Adams, John Quincy

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{{Infobox_President | name=John Quincy Adams
 
{{Infobox_President | name=John Quincy Adams
 
| nationality=american
 
| nationality=american
 
| image name=John Q.Adams.jpg
 
| image name=John Q.Adams.jpg
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| order=6th President of the United States
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| order=Sixth President of the United States. Adams posed for this photograph shortly before his death in 1848. He is the earliest president of whom we have a photograph.
 
| date1=March 4, 1825
 
| date1=March 4, 1825
 
| date2=March 4, 1829
 
| date2=March 4, 1829
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'''John Quincy Adams''' (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American lawyer, diplomat, politician, and President of the United States. His party affiliations were Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Whig. Adams was the son of the second [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[John Adams]], and [[Abigail Adams]]. He is most famous as a diplomat involved in many international negotiations, and for formulating the [[Monroe Doctrine]]. As president he proposed a grand program of modernization and educational advancement, but was unable to get it through Congress. Late in life, as a Congressman, he was a leading opponent of the Slave Power, arguing that if a civil war ever broke out the president could abolish slavery by using his war powers, a policy followed by [[Abraham Lincoln]] in the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] of 1863.
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'''John Quincy Adams''' (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American lawyer, diplomat, congressman, and sixth president of the [[United States]]. The son of the revolutionary leader and second U.S. president, [[John Adams]], John Quincy was a precocious intellect and patriot who, as a child, watched the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] from a hilltop above the family farm. Adams served as secretary to his father when the elder Adams was posted as minister to [[France]], and after graduating from [[Harvard College]], Adams was appointed minister to the Netherlands at age 26. In 1802, he was elected to the United States Senate and later appointed minister to [[Russia]] by President [[James Madison]].
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As secretary of state in the administration of [[James Monroe]], Adams negotiated territorial rights to [[Florida]] from [[Spain]] and helped formulate what came to be known as the [[Monroe Doctrine]], a policy deterring [[Europe|European]] colonial adventurism in the Western Hemisphere. As president, he proposed a grand program of modernization and educational advancement, but was unable to gain its approval through the [[United States Congress]]. After his presidency, he became the only former U.S. chief executive to serve in Congress. As a representative from Massachusetts from 1830 to 1848, he was an early and outspoken opponent of slavery, arguing that if a civil war ever broke out the president could abolish slavery by using his war powers, a policy followed by [[Abraham Lincoln]] when he issued the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] of 1863. He collapsed on the House floor in 1848, and died shortly after.
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Like his father, Adams was religiously devout and his deep Christian convictions informed his political principles as well as his private life. His son, [[Charles Francis Adams]], was a leading diplomat during the [[American Civil War]], and grandson, [[Henry Adams]], a noted historian of the [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] presidency and a prominent man of letters.
  
 
==Early life==  
 
==Early life==  
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Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts in a part of town which eventually became Quincy. The John Quincy Adams birthplace, now part of Adams National Historical Park, is open to the public, as is the nearby Abigail Adams Cairn that marks the site from which Adams witnessed the Battle of Bunker Hill as a seven-year-old boy.
 
  
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Much of Adams' youth was spent overseas accompanying his father, who served as an American envoy to [[France]] from 1778 until 1779 and to the [[Netherlands]] in 1780. During this period, he acquired his early education at institutions such as the University of Leiden. After returning to America, he entered Harvard College and graduated in 1787. He was then admitted to the bar and began practicing law in Boston, Massachusetts.
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John Quincy Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts, in a part of town which eventually became Quincy. The son of John and [[Abigail Adams]], both with ancestry tracing to the first generation of [[Puritans|Puritan]] New England immigrants, John Quincy revered both of his parents for their emphasis on virtue and the cause of liberty. As a seven year old boy, the young Adams with his mother witnessed the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] from a hilltop by his home, and spent his formative early years with a precocious awareness that his often-absent father was engaged in the historic effort to obtain liberty for a new nation. 
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Abigail regularly instructed the child on both the virtues of the Christian faith and the singular calling of his important father. The voluminous correspondence between the elder Adams and Abigail often included admonitions to the youth, which were read with the gravity of sacred scripture. The elder Adams asked his son to join him in being the "sworn enemy of ingratitude, injustice, cowardice, and falsehood," and when not engaged in his Latin and Greek studies, the ten-year-old boy should prepare for "a role in wars, congresses, and negotiations certain to occur as the nation developed."<ref>Paul C. Nagel, ''John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, A Private Life'' (New York: Knopf, 1997). ISBN 0-679-40444-9</ref> John Quincy's earliest letters suggest that his controlling ambition was to measure up to the expectations of his parents, with reassurances that he was seeking "to be a better boy" so his parents would never "be ashamed of me."<ref>Nagel, 11.</ref>
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At the remarkable age eleven, Adams began a public career in the service of the nation, accompanying his father who served as an American envoy to [[France]] from 1778 until 1779, and to the [[Netherlands]] in 1780. During this period, he acquired his early education at institutions such as the University of Leiden. After returning to America, he entered [[Harvard College]] and graduated in 1787. He was then admitted to the bar and began practicing law in [[Boston]].
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==Political career==
  
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==Early political career==
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[[George Washington]] appointed Adams as minister to the [[Netherlands]] from 1794 until 1796, and to Portugal in 1796. With Washington's urging, the first president's successor, John Adams, appointed the younger Adams minister to [[Russia]], a post he held from 1797 until 1801. While serving abroad, he married Louisa Catherine Johnson, the daughter of an American merchant.  
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[[George Washington]] appointed Adams as minister to the [[Netherlands]] from 1794 until 1796 and to Portugal in 1796. With George Washington's urging, his father appointed him minister to [[Russia]] from 1797 until 1801. While serving abroad, he married Louisa Catherine Johnson, the daughter of an American merchant.  
 
  
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Adams afterwords returned to Quincy where he lived in the Old House which is now a museum. He began his political career in 1802 when he was elected to the Massachusetts Senate. Adams was an unsuccessful Federalist candidate for election to the [[United States]] House of Representatives in the same year. He was elected as a Federalist to the [[United States]] Senate, serving from March 4, 1803, until June 8, 1808, breaking with the Federalists and becoming a Republican.  
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Adams afterward returned to Quincy, beginning his political career in 1802, when he was elected to the Massachusetts Senate. Adams was an unsuccessful [[Federalism|Federalist]] candidate for election to the [[United States]] House of Representatives in the same year. He was later elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate, serving from March 4, 1803 until June 8, 1808, breaking with the Federalists and becoming a Republican.  
  
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Adams served as minister to [[Russia]] from 1809 until 1814, chief negotiator of the U.S. commission for the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, and minister to the Court of St. James ([[Great Britain]]) from 1815 until 1817.
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Adams served again as minister to [[Russia]] from 1809 until 1814, chief negotiator of the U.S. commission for the [[Treaty of Ghent]] in 1814, and minister to the Court of St. James ([[United Kingdom of Great Britain]]) from 1815 until 1817.
  
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===Secretary of State===
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Adams served as secretary of state in the administration of President [[James Monroe]] from 1817 until 1825, a tenure during which he was instrumental in the acquisition of Florida.  Typically his views were consonant with those espoused by Monroe. As secretary of state, he negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty and wrote the [[Monroe Doctrine]], which cautioned European nations against meddling in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
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Adams served as Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President [[James Monroe]] from 1817 until 1825, a tenure during which he was instrumental in the acquisition of Florida.  Typically his views were consonant with those espoused by Monroe. As secretary of state, he negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty and wrote the [[Monroe Doctrine]], which cautioned European nations against meddling in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
 
  
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==Election of 1824==
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Adams ran against three other candidates—Speaker of the House [[Henry Clay]], Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, and Tennessee senator [[Andrew Jackson]]—in the presidential election of 1824. After Crawford suffered a stroke there was no clear favorite.
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Adams ran against three other candidates in the Presidential election of 1824. His opponents included Speaker of the House Henry Clay, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, and Tennessee senator [[Andrew Jackson]]. After Crawford suffered a stroke there was no clear favorite.
 
  
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After the elections no one had a majority of either the electoral votes or the popular votes, although [[Andrew Jackson]] was the winner of a plurality of both.  The House of Representatives had to decide and dropped the lowest Henry Clay, who gave his support to Adams. Adams won on the first ballot and was named president. Adams then named Clay Secretary of State to the angry complaints of [[Andrew Jackson]], who alleged a corrupt bargain and vowed to run again in 1828.
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After the elections, no one had a majority of either the electoral votes or the popular votes, although [[Andrew Jackson]] was the winner of a plurality of both.  The House of Representatives had to decide and dropped the electoral votes of Henry Clay, with the least votes. Clay then gave his support to Adams who won on the first ballot and was named president. Adams then named Clay as secretary of state to the angry complaints of Jackson, who alleged a "corrupt bargain" and vowed to run again in 1828.
  
 
==Presidency 1825–1829==
 
==Presidency 1825–1829==
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Adams served from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. He became president at the end of an era known as the "Era of Good Feelings", as political rhetoric again became vituperative.
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Adams served one term as president, from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. His election marked the end of a period known as the "Era of Good Feelings," an interregnum following the demise of the Federalist Party when the successive administrations of the Virginia Democrats [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]], and [[James Monroe]] dominated American politics.
  
 
===Domestic policies===
 
===Domestic policies===
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During his term, he worked on developing the American System. In his first annual message to Congress, Adams presented an ambitious program for modernization that included roads, canals, a national university, an astronomical observatory, and other initiatives. The support for his proposals was limited, even with his own supporters. His critics accused him of unseemly arrogance because of his narrow victory. Most of his initiatives were opposed in Congress by [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]]'s supporters, who also remained outraged over the 1824 election.
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During his term, he worked with Henry Clay on developing the [[American System]] of internal improvements. In his first annual message to Congress, Adams presented an ambitious program for modernization that included roads, canals, a national university, an astronomical observatory, and other initiatives. The support for his proposals was limited, even among his own supporters. His critics accused him of unseemly arrogance because of his narrow victory. Most of his initiatives were opposed in Congress by Jackson's supporters, who remained outraged over the 1824 election.
  
 
[[Image:canal swains lock 20040911 121236 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at Swain's Lock]]
 
[[Image:canal swains lock 20040911 121236 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at Swain's Lock]]
 
Nevertheless, some of his proposals were adopted, specifically the extension of the Cumberland Road into Ohio with surveys for its continuation west to St. Louis, the beginning of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the construction of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal and of the Portland to Louisville Canal around the falls of the Ohio, the connection of the Great Lakes to the Ohio River system in Ohio and Indiana, and the enlargement and rebuilding of the Dismal Swamp Canal in North Carolina.
 
Nevertheless, some of his proposals were adopted, specifically the extension of the Cumberland Road into Ohio with surveys for its continuation west to St. Louis, the beginning of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the construction of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal and of the Portland to Louisville Canal around the falls of the Ohio, the connection of the Great Lakes to the Ohio River system in Ohio and Indiana, and the enlargement and rebuilding of the Dismal Swamp Canal in North Carolina.
  
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One of the issues which divided the administration was protective tariffs. Henry Clay was a supporter, but Adams's Vice President John C. Calhoun was an opponent. The position of Adams was unknown, because his constituency was divided. After Adams lost the control of Congress in 1827, the situation became more complicated.  
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One of the issues which divided the administration was protective tariffs. Henry Clay was a supporter, but Adams' Vice President, [[John C. Calhoun]], was an opponent. The position of Adams was unknown, because his constituency was divided. After Adams lost the control of Congress in 1827, the situation became more complicated.  
  
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He and Clay set up a new party, the National Republican Party, but it never took root in the states. In the elections of 1827 Adams and his supporters lost the control of Congress. Senator [[Martin Van Buren]], a future president and follower of Jackson, became one of the leaders of the senate.
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He and Clay set up a new party, the National Republican Party, but it never took root in the states. In the elections of 1827, Adams and his supporters lost the control of Congress. Senator [[Martin Van Buren]], a future president and follower of Jackson, became one of the leaders of the Senate.
  
 
===Foreign policies===
 
===Foreign policies===
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Adams is regarded as one of the greatest diplomats in American history and during his tenure as Secretary of State he was one of the designers of the [[Monroe Doctrine]]. But during his term as president, Adams achieved little of consequence in foreign affairs. One of the reasons for this, was the opposition in Congress. Rivals in Congress were determined to deny him any mark of success. For example, when the new Latin American republics, formerly Spanish colonies, convened a congress to promote cooperation in the Western Hemisphere, they invited Adams to send delegates. Congress denied him the money to do so.
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Adams is regarded as one of the greatest diplomats in American history, yet during his term as president, Adams achieved little of consequence in foreign affairs. One of the reasons was the opposition in Congress, where rivals  were determined to deny him any mark of success. For example, when the new Latin American republics, formerly Spanish colonies, convened a congress to promote cooperation in the Western Hemisphere, they invited Adams to send delegates. Congress, however, denied him the money to do so.
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But thanks to the [[Monroe Doctrine]], most of the issues in foreign affairs were resolved by the time Adams became President.
 
  
 
[[Image:Ja6.gif|thumb|right|Official [[White House]] portrait of John Quincy Adams]]
 
[[Image:Ja6.gif|thumb|right|Official [[White House]] portrait of John Quincy Adams]]
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===Supreme Court appointments===
 
===Supreme Court appointments===
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*'''Robert Trimble''' – 1826
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*'''Robert Trimble'''—1826
  
 
===States admitted to the Union===
 
===States admitted to the Union===
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''None''
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''None.''
  
 
==Election of 1828==
 
==Election of 1828==
 
   
 
   
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After the election of Adams in 1825 , [[Andrew Jackson]] resigned from his senate seat. For four years he worked hard, with help from his supporters in Congress, to defeat Adams in the Presidential election of 1828. The campaign was very much a personal one. Although neither candidate personally campaigned, their political followers organized many campaign events. Both candidates were rhetorically attacked in the press. This reached a low point when Jackson's wife, Rachel, was accused of bigamy. She died a few weeks after the elections and Jackson never forgave Adams for this.
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After the election of Adams in 1825 , the defeated Andrew Jackson resigned from his Senate seat. For four years he worked hard, with help from his supporters in Congress, to defeat Adams in the presidential election of 1828. The campaign was very much a personal one. Although neither candidate personally campaigned, their political followers organized many campaign events and both were heatedly attacked in the press. This reached a low point when Jackson's wife, Rachel, was accused of bigamy. She died a few weeks after the elections and Jackson never forgave Adams for this.
  
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In the end, Adams lost the elections in a landslide. He won exactly the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800: the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware. Jackson won everything else except for New York, which gave 16 of his electoral votes to Adams.
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In the end, Adams lost the election in a landslide. He won exactly the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800: The New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware. Jackson won all other states except New York, which gave 16 of his electoral votes to Adams.
  
 
==Later life==
 
==Later life==
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After his defeat Adams didn't attend the inauguration of his successor [[Andrew Jackson]], just as his father [[John Adams]] did 28 years earlier with Jefferson's in 1801. But rather than retire, he went on to win election as a National Republican and Whig to the House of Representatives, serving from 1831 until his death. He was asked by his neighbors to run, and he agreed under two conditions: he would never solicit their votes and he would follow his conscience at all times.
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After his defeat Adams didn't attend Jackson's inauguration, just as his father had been absent at Jefferson's inauguration in 1801. Rather than retiring from public life, he went on to win election as a National Republican and Whig to the House of Representatives. He was asked by his neighbors to run, and he agreed under two conditions: He would never solicit their votes and he would follow his conscience at all times. Adams served from 1831 until his death in 1848.  
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In congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures for the 22nd through 26th, 28th and 29th Congresses, the Committee on Indian Affairs for the 27th Congress and the Committee on Foreign Affairs also for the 27th Congress. He was an important antislavery voice in congress.
 
  
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In 1834 he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of Massachusetts. In 1841, Adams represented the United States v. Amistad Africans in the Supreme Court of the United States and successfully argued that the Africans, who had seized control of a Spanish ship where they were being held as illegal slaves, should not be taken to [[Cuba]] but should be returned home as free people.
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In Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures for the 22nd through 26th, 28th, and 29th Congresses, the Committee on Indian Affairs for the 27th Congress, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs also for the 27th Congress. He was an important antislavery voice in congress.
  
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Adams died of a cerebral hemorrhage on February 23, 1848, in the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C. His interment was in the family burial ground at Quincy, and he was subsequently reinterred after his wife's death in a family crypt in the United First Parish Church across the street, where his tomb can be viewed today. His parents are also interred there.
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In 1834, he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of Massachusetts. In 1841, Adams represented the United States v. Amistad Africans in the Supreme Court of the United States and successfully argued that the Africans, who had seized control of a Spanish ship where they were being held as illegal slaves, should not be taken to [[Cuba]] but should be returned home as free people.
  
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Adams's son Charles Francis Adams also pursued a career in diplomacy and politics.
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Adams died of a cerebral hemorrhage on February 23, 1848, in the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C. His interment was in the family burial ground at Quincy, and he was subsequently re-interred after his wife's death in a family crypt in the United First Parish Church across the street, where his tomb can be viewed today. His parents are also interred there.
  
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==Trivia==
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Adams's son, Charles Francis Adams, also pursued a career in diplomacy and politics and was instrumental in securing Great Britain's neutrality during the American Civil War. The John Quincy Adams birthplace, now part of [[Adams National Historical Park]], is open to the public, as is the nearby Abigail Adams Cairn that marks the site from which Adams witnessed the Battle of Bunker Hill as a child.
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*Adams was the first president to have a close family tie to a previous president.  [[Benjamin Harrison]] was the grandson of [[William Henry Harrison]], [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] and [[Theodore Roosevelt]] were cousins, and [[George H.W. Bush]] and [[George W. Bush]] are also father and son.
 
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*Adams was one of the founders of All Souls Church, Unitarian, in Washington, D.C.
 
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*Adams was the first president to wear long pants instead of knee-breeches, which had been the fashion up to that time.
 
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*The couple named one of their sons after George Washington, making Adams the only U.S. President to do so.
 
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[[Image:John Quincy Adams 1824.jpg|thumb|300px|Adams posed for this photograph shortly before his death in 1848—almost twenty years after leaving the White House—when he was serving as a congressman from Massachusetts. He is the earliest president of whom we have a photograph.  (President Andrew Jackson was photographed in 1844-45; James Buchanan was the first president to be photographed while in office.]]
 
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*Adams was the first President to give an interview to a woman.  Adams had repeatedly refused requests for an interview with Anne Royall, the first female professional journalist in the U.S., so she took a different approach to accomplish her goal. She learned that Adams liked to skinny-dip in the Potomac River almost every morning around 5 AM, so she went to the river, gathered his clothes and sat on them until he answered all of her questions.
 
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*While in Russia, Adams and his wife lost an infant daughter, who was born in 1811, to illness.
 
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*Adams was the first president to be involved in a railroad accident. He was a passenger on a Camden & Amboy train that derailed in the meadows near Hightstown, New Jersey on November 11, 1833. His coach was the one ahead of the first car to derail. He was uninjured and continued his journey to Washington the following day.  <ref>Seriously injured in this accident was [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], future head of the New York Central Railroad, who suffered two cracked ribs and a punctured lung, taking a month to recover. Bob Withers, ''The President Travels by Train - Politics and Pullmans'', (1996)</ref>
 
  
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*Toilets, a novelty during his term, were given the nickname "Quincy" in honor of the late president. The president was the first to have such a convenience installed in the [[White House]].
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==Notes==
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*Adams County, Illinois and its county seat Quincy, Illinois is named after him, along with several other counties in the U.S..
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<references/>
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* The Adams Memorial is proposed in Washington, D.C. for John Adams and his family.
 
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* JQ Adams is one of only two presidents to publish verse in his lifetime. The other was [[Jimmy Carter]]. ''Dermot MacMurrogh'', an epic poem, about [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]s conquest of [[Ireland]] in which he subtly associated the [[Roman Catholic Church]] with English aggression was published in 1832. ''Poems of Religion and Society'', a collection of lyrical poems was published in 1848.
 
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* The actress Mary Kay Adams is a descendant of John Quincy Adams.
 
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* In the film How High, Jamal King and Silas P. Silas dig his remains from his grave and attempt to smoke him to gain knowledge to pass tests, but to no avail.
 
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* The "c" in Adams's middle name "Quincy" is properly pronounced with the ''z'' sound, not the ''s'' sound, just like the city of Quincy, Massachusetts, and Quincy Market in Boston (names derived from the same family).
 
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* He is the first of the 8 senators profiled in [[John F. Kennedy]]'s Profiles in Courage.
 
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* His last words were "This is the last of earth. I am content".
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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* Allgor, Catherine. "'A Republican in a Monarchy': Louisa Catherine Adams in Russia." ''Diplomatic History'' 1997 21(1): 15-43. Issn: 0145-2096 Fulltext in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco. Louisa Adams was with JQA in St. Petersburg almost the entire time. While not officially a diplomat, Louisa Adams did serve an invaluable role as wife-of-diplomat, becoming a favorite of the tsar and making up for her husband's utter lack of charm. She was an indispensable part of the American mission.  
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* Allgor, Catherine. "'A Republican in a Monarchy:' Louisa Catherine Adams in Russia." ''Diplomatic History'' 1997 21(1): 15-43.  
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* Bemis, Samuel Flagg. ''John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. '' vol 1 (1949), ''John Quincy Adams and the Union'' (1956), vol 2. Pulitzer prize biography.  
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* Bemis, Samuel Flagg. ''John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. '' vol 1 (1949), ''John Quincy Adams and the Union'' (1956), vol 2.  
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* Crofts, Daniel W. "Congressmen, Heroic and Otherwise" ''Reviews in American History'' 1997 25(2): 243-247. Issn: 0048-7511 Fulltext in Project Muse. Adams role in antislavery petitions debate 1835-44.  
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* Crofts, Daniel W. "Congressmen, Heroic and Otherwise." ''Reviews in American History'' 1997 25(2): 243-247.  
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* Holt, Michael F. ''The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War.'' 1999.  
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* Holt, Michael F. ''The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War.'' New Yrok: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0195055446
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* Lewis, James E., Jr.  ''John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union.'' Scholarly Resources, 2001. 164 pp. 
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* Lewis, James E., Jr.  ''John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union.'' Wilmington, Del: Scholarly Resources, 2001. ISBN 0842026223   
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* Mattie, Sean. "John Quincy Adams and American Conservatism." ''Modern Age'' 2003 45(4): 305-314. Issn: 0026-7457 Fulltext online at Ebsco
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* Mattie, Sean. "John Quincy Adams and American Conservatism." ''Modern Age'' 2003 45(4): 305-314.  
 
* McMillan, Richard. "Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain or the Birth of Modern Politics?" ''New England Journal of History'' 2001-02 58(2): 24-37.
 
* McMillan, Richard. "Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain or the Birth of Modern Politics?" ''New England Journal of History'' 2001-02 58(2): 24-37.
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* Miller, Chandra. "'Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume': the Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams." ''Missouri Historical Review'' 2000 94(4): 365-388. Issn: 0026-6582 Shows that both men considered splitting the country as a solution.  
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* Miller, Chandra. "'Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume:' The Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams." ''Missouri Historical Review'' 2000 94(4): 365-388.
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* Nagel, Paul C. ''John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life'' (1999)
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* Nagel, Paul C. ''John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life.'' New York: Knopf, 1999. ISBN 0679404449
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* Parsons, Lynn Hudson. "In Which the Political Becomes Personal, and Vice Versa: the Last Ten Years of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson" ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 2003 23(3): 421-443. Issn: 0275-1275
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* Parsons, Lynn Hudson. "In Which the Political Becomes Personal, and Vice Versa: the Last Ten Years of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson." ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 2003 23(3): 421-443.  
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* Portolano, Marlana. "John Quincy Adams's Rhetorical Crusade for Astronomy." ''Isis'' 2000 91(3): 480-503. Issn: 0021-1753 Fulltext online at Jstor and Ebsco. He tried and failed to create a national observatory.
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* Portolano, Marlana. "John Quincy Adams's Rhetorical Crusade for Astronomy." ''Isis'' 2000 91(3): 480-503.
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* Potkay, Adam S. "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams." ''Early American Literature'' 1999 34(2): 147-170. Issn: 0012-8163 Fulltext online at Swetswise and Ebsco. Adams adapted classical republican ideals of public oratory to America, viewing the multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence." Adams's ''Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory'' (1810) looks at the fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 18th century as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere.
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* Potkay, Adam S. "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams." ''Early American Literature'' 1999 34(2): 147-170.  
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* Rathbun, Lyon. "The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams." ''Rhetorica'' 2000 18(2): 175-215. Issn: 0734-8584. Shows how the classical tradition in general, and Ciceronian rhetoric in particular, influenced his political career and his response to public issues. Adams remained inspired by classical rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation had been eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis.
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* Rathbun, Lyon. "The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams." ''Rhetorica'' 2000 18(2): 175-215.  
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* Remini, Robert V. ''John Quincy Adams'' (2002) short
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* Remini, Robert V. ''John Quincy Adams.'' New York: Times Books, 2002. ISBN  0805069399 
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* Wood, Gary V.  ''Heir to the Fathers: John Quincy Adams and the Spirit of Constitutional Government'' Lexington, 2004. 249 pp.
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* Wood, Gary V.  ''Heir to the Fathers: John Quincy Adams and the Spirit of Constitutional Government.'' Lanham, Md: Lexington, 2004. ISBN 0739106015
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===Primary sources===
 
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* Butterfield, L. H. et al., eds., ''The Adams Papers'' (1961- ). Multivolume letterpress edition of all letters to and from major members of the Adams family, plus their diaries;  still incomplete.[http://www.masshist.org/adams_editorial/volumes_published.cfm]
 
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==External links==
 
==External links==
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All links retrieved August 3, 2022.
  
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* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ja6.html White House Biography]
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* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/jqadams.htm Biography of John Quincy Adams].
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* [http://www.american-presidents.com/presidents/john-quincy-adams John Quincy Adams Biography and Fact File]
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* [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/qadams.asp Inaugural Address].  
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* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/jqadams.htm Biography of John Quincy Adams]
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* [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g06.htm Medical and Health history of John Quincy Adams].  
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* [http://www.americanpresident.org/history/johnquincyadams/ American President.org Biography]
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*[http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABB5322.0001.001  Dermot MacMorrogh,: or, The conquest of Ireland. An historical tale of the twelfth century. In four cantos./ By John Quincy Adams].
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* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/qadams.htm Inaugural Address]
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*[http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABA7992.0001.001 Poems of religion and society.: With notices of his life and character by John Davis and T. H. Benton].  
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* [http://www.fff.org/freedom/1001e.asp July 4, 1821 Independence Day Speech]
 
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* [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g06.htm Medical and Health history of John Quincy Adams]
 
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*[http://www.heraldrysociety.us/presidents/index.php?page=Adams Armigerous American Presidents Series]
 
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*[http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/misc/1839-jub.htm The Jubilee of the Constitution: A Discourse]
 
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*[http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABB5322.0001.001  Dermot MacMorrogh,: or, The conquest of Ireland. An historical tale of the twelfth century. In four cantos./ By John Quincy Adams]
 
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*[http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABA7992.0001.001 Poems of religion and society.: With notices of his life and character by John Davis and T. H. Benton]
 
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Latest revision as of 07:07, 3 August 2022

John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams
Sixth President of the United States. Adams posed for this photograph shortly before his death in 1848. He is the earliest president of whom we have a photograph.
Term of office March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
Preceded by James Monroe
Succeeded by Andrew Jackson
Date of birth July 11, 1767
Place of birth Braintree, Massachusetts
Date of death February 23, 1848
Place of death Washington, D.C.
Spouse Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams
Political party Federalist, National Republican, and Whig

John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American lawyer, diplomat, congressman, and sixth president of the United States. The son of the revolutionary leader and second U.S. president, John Adams, John Quincy was a precocious intellect and patriot who, as a child, watched the Battle of Bunker Hill from a hilltop above the family farm. Adams served as secretary to his father when the elder Adams was posted as minister to France, and after graduating from Harvard College, Adams was appointed minister to the Netherlands at age 26. In 1802, he was elected to the United States Senate and later appointed minister to Russia by President James Madison.

As secretary of state in the administration of James Monroe, Adams negotiated territorial rights to Florida from Spain and helped formulate what came to be known as the Monroe Doctrine, a policy deterring European colonial adventurism in the Western Hemisphere. As president, he proposed a grand program of modernization and educational advancement, but was unable to gain its approval through the United States Congress. After his presidency, he became the only former U.S. chief executive to serve in Congress. As a representative from Massachusetts from 1830 to 1848, he was an early and outspoken opponent of slavery, arguing that if a civil war ever broke out the president could abolish slavery by using his war powers, a policy followed by Abraham Lincoln when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. He collapsed on the House floor in 1848, and died shortly after.

Like his father, Adams was religiously devout and his deep Christian convictions informed his political principles as well as his private life. His son, Charles Francis Adams, was a leading diplomat during the American Civil War, and grandson, Henry Adams, a noted historian of the Jefferson presidency and a prominent man of letters.

Early life

John Quincy Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts, in a part of town which eventually became Quincy. The son of John and Abigail Adams, both with ancestry tracing to the first generation of Puritan New England immigrants, John Quincy revered both of his parents for their emphasis on virtue and the cause of liberty. As a seven year old boy, the young Adams with his mother witnessed the Battle of Bunker Hill from a hilltop by his home, and spent his formative early years with a precocious awareness that his often-absent father was engaged in the historic effort to obtain liberty for a new nation.

Abigail regularly instructed the child on both the virtues of the Christian faith and the singular calling of his important father. The voluminous correspondence between the elder Adams and Abigail often included admonitions to the youth, which were read with the gravity of sacred scripture. The elder Adams asked his son to join him in being the "sworn enemy of ingratitude, injustice, cowardice, and falsehood," and when not engaged in his Latin and Greek studies, the ten-year-old boy should prepare for "a role in wars, congresses, and negotiations certain to occur as the nation developed."[1] John Quincy's earliest letters suggest that his controlling ambition was to measure up to the expectations of his parents, with reassurances that he was seeking "to be a better boy" so his parents would never "be ashamed of me."[2]

At the remarkable age eleven, Adams began a public career in the service of the nation, accompanying his father who served as an American envoy to France from 1778 until 1779, and to the Netherlands in 1780. During this period, he acquired his early education at institutions such as the University of Leiden. After returning to America, he entered Harvard College and graduated in 1787. He was then admitted to the bar and began practicing law in Boston.

Political career

George Washington appointed Adams as minister to the Netherlands from 1794 until 1796, and to Portugal in 1796. With Washington's urging, the first president's successor, John Adams, appointed the younger Adams minister to Russia, a post he held from 1797 until 1801. While serving abroad, he married Louisa Catherine Johnson, the daughter of an American merchant.

Adams afterward returned to Quincy, beginning his political career in 1802, when he was elected to the Massachusetts Senate. Adams was an unsuccessful Federalist candidate for election to the United States House of Representatives in the same year. He was later elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate, serving from March 4, 1803 until June 8, 1808, breaking with the Federalists and becoming a Republican.

Adams served again as minister to Russia from 1809 until 1814, chief negotiator of the U.S. commission for the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, and minister to the Court of St. James (United Kingdom of Great Britain) from 1815 until 1817.

Adams served as secretary of state in the administration of President James Monroe from 1817 until 1825, a tenure during which he was instrumental in the acquisition of Florida. Typically his views were consonant with those espoused by Monroe. As secretary of state, he negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty and wrote the Monroe Doctrine, which cautioned European nations against meddling in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Adams ran against three other candidates—Speaker of the House Henry Clay, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, and Tennessee senator Andrew Jackson—in the presidential election of 1824. After Crawford suffered a stroke there was no clear favorite.

After the elections, no one had a majority of either the electoral votes or the popular votes, although Andrew Jackson was the winner of a plurality of both. The House of Representatives had to decide and dropped the electoral votes of Henry Clay, with the least votes. Clay then gave his support to Adams who won on the first ballot and was named president. Adams then named Clay as secretary of state to the angry complaints of Jackson, who alleged a "corrupt bargain" and vowed to run again in 1828.

Presidency 1825–1829

Adams served one term as president, from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. His election marked the end of a period known as the "Era of Good Feelings," an interregnum following the demise of the Federalist Party when the successive administrations of the Virginia Democrats Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe dominated American politics.

Domestic policies

During his term, he worked with Henry Clay on developing the American System of internal improvements. In his first annual message to Congress, Adams presented an ambitious program for modernization that included roads, canals, a national university, an astronomical observatory, and other initiatives. The support for his proposals was limited, even among his own supporters. His critics accused him of unseemly arrogance because of his narrow victory. Most of his initiatives were opposed in Congress by Jackson's supporters, who remained outraged over the 1824 election.

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at Swain's Lock

Nevertheless, some of his proposals were adopted, specifically the extension of the Cumberland Road into Ohio with surveys for its continuation west to St. Louis, the beginning of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the construction of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal and of the Portland to Louisville Canal around the falls of the Ohio, the connection of the Great Lakes to the Ohio River system in Ohio and Indiana, and the enlargement and rebuilding of the Dismal Swamp Canal in North Carolina.

One of the issues which divided the administration was protective tariffs. Henry Clay was a supporter, but Adams' Vice President, John C. Calhoun, was an opponent. The position of Adams was unknown, because his constituency was divided. After Adams lost the control of Congress in 1827, the situation became more complicated.

He and Clay set up a new party, the National Republican Party, but it never took root in the states. In the elections of 1827, Adams and his supporters lost the control of Congress. Senator Martin Van Buren, a future president and follower of Jackson, became one of the leaders of the Senate.

Foreign policies

Adams is regarded as one of the greatest diplomats in American history, yet during his term as president, Adams achieved little of consequence in foreign affairs. One of the reasons was the opposition in Congress, where rivals were determined to deny him any mark of success. For example, when the new Latin American republics, formerly Spanish colonies, convened a congress to promote cooperation in the Western Hemisphere, they invited Adams to send delegates. Congress, however, denied him the money to do so.

Official White House portrait of John Quincy Adams

Administration and Cabinet

OFFICE NAME TERM
President John Quincy Adams 1825–1829
Vice President John C. Calhoun 1825–1829
Secretary of State Henry Clay 1825–1829
Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush 1825–1829
Secretary of War James Barbour 1825–1828
Peter Porter 1828–1829
Attorney General William Wirt 1825–1829
Postmaster General John McLean 1825–1829
Secretary of the Navy Samuel Southard 1825–1829


Supreme Court appointments

  • Robert Trimble—1826

States admitted to the Union

None.

Election of 1828

After the election of Adams in 1825 , the defeated Andrew Jackson resigned from his Senate seat. For four years he worked hard, with help from his supporters in Congress, to defeat Adams in the presidential election of 1828. The campaign was very much a personal one. Although neither candidate personally campaigned, their political followers organized many campaign events and both were heatedly attacked in the press. This reached a low point when Jackson's wife, Rachel, was accused of bigamy. She died a few weeks after the elections and Jackson never forgave Adams for this.

In the end, Adams lost the election in a landslide. He won exactly the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800: The New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware. Jackson won all other states except New York, which gave 16 of his electoral votes to Adams.

Later life

After his defeat Adams didn't attend Jackson's inauguration, just as his father had been absent at Jefferson's inauguration in 1801. Rather than retiring from public life, he went on to win election as a National Republican and Whig to the House of Representatives. He was asked by his neighbors to run, and he agreed under two conditions: He would never solicit their votes and he would follow his conscience at all times. Adams served from 1831 until his death in 1848.

In Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures for the 22nd through 26th, 28th, and 29th Congresses, the Committee on Indian Affairs for the 27th Congress, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs also for the 27th Congress. He was an important antislavery voice in congress.

In 1834, he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of Massachusetts. In 1841, Adams represented the United States v. Amistad Africans in the Supreme Court of the United States and successfully argued that the Africans, who had seized control of a Spanish ship where they were being held as illegal slaves, should not be taken to Cuba but should be returned home as free people.

Adams died of a cerebral hemorrhage on February 23, 1848, in the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C. His interment was in the family burial ground at Quincy, and he was subsequently re-interred after his wife's death in a family crypt in the United First Parish Church across the street, where his tomb can be viewed today. His parents are also interred there.

Adams's son, Charles Francis Adams, also pursued a career in diplomacy and politics and was instrumental in securing Great Britain's neutrality during the American Civil War. The John Quincy Adams birthplace, now part of Adams National Historical Park, is open to the public, as is the nearby Abigail Adams Cairn that marks the site from which Adams witnessed the Battle of Bunker Hill as a child.

Notes

  1. ↑ Paul C. Nagel, John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, A Private Life (New York: Knopf, 1997). ISBN 0-679-40444-9
  2. ↑ Nagel, 11.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Allgor, Catherine. "'A Republican in a Monarchy:' Louisa Catherine Adams in Russia." Diplomatic History 1997 21(1): 15-43.
  • Bemis, Samuel Flagg. John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. vol 1 (1949), John Quincy Adams and the Union (1956), vol 2.
  • Crofts, Daniel W. "Congressmen, Heroic and Otherwise." Reviews in American History 1997 25(2): 243-247.
  • Holt, Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. New Yrok: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0195055446
  • Lewis, James E., Jr. John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union. Wilmington, Del: Scholarly Resources, 2001. ISBN 0842026223
  • Mattie, Sean. "John Quincy Adams and American Conservatism." Modern Age 2003 45(4): 305-314.
  • McMillan, Richard. "Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain or the Birth of Modern Politics?" New England Journal of History 2001-02 58(2): 24-37.
  • Miller, Chandra. "'Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume:' The Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams." Missouri Historical Review 2000 94(4): 365-388.
  • Nagel, Paul C. John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life. New York: Knopf, 1999. ISBN 0679404449
  • Parsons, Lynn Hudson. "In Which the Political Becomes Personal, and Vice Versa: the Last Ten Years of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson." Journal of the Early Republic 2003 23(3): 421-443.
  • Portolano, Marlana. "John Quincy Adams's Rhetorical Crusade for Astronomy." Isis 2000 91(3): 480-503.
  • Potkay, Adam S. "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams." Early American Literature 1999 34(2): 147-170.
  • Rathbun, Lyon. "The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams." Rhetorica 2000 18(2): 175-215.
  • Remini, Robert V. John Quincy Adams. New York: Times Books, 2002. ISBN 0805069399
  • Wood, Gary V. Heir to the Fathers: John Quincy Adams and the Spirit of Constitutional Government. Lanham, Md: Lexington, 2004. ISBN 0739106015

External links

All links retrieved August 3, 2022.

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