Stage Door was well received critically. But audience response to the two films was tepid and Hepburn's movie career began to decline.

Poor fan reception

As Tracy Lord in The Philadelphia Story (1940), alongside James Stewart

Some of what has made Hepburn greatly beloved today—her unconventional, straightforward, anti-Hollywood attitude—at the time began to turn audiences sour. Outspoken and intellectual with an acerbic tongue, she defied the era's "blonde bombshell" stereotypes, preferring to wear pantsuits and disdaining makeup.

She could also be prickly with fans—though she relented as she aged. Early in her career, Hepburn often denied requests for autographs, feeling it an invasion of her privacy. Even so, her refusal to sign autographs and answer personal questions earned her the nickname "Katharine of Arrogance" (an allusion to Catherine of Aragon). Soon, audiences began staying away from her movies.

Yearning for a comeback on the stage, Hepburn returned to her roots on Broadway, appearing in The Philadelphia Story, a play written especially for her by Philip Barry. She purchased the film rights to the play and sold the rights to MGM, which adapted the play into one of the biggest hits of 1940. As part of her deal with MGM, Hepburn got to choose the director—George Cukor—and her costars—Cary Grant and Jimmy Stewart. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her work opposite Grant and Stewart. She enhanced Stewart's performance, and in turn he received an Oscar. Her career was revived almost overnight.

Hepburn and Spencer Tracy

Hepburn made her first appearance opposite Spencer Tracy in Woman of the Year (1942), directed by George Stevens. Behind the scenes the pair fell in love, beginning what would become one of the silver screen's most famous romances, despite Tracy's marriage to another woman. They became one of Hollywood's most recognizable pairs both on-screen and off. Hepburn, with her agile mind and distinctive New England accent, complemented Tracy's easy, working-class machismo.

Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn in Adam's Rib (1949)

Most of their films together stress the sparks that can fly when a couple tries to find an equable balance of power. They appeared in a total of nine movies together, including Adam's Rib (1949), Pat and Mike (1952), and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), for which Hepburn won her second Academy Award for Best Actress.

Hepburn and Tracy were undeniably a couple for decades, but did not live together regularly until the last few years of Tracy's life. Even then, they maintained separate homes to keep up appearances. Tracy, a Roman Catholic, had been married to the former Louise Treadwell since 1923, and remained so until his death. Tracy's decision not to divorce was not based on his adherence to Roman Catholic Church law. His wife Louise was not Catholic, and they were not married in the Catholic Church, making divorce and remarriage possible for Tracy without violation of Church canon laws.

Hepburn took five years off from her film career after Long Day's Journey Into Night (1962) to care for Tracy while he was in failing health. Out of consideration for Tracy's family, Hepburn did not attend his funeral. She described herself as too heartbroken to ever watch Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, the last movie they made together, saying it evoked memories of Tracy that were too painful.

Later film career

Katharine Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart during the production of The African Queen

Hepburn is perhaps best remembered for her role in The African Queen (1951), for which she received her fifth Best Actress nomination. She played a prim spinster missionary in Africa who convinces Humphrey Bogart's character, a hard-drinking riverboat captain, to use his boat to attack a German ship. Filmed mostly on location in Africa, almost all the cast and crew suffered from malaria and dysentery—except director John Huston and Bogart, neither of whom ever drank any water.

Following The African Queen, Hepburn often played spinsters, most notably in her Oscar-nominated performances for Summertime (1955) and The Rainmaker (1956), although at 49, some considered her too old for the roles. She also received nominations for her performances in films adapted from stage dramas, namely as Mrs. Venable in Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer (1959) and as Mary Tyrone in the 1962 version of Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night.

Hepburn received her second Best Actress Oscar for Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. She always said she believed the award was meant to honor Spencer Tracy, who died shortly after filming was completed. The following year, she won a record-breaking third Oscar for her role as Eleanor of Aquitaine in The Lion in Winter.

Hepburn won her fourth Oscar for On Golden Pond (1981), opposite Henry Fonda. In 1994, Hepburn gave her final three movie performances—One Christmas, based on a short story by Truman Capote; the remake of Love Affair, as Ginny; and This Can't Be Love, directed by one of her close friends, Anthony Harvey.

Death

On June 29, 2003, Hepburn died of natural causes at Fenwick, the Hepburn family home in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. She was 96 years old. She was buried in the family plot in Cedar Hill Cemetery, 453 Fairfield Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut. In honor of her extensive theater work, the lights of Broadway were dimmed for an hour.

In 2004, in accordance with Hepburn's wishes, her personal effects were put up for auction with Sotheby's in New York City. Hepburn had meticulously collected an extraordinary amount of material relating to her career and place in Hollywood over the years, as well as personal items such as a bust of Spencer Tracy she sculpted herself and her own oil paintings. The auction netted several million dollars, which Hepburn willed mostly to her family and close friends, including television journalist Cynthia McFadden.

Legacy

Hepburn, with her unconventional lifestyle and the independent females she played on screen (such as Tess Harding in Woman of the Year, pictured), represented the emancipated woman.

Hepburn is considered an important and influential cultural figure. Ros Horton included her in Women Who Changed The World, which honors 50 women who helped shape world history and culture:

Confident, intelligent and witty, four-time Oscar winner Katharine Hepburn defied convention throughout her professional and personal life ... Hepburn provided an image of an assertive woman whom [females] could watch and learn from.[2]

Regarding Hepburn's film legacy, one of her biographers, Sheridan Morley, said she "broke the mold" for women in Hollywood.[3] Film academic Andrew Britton wrote a monograph studying Hepburn's "key presence within classical Hollywood, a consistent, potentially radical disturbance," and pinpoints her "central" influence in bringing feminist issues to the screen.[4]

She once said of herself, "I was fortunate to be born with a set of characteristics that were in public vogue."[5]

Off screen, Hepburn's lifestyle was ahead of her time, coming to symbolize the "modern woman" and playing a part in changing gender attitudes.[6] She pioneered wearing trousers (pants) at a time when it was a radical move for a woman.[7] She helped make them acceptable for women, and fans began to imitate her clothing.[8] In 1986 she received a lifetime achievement award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in recognition of her influence on women's fashion, "because she showed us what American fashion was all about even before any of us thought of designing it." Asked why she wore pants, she replied "It was really because I couldn't abide stockings."[9]

A number of Hepburn's films have become classics of American cinema, with three of her pictures (The African Queen, The Philadelphia Story, and Bringing Up Baby) featured on the American Film Institute's list of the 100 greatest American films of all time.[10]

East 49th Street in New York City, named after Katharine Hepburn

Hepburn has been honored with several memorials. After Hepburn's death in 2003, the intersection of East 49th Street and 2nd Avenue was renamed "Katharine Hepburn Place." Three years later Bryn Mawr College, Hepburn's alma mater, launched the Katharine Houghton Hepburn Center. It is dedicated to both the actress and her mother and encourages women to address important issues affecting their gender.[11] The Katharine Hepburn Cultural Arts Center was opened in 2009 in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, the location of the Hepburn family beach home, which she loved and later owned: "Fenwick is, and always has been, my other paradise."[12] The building includes a performance space and a Katharine Hepburn museum.[13]

A number of exhibitions have been held to showcase Hepburn's career. One Life: Kate, A Centennial Celebration was held at the The Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery in Washington DC from November 2007 to September 2008.[14] In 2015, the British Film Institute held a two-month retrospective of Hepburn's work.[15] Hepburn has also been honored with her own postal stamp as part of the "Legends of Hollywood" stamp series.[16]

Awards and nominations

Hepburn won four Academy Awards, the record number for a performer, and received a total of 12 Oscar nominations for Best Actress—a number surpassed only by Meryl Streep.[17] She received two awards and five nominations from the British Academy Film Awards, one award and six nominations from the Emmy Awards, eight Golden Globe nominations, two Tony Award nominations, and awards from the Cannes Film Festival, Venice Film Festival, the New York Film Critics Circle Awards, the People's Choice Awards, and others. Hepburn was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1979. She also won a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 1979, and received the Kennedy Center Honors, which recognize a lifetime of accomplishments in the arts, in 1990.[18]

Notes

  1. ↑ Zadie Smith, The Divine Ms H The Guardian, July 1, 2003. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  2. ↑ Ros Horton, Women Who Changed the World (Quercus, 2007, ISBN 978-1847240262).
  3. ↑ Sheridan Morley, Hepburn's spirited legacy BBC News, June 30, 2003. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  4. ↑ Andrew Britton, Katharine Hepburn: Star as Feminist New York City, NY: Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0231132770).
  5. ↑ Susan Crimp, Katharine Hepburn Once Said…: Great Lines to Live By (New York: HarperCollins, 2003 ISBN 0060581727), 5.
  6. ↑ A. Scott Berg, Kate Remembered (Putnam, 2003, ISBN 978-0399151644).
  7. ↑ Valli Herman-Cohen, The fashion rebel The Los Angeles Times, July 1, 2003. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  8. ↑ Garson Kanin, Tracy and Hepburn: An Intimate Memoir (New York City, NY: Viking, 1971, ISBN 978-0670722938).
  9. ↑ Interviewed by Calvin Klein: The Hepburn Style The Washington Post, March 9, 1986.
  10. ↑ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies - 10th Anniversary Edition American Film Institute. Retrieved July 288, 2022,
  11. ↑ Myra Yellin Outwater, Bryn Mawr gala celebrates new Katharine Hepburn center The Morning Call, September 17, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  12. ↑ Katherine Hepburn, Me: Stories of My Life (New York: Ballantine Books, 1991, ISBN 0345410092).
  13. ↑ The Katharine Hepburn Cultural Arts Center. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  14. ↑ One Life: Kate, a Centennial Celebration The Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  15. ↑ March 2015 at BFI Southbank British Film Institute. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  16. ↑ 44c Katharine Hepburn single Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  17. ↑ Academy Awards Best Actress Facts & Trivia Filmsite. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  18. ↑ Katharine Hepburn – Awards Internet Movie Database. Retrieved July 28, 2022.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Berg, A. Scott. Kate Remembered. Putnam, 2003. ISBN 978-0399151644
  • Britton, Andrew. Katharine Hepburn: Star as Feminist. New York City, NY: Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0231132770
  • Carey, Gary. Katharine Hepburn. London: Robson, 1983. ISBN 086051210X
  • Crimp, Susan. Katharine Hepburn Once Said…: Great Lines to Live By. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. ISBN 0060581727
  • Felder, Deborah G. The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time: A Ranking Past and Present. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 9780806517261
  • Hepburn, Katharine. Me: Stories of My Life. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991. ISBN 0345410092
  • Hepburn, Katharine. The Making of The African Queen; Or, How I Went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall and Huston and Almost Lost My Mind. New York: Knopf, 1987. ISBN 0712619062
  • Horton, Ros. Women Who Changed the World. Quercus, 2007. ISBN 978-1847240262
  • Leaming, Barbara. Katharine Hepburn. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Record, 1997. ISBN 850104685X

External links

All links retrieved October 5, 2022.

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