Difference between revisions of "Jehovah's Witnesses" - New World Encyclopedia

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Watchtower Buildings in Brooklyn, New York

(Darry, Please reduce the size of this aricle to around 6000 words)

Jehovah’s Witnesses are an international religious organization that rejects much of modern mainstream Christianity in favour of what they believe is a restored form of first-century Christianity.^[1]^[2] Jehovah's Witnesses are governed by their understanding of Scriptural laws and principles based on instructions received from the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. is a legal organization in use by Jehovah’s Witnesses for their ministry work.

The religion was developed in response “to what they saw as compromise and corruption in mainstream Christianity.”^[3] They dispute doctrines such as the Trinity, hellfire, immortality of the soul, and clergy-laity divisions as illegitimate additions to the original Christian teachings.^[4] The name "Jehovah’s Witnesses" is based on Isaiah 43:10, and was adopted in 1931.^[5] The Watchtower Society has been publishing religious materials since the late 19th century, its most widely known publications being the magazines The Watchtower and Awake!^[6]^[7]

Jehovah’s Witnesses count as adherents the number attending its meetings, which as of 2006 is some 16.5 million.^[8]^[9] Of these adherents it counts as members those who report time preaching each month. As of August 2006 this membership is about 6.5 million.^[10]

The central theme of their preaching is the sanctification of God's name and the vindication of His sovereignty by means of His Kingdom, with Jesus Christ as its Ruler. The Witnesses believe that the reign of Jesus began with the Second Coming or presence of Christ which was marked prophetically as the end of the "Gentile Times." Originally, this was believed to have occurred invisibly in 1874, but this date was later revised to 1914.^[11]

Other Witness teachings include the use of God's personal name, Jehovah which appears more than 7,000 times in the original Bible manuscripts and is usually translated as YHWH – also Yahweh in English – and the belief that making his personal name known to others is an important part of worship.^[12] They believe that Jesus' death was necessary to atone for the sin brought into the world by the first man, Adam, thus opening the way for the hope of everlasting life for mankind. It is also taught that 144,000 people will receive immortal life in heaven as co-rulers, with Jesus Christ, guiding the rest of mankind to perfection on a paradise earth during the 1000 year reign. Witnesses believe that during the war of Armageddon, which they believe to be imminent, the wicked will be destroyed, and that the survivors of this event, along with millions of individuals resurrected, will form a new society ruled by a heavenly government and have the possibility of living forever in an earthly paradise – that possibility based on their actions post-resurrection.

History

Ancient Israelites

Historically, Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the first one of Jehovah's Witnesses is Abel.(Heb.11:4) He is called one of "many witnesses" of God.(Heb.12:1) Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph etc. are also referred to as such. Ancient Israelites were a nation dedicated to God, and they were also called Jehovah's witnesses.^[13](Isaiah 43:10)

Jesus Christ and Christian

Jesus Christ is called the faithful witness of God in the Bible.(Rev.1:5) During his life, he declared the good news of the kingdom of God. (Luke 4:43) After his death, early Christians became Jesus' witnesses. ^[14](Acts 1:8) They were also witnesses of God because they witnessed for the glory to God.(Phil. 2:9-11) But in about C.E.56, the apostasy occurred among them, their mind started to be divided.(Acts 20:29, 30) After the death of John, the last apostle, the apostasy had spread.(2 Timothy 2:17) Jehovah's Witnesses believe they dismissed Bible teaching, and they received Greek philosophy and heathen teaching. They believe Apostate Christians formed Christendom.

Modern Witnesses

Modern Jehovah's Witnesses originated with the religious movement known as Bible Students, which was founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell. A schism erupted in 1917 at the beginning of the presidency of Russell's successor, Joseph Franklin Rutherford. Those who remained supportive of the Watchtower Society adopted the name Jehovah's Witnesses in 1931 under Rutherford's leadership. Those who did not support Rutherford formed various Bible Student groups which have retained Russell's teachings. Jehovah's Witnesses no longer use "Bible Students" as a name for their religion.

File:Russell Charles Taze 1911 .jpg

Charles Taze Russell (1852–1916)

Russell and Barbour

In the early 1870s, Russell organized a Bible study group of friends and family of various religions, mostly Second Adventists (a group that arose after the Millerite Great Disappointment) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[15] An interest in Bible prophecy was sparked, in part, by Jonas Wendell. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour and subsequently adopted Barbour's eschatology. Barbour had predicted the visible return of Christ at 1873, and when that failed to occur, he revised the prediction to 1874. ^[16] ^[17] Soon after Barbour's second disappointment, his group decided Christ had returned invisibly to Earth in 1874. ^[18] They differed from most Second Adventists by teaching that all mankind descending from Adam would be given a chance to live in a paradise on Earth.^[19]A gathering of the saints to heaven was expected for 1878 and the year 1914 was to be the final end of the rule of human governments, marking a forty-year period from 1874.^[20]

Russell's break with Barbour

In July 1879, Russell broke with Barbour over the concept of substitutionary atonement ^[21] and he soon began publishing his own magazine, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence (now known as The Watchtower).^[22] After the break, Russell retained the bulk of Barbour's eschatological views. He also maintained the Adventist rejection of the traditional view of Hell and by 1882 had rejected the doctrine of the Trinity.^[23] He became known as "Pastor Russell", and in 1881 formed the legal entity which developed into the non-profit organization: The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (currently headquartered in New York City).^[24] In 1884, it was incorporated, with Russell as president. He authored the six-volume series, Studies in the Scriptures.^[25] Early editions predicted that Armageddon would culminate in the year 1914.^[26]Russell also wrote regarding his expectations: "We are not prophesying; we are merely giving our surmises . . . We do not even aver that there is no mistake in our interpretation of prophecy and our calculations of chronology. We have merely laid these before you, leaving it for each to exercise his own faith or doubt in respect to them."^[27] In 1914, Russell founded the International Bible Students Association in the United Kingdom.

Presidency of Joseph Franklin Rutherford

File:Rutherford.jpg

Joseph Franklin Rutherford (1869-1942)

Following Russell's death on October 31, 1916, an editorial committee of five was set up to supervise the writing of the Watch Tower magazine, as set forth in Russell's Last Will and Testament.^[28] On January 6, 1917, Joseph Franklin Rutherford (also known as "Judge Rutherford") was elected second President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. A power struggle soon developed between Rutherford and four of the seven-member Board of Directors of the Society.^[29] Matters reached a climax on July 17, 1917 as the book The Finished Mystery was released to the staff of Bethel, which is the name by which the headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses in Brooklyn is known.^[30] Rutherford announced to the staff that he was also dismissing the four directors and replacing them with new members, claiming they had not been legally elected.^[31] The four dismissed directors set up the Pastoral Bible Institute and began publishing their own religious journal. Dissension and schisms ensued in congregations worldwide as a result of these events, and of the consequences of new predictions made for the years 1918,^[32] 1920^[33] and 1925.^[34]^[35]

Template:Jehovah's Witnesses/eschatology The Finished Mystery, published in 1917, was controversial in its criticism of Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in war.^[36]Citing this book, the United States federal government indicted Rutherford and the new board of directors for violating the Espionage Act on May 7, 1918. They were found guilty and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. However, in March 1919, the judgment against them was reversed and they were released from prison. The charges were later dropped.^[37]

An emphasis on house-to-house preaching began in 1922.^[38] The period from 1925-1933 saw many significant changes in doctrine. Attendance at their yearly Memorial dropped from a high of 90,434 in 1925^[39] down to 17,380 in 1928,^[40] due to the previous power struggle, the failed predictions for the year 1925,^[41] and the evolving doctrinal changes which alienated those who sided with Russell's views.^[42] By 1933, 1914 was seen as the beginning of Christ's presence, his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days" instead of being considered the terminal date in their chronology.^[43] The editorial committee was disbanded with Rutherford having the final say regarding what went into Watchtower publications.^[44] The offices and election of elders and deacons were also discontinued during this era with all "servants" in local congregations being appointed by headquarters.^[45]

Hitler's Nazi Germany persecuted Jehovah's Witnesses and many were imprisoned in concentration camps. Their identifying badge was a purple triangle.^[46] In a book on Jehovah's Witnesses under the Nazi regime, Hans Hesse commented, "Some five thousand Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps where they alone were 'voluntary prisoners', so termed because the moment they recanted their views, they could be freed. Some lost their lives in the camps, but few renounced their faith"^[47] During this time period, Witnesses also experienced mob violence in America and were temporarily banned in Canada and Australia because they were perceived as being against the war effort.^[48]

Under Rutherford, membership grew from about 21,000 in 1917 to about 115,000 at the time of his death in 1942.

Nathan Knorr, reorganization, and subsequent Presidents

Nathan Homer Knorr succeeded Rutherford as president of the Watch Tower Society. Known as an efficient administrator, Knorr founded the Watchtower Bible School of Gilead to train missionaries, as well as the Theocratic Ministry School to train preaching and teaching at the congregational level. Significant Supreme Court victories involving the rights of free speech and religion for Jehovah's Witnesses have had a great impact on legal interpretation of these rights for others.^[49] In 1943, the United States Supreme Court ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education vs. Barnette that school children of Jehovah's Witnesses could not be compelled to salute the flag.

Knorr's vice-president Frederick William Franz became the leading theologian, and is believed to have been the principal translator of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.^[50] Also produced were a Greek-English New Testament interlinear (The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures) and a Bible dictionary (Aid to Bible Understanding).^[51] The offices of elder and ministerial servant (deacon) were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments being made from headquarters.^[52] Membership rose from 115,000 to over 2 million under Knorr's presidency.

File:Watchtower headquarters.jpg

Watchtower Building facing East River in New York

During the 1960s^[53] and early 1970s, various references were made in Witnesses' literature and at assemblies, implying that Christ's thousand-year millennial reign might begin by 1975.^[54] The chronology pointing to 1975 was noted in the secular media at the time.^[55] From 1975 to 1980, there was a drop in membership following the failure of this prediction.^[56] In 1980, the Watchtower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding the year 1975.^[57]

In 1976, the leadership of Jehovah's Witnesses was reorganized, and the power of the presidency passed on to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. Subsequent presidents of the Watch Tower Society after Knorr's death in 1977 have been Frederick William Franz, Milton George Henschel and Don A. Adams. However, since 1976, doctrinal and organizational decisions have been made by the Governing Body and they supervise the writing of Watchtower publications.^[58] Witnesses no longer teach that the generation of people alive in 1914 will survive until Armageddon,^[59] but are encouraged not to lose confidence in "the nearness of Jehovah's day of judgment"^[60]

Demographics

File:JWStats.png

Average Publishers, 1945–2005

Jehovah's Witnesses have an active presence in most countries, though they do not form a large part of the population of any country. Brazil, Mexico, and the United States are the only countries where the number of active Witness publishers exceeds half a million. As of August 2006, Jehovah's Witnesses have an average of 6.5 million members actively involved in preaching.^[61] Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 6.7 million.^[62] However, there has been a decline in growth rates, from over 8% per annum in the mid 1970s, to 5% per annum in the mid 1990s, to about 2% per annum since 1999.^[63] Growth rates and activity reports tend to show significant geographical variation. ^[64] The official published membership statistics only include those who have reported preaching activity. 'Inactive' members, who have either not been involved in preaching or have not submitted reports, are not included in the reported figures but may be reflected in the attendance at the Witnesses' annual Memorial, with over 16.6 million attending in 2006.^[65]

Organizational structure

The Watchtower Society was incorporated as Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society in 1884. Its directors served as the central Governing Body overseeing the global preaching of God’s Kingdom.^[66] This initial Governing Body was comprised of five men and two women.^[67] As of 1971 the Governing Body consisted of the Board of Directors of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, a body of seven men, and the agenda of the Governing Body was set by the President of the Watch Tower Society, who was also a member. The Governing Body was enlarged by Nathan H. Knorr to include other members of the Society in 1971, and its membership rose to eleven men. In that year, the chairmanship of the group began to rotate annually. ^[68]

Jehovah's Witnesses are currently led by a small Governing Body located at the Watchtower headquarters. The Governing Body operates in line with scriptual example. The number of men who make up the Governing Body has ranged from 9 to 17 and now stands at 9. The Governing Body, through the departments of its various legal organizations, directs the operation of the 112 branches throughout the world.^[69] Members volunteer to operate these facilities. Each branch assigns circuit overseers who travel among various congregations, spending a week with each. Within each local congregation, elders assigned by the branch organize the congregation's public ministry and schedule various speakers for congregational teaching. They also decide on qualified members of the congregation for the positions of elder or ministerial servant, requiring the approval of higher leadership.

Elders are prominent in congregational matters, particularly in religious instruction and spiritual counseling. Ministerial servants generally assist elders in a limited administrative capacity. Both are unpaid, but circuit and district overseers receive a small financial living allowance. All baptized Witnesses are considered to be ordained ministers and are expected to be able to provide religious instruction to others. Males are encouraged to qualify for responsibilities in the congregation and to work towards becoming ministerial servants or elders. Within local congregations the role of women is minimal in terms of responsibility. They cannot serve as elders or ministerial servants, though they carry out a large proportion of the preaching work, including helping others in the congregation to become more regular in preaching.

The legal instruments of Jehovah's Witnesses include corporations that represent the religion in legal matters. Most well known is the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. In 2000, three new non-profit corporations were organized:

Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses coordinates all service (i.e., preaching) activities, including door-to-door preaching, circuit and district conventions, etc.

Religious Order of Jehovah's Witnesses coordinates the activities of those involved in full-time service, including pioneers, missionaries, and circuit and district overseers.

Kingdom Support Services, Inc. controls construction of new Kingdom Halls and other facilities and holds the titles to Society-owned vehicles.

Publications

The publishing arm of Jehovah's Witnesses, known as the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania engages in extensive publication work. In addition to their two magazines— 'The Watchtower' and 'Awake!' — they also publish many brochures, tracts, books, Bible maps, and encyclopedias including the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. All publications now available in 432 languages.

The Watchtower has been published since 1879.^[70]This magazine is published twice a month and is now available in 161 languages. It is the Witnesses' main journal and its articles are considered authoritative. It features articles primarily dealing with Bible topics and interpretation. Organizational news and biographies of various members are also occasionally included. Beginning in 2008, only the first issue of each month will be distributed to the general public. The second issue of each month will not be offered to the public but will contain congregational study articles and other inter-organizational information.
Awake!, a general interest magazine, has a wider scope than the Watchtower, publishing articles on science, nature, and geography, usually with a religious slant. Earlier titles for this magazine were The Golden Age (1919–1937) and Consolation (1937–1946). It is now published monthly and is available in 81 languages.

New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures is a translation of the Bible. This Bible extensively uses the name Jehovah, an English version of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, also replacing the Greek word for "Lord" over 200 times in the New Testament. However, it is said not to be a replacement since the translators quote that they have placed the name 'Jehovah' (JHVH/YHWH) into the scriptures wherever the tetro. appeared, as is agreed by many. ^{[citation needed]}It was translated by the New World Bible Translation Committee from 1950 to 1960, and was last revised in 1984 in English. It is now available in 64 Languages. The translators have opted to remain anonymous but others have identified them as being prominent leaders of the movement.^[71]

All publications printed by Jehovah's Witnesses in their 8 locations branch office : United States of America, (for United States of America, Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada), Mexico (for Mexico and Central America Countries), Brazil (for Brazil and South America Countries), Germany (for Germany, West Europe Countries, North Europe Countries, South Europe Countries, East Europe Countries, Greenland, Iceland, Indonesia (for Arabic, Dutch, German, Russia, and Spanish) and former Soviet Union Countries), Britain (for United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, Ireland, and Middle East Countries), South Africa (for South Africa and African Countries), Japan (for Japan, East Asia Countries, West Asia Countries, South Asia Countries, and South East Asia Countries), and Australia (for Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Indonesia (for French), Pacific Countries, Pacific Islands, and Pacific Territory). Since 1 January 2000 in worldwide all publications are offered free of charge.

Beliefs and practices

Witnesses consider the entire Biblical canon, excluding the Apocrypha, to be the inspired word of God. They interpret some of the scriptures literally and some of the scriptures figuratively, ^[72] though it is acknowledged that biblical writers and characters employed symbolism, parable, figures of speech, and poeticism.^[73] They hold that the Bible alone should be used for determining issues of doctrine. Interpretation of scripture and codification of doctrines is considered the responsibility of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses.^[74] Jehovah's Witnesses view God as the creator of everything and supreme being, the sovereign of the universe. They believe that God's name is Jehovah (a derivative of the Tetragrammaton^[75]), and that its use is a requirement for true worship.^[76] Jesus is believed to be God's first creation, and thus is considered to be an independent entity from God who was used by Him to create everything else.^[77] Jesus is literally the only begotten Son of God, and received his life from God. He is the only means by which to approach God in prayer, and is also the means of salvation for all worthy mankind.^[78] They believe that only Jesus Christ is their leader (Matt.23:10), and he is a head of Congregation(Col.1:18), and those who are taking the lead (a president of Watch Tower Society, members of governing body and elders) must obey him.(Heb.13:7) His role as mediator of the "new covenant" is limited to those going to heaven,^[79] whose number totals 144,000. The vast majority of Jehovah's Witnesses expect to live on a renewed paradise on Earth.^[80] They believe that Jesus did not die on a cross but on a "torture stake".^[81] The holy spirit is not a person but is God's active force.^[82] The soul is the person itself, not an immortal immaterial entity that dwells inside the body.^[83] Thus, souls of deceased persons who are not immediately resurrected to heaven are considered dead, and death itself is a state of non-existence with no consciousness.^[84] Hades or Sheol is the designated common grave of all mankind. They do not believe in any Hell of fiery torment.^[85]^[86] The "last days" began in 1914 and Armageddon is imminent.^[87] After false religion is destroyed, governments also face destruction.^[88] Any who are not deemed faithful by God will be destroyed with no hope of resurrection.^[89] The fate of some, such as small children or the mentally ill, remains to be decided by God.^[90] After Armageddon, an unknown number of people, both righteous and unrighteous, who had died (prior to Armageddon) will be resurrected, with the prospect of living forever in paradise.^[91]

Their view of morality often reflects conservative Christian views. Homosexuality and premarital sex are considered sins.^[92] Abortion is considered murder.^[93] Modesty is heavily encouraged in dress and grooming. Gambling is strictly forbidden.^[94] The family structure is patriarchal. The husband is considered the final authority on family decisions, but is strongly encouraged to solicit his wife's thoughts and feelings. Marriages are required to be monogamous.^[95] They are widely criticized for their literal interpretation of the scriptures that prohibit eating or storing blood. (Leviticus 17:13,14; Acts 15:28,29) This interpretation leads to the controversial conclusion that blood should not be transfused. ^[96] Practices that connote nationalism or false religion are avoided. Weddings, anniversaries, and funerals are typically observed; however, common celebrations and religious or national holidays such as birthdays, Thanksgiving, and Christmas are regarded as unchristian and are not celebrated.^[97] Witnesses are perhaps best known for the vigorous efforts by all members to spread their beliefs throughout the world. They do this mainly by visiting people house to house,^[98] ^[99] but also in a variety of other ways. They use Watchtower publications to explain their beliefs. Literature is published in many languages through a wide variety of books, magazines and other publications, with a small number being available in as many as 410 languages.

Jehovah's Witnesses are politically neutral.^[100] They feel that their allegiance belongs to God's Kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government. Thus they refrain from saluting the flag of any country or singing nationalistic songs.^[101] They believe that such an act would be tantamount to worshipping an idol. Members are expected to obey all laws, including the paying of taxes, of the country in which they reside, so long as these do not violate what they view as God's law.^[102] The political neutrality of Jehovah's Witnesses is also expressed by their refusal to participate in military service, even when such is of a compulsory nature, and by their detachment from secular politics. Before 1996, Jehovah's Witnesses also refused alternatives to military service.^[103]^[104]^[105]

Aid work after large natural disasters is considered an important part of their work, though secondary to their preaching effort. Large sums of donated money are used in the affected areas to rebuild communities and provide aid. The focus of relief efforts is primarily on helping fellow members and rebuilding Kingdom Halls, while providing assistance to others in need near the area in which they are working. Examples of relief work include that provided to Hutu and Tutsi victims during the Rwandan genocide, as well as to Congo refugees.^[106] Witnesses have also had an active share in the relief work of hurricane Katrina in the United States of America.^[107] However, on-going aid work as provided by some other religious groups, such as soup kitchens, clothing donations, or building homes for the homeless is not practiced. The preaching work is regarded as a form of humanitarian effort by giving people hope for the future.^[108]

The most important annual event is the commemoration of Jesus' death (referred to as "the Memorial") held after sundown on the date corresponding to Nisan 14 on the Hebrew calendar. Onlookers do not partake of the emblems representing Christ's flesh and blood unless they believe they have the heavenly hope. Typically, in most congregations no one partakes since almost all Witnesses today believe their hope is to live on a paradise earth. Weekly meetings are also held, featuring a variety of discourses. Elders and ministerial servants deliver the majority of these. But in the "Theocratic Ministry School", one of the five meetings, some male students who are not appointed servants can also give discourses in a class setting. "Sisters are also given opportunity to enroll in the school and present talks in settings that involve house to house ministry, or informal settings where one might share a Bible thought. ^[109] The sisters are not addressing themselves to the entire audience but, rather, to the one assigned to take the role of householder or other person." .^[110] Certain segments also feature audience participation.

Congregational discipline

Jehovah's Witnesses employ various levels of congregational discipline as formal controls administered by elders in the congregation. The determination of guilt or innocence is judged by a tribunal of elders. A variety of controls can be enforced, from a restriction of duties performed in the congregation to excommunication, known as disfellowshipping, and shunning by the congregation. Members who are disfellowshipped have an opportunity to regain membership. The practice of shunning has been criticized by many non-members.

Congregational discipline is administered by congregation elders through a 'judicial committee'. Only after an accusation (or confession) of serious wrongdoing is made against a baptized member of the congregation, and there appears to be sufficient substance to the accusation, is a judicial committee (usually consisting of three elders) formed to review the facts and to determine if there is sufficient proof of evidence or admission to offer counsel or to administer discipline. Marking is employed when a member persists in conduct that is considered a clear violation of Scriptural principles, yet not of a sufficient seriousness to warrant disfellowshipping. If the conduct of the individual is considered a danger to the members of the congregation, a talk may be given regarding the conduct (without naming the individual), thus 'marking' the member in the minds of those who know of the conduct.(2 Thessalonians 3:6, 13-15)^[111] Though such a person would not be shunned, social interaction outside of formal worship settings would generally be minimized.^[112] Reproof involves sins which are more serious than those for which one would be "marked". Reproof is given before all who have knowledge of the transgression.^[113] The most severe discipline, administered as a last resort after previously mentioned assistance has failed, is disfellowshipping. The factor determining whether an individual would be disfellowshipped or not is based on whether the wrongdoer by his actions is giving evidence of repentance. The Judicial Committee asks probing questions particularly when the committee are meeting in relation to sexual matters and reviews actions of the member being considered, ascertaining which scriptural law or principle has been violated in consultation with guidelines provided by the Governing Body.^[114] Baptized members who oppose essential Scriptural doctrine, or organizational teachings such as the inspiration of the Governing Body may be disfellowshipped for apostasy after repeated admonitions.^[115] ^[116]Once the decision to disfellowship has been made, a person has seven days to appeal. If no legitimate appeal is made, the disfellowshipping will be announced to the congregation by letting them know that the person "is no longer one of Jehovah's Witnesses".If a member does appeal the decision a special Judicial committee is formed of at least 3 elders, typically from a neighboring congregation. After a member has been disfellowshipped, all congregation members avoid all association with that person.^[117] Exceptions are made in business and family household situations. If the disfellowshipped person is living in the same home with other baptized family members, religious matters are not discussed, with the exception of minors, for whose training parents are still responsible.^[118] Disfellowshipped family members outside the home are shunned.^[119] Disfellowshipped members are still permitted to attend Kingdom Hall meetings, but are not allowed to take an active part in meetings or the ministry.^[120] A member can officially leave the religion by writing a letter stating he no longer wishes to be known as one of Jehovah's Witnesses thus disassociating himself from the congregation and will thereafter be treated the same way as a disfellowshipped person. In rare cases elders may also determine a member has disassociated himself by his actions. Both result in shunning.^[121] If a disassociated or disfellowshipped individual requests reinstatement to the congregation, a Judicial Committee, usually consisting of the elders who sat on the original committee if available, is formed to review the evidence. Once a decision is made to reinstate, a brief announcement is made to the congregation that the disfellowshipped member is once again one of Jehovah's Witnesses. Each year, the elders make an attempt to remind disfellowshipped ones of the steps they can take to qualify for reinstatement.

[6].^[122] The current procedure that is followed when allegations of abuse are reported is based on a strict application of the principle at Deuteronomy 19:15: "No single witness should rise up against a man respecting any error or any sin, in the case of any sin that he may commit. At the mouth of two witnesses or at the mouth of three witnesses the matter should stand good" (New World Translation). If an allegation of child abuse is made, and the alleged perpetrator denies it, the local congregational elders will investigate to see if there can be any others who can substantiate the claim. If there are none, the elders do not disfellowship the accused individual, since the accusation may have no merit. Young children are known to exaggerate the truth and may be out to bring another congregation member down due to a personal vendetta. The religon will act only on cases where there have been two witnesses to child sex abuse to proctect their flock. However, according to the Jehovah's Witness Office of Public Information: "Even if the elders cannot take congregational action, they are expected to report the allegation to the branch office of Jehovah's Witnesses in their country, if local privacy laws permit. In addition to making a report to the branch office, the elders may be required by law to report even uncorroborated or unsubstantiated allegations to the authorities. If so, we expect the elders to comply. Additionally, the victim may wish to report the matter to the authorities, and it is his or her absolute right to do so."^[123] In 1997 it was also stated that, "for the protection of our children, a man known to have been a child molester does not qualify for a responsible position in the congregation" (e.g. serving as elders or ministerial servants). However the matter is not made public to the congregation for to avoid negative feelings developing amongst the members. The elder body prefer to keep these matters quiet and to avoid potentially slandering a good person's name. This would be upheld even if the crime was committed years before, or prior to the person's becoming a Witness. The general policy is not premised as punishment to the offender, but seen rather, by the religion, as a means of protecting the congregation's members.^[124]

Blood

The official teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses regards blood as sacred and rejects allogeneic and pre-operative autologous transfusions of whole blood, red cells, white cells, platelets or plasma.^[125] This is based on an understanding of the Biblical admonition to " abstain from ... blood," based on Acts 15:28, 29, and also on Leviticus 17:11,12, "For the life of the flesh is in the blood ... No soul of you shall eat blood." Although accepted by a majority of Jehovah's Witnesses, evidence indicates a minority does not wholly endorse this doctrine.^[126]^[127]^[128]^[129]

Baptized Witnesses who violate the prohibition on blood are subject to organized communal shunning under Scriptural doctrine.^[130]^[131]^[132]^[133] However, it is a personal decision on how their "own blood will be handled in the course of a surgical procedure, medical test, or current therapy."^[134]^[135] This is qualified by their understanding that "collecting, storing, and transfusing of blood directly contradicts what is said in Leviticus and Deuteronomy," so their position is they do not "store for transfusion our blood that should be ‘poured out." ^[136] Of course, in current medical practice, whole blood transfusions are very rare, and individual blood components are used instead.^[137] While Witnesses may not accept red cells, white cells, platelets or plasma, they may accept any fractions made from these components.^[138]^[139] However, if a fraction, "makes up a significant portion of that component" or "carries out the key function of a primary component" it may be objectionable to them but is permissible.^[140]

Jehovah's Witnesses have been known to highlight dangers of blood transfusions. Witness representatives have stated that plasma volume expanders are often sufficient to take care of various medical emergency situations.^[141] However, Witnesses explain that their objections to blood transfusions are for religious reasons.^[142]

A growing number of hospitals are offering bloodless techniques in medicine and surgery.^[143] A number of medical professionals have credited Jehovah's Witnesses and their related organizations for their contribution to the dissemination of information regarding bloodless surgery techniques.^[144]^[145] Experts in the medical surgical profession have collaborated with Jehovah's Witnesses to produce information regarding the benefits of bloodless techniques and therapies.^[146]

Witness publications have acknowledged that abiding by this doctrine has led to premature deaths due to blood loss, but there are no published statistics on total deaths.^[147] However, regarding the single patient presentation of pregnancy, a 2002 medical journal stated: "In the CEMD the very high risk of mortality in women who refuse blood transfusion was highlighted. The death rate in this group was 1 per 1,000 maternities compared with an expected incidence of less than 1 per 100,000 maternities."^[148]

In her article in the Journal of Church and State, Kerry Louderback-Wood alleges that labeling the currently acceptable blood fractions as "minute" in relation to whole blood causes followers to misunderstand the scope and extent of allowed fractions.^[149] She also claims that Witness publications exaggerate the medical risks of taking blood and the efficiency of non-blood medical therapies in critical situations.^[150]

Ethical concerns in managing blood crisis situations in pediatric cases has sometimes led to transfusions being administered to children against family wishes.^[151] Some medical ethicists contend that "serious ethical violations are currently used to enforce the blood policy" among Jehovah's Witnesses, including the suppression of dissident views within the religion.^[152] Witness leaders have defended these policies as obedience to scripture and religious conscience.^[153]

Controversy

Witnesses teach that after the death of the last apostle, the Church gradually diverged, in a Great Apostasy (2 Thessalonians 2:6-12), from the original teachings of Jesus on several major points. Thus most of the doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses differ from those of mainstream Christianity, and are considered heresy by most mainstream Christian scholars. Possibly the most controversial doctrinal differences relate to the nature of God and of Jesus, particularly the Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of the Trinity. In contrast with trinitarian doctrine, they believe that Jesus was not God in a human body, but rather that he was created by God. The beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses about hell, the immortality of the soul, the return of Jesus to the earth, and salvation are also controversial.

Some scholars have criticized the New World Translation, the translation of the Bible published by Jehovah's Witnesses, stating that the group has changed the Bible to suit their doctrine and that the translation contains a number of errors and inaccuracies.^[154]

A number of books have been published that are critical of the Watchtower Bible & Tract Society.^[155] Critics state that the Watchtower Society has made a number of unfulfilled predictions and doctrinal changes over the years, while claiming that it is the "one and only channel"^[156] used by God to continually dispense truth.

Raymond Franz, a former member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, has challenged the Witnesses' policies on blood transfusions, stating that their requirements are inconsistent and contradictory.^[157] However, to Witnesses blood as the fluid per se is not the real issue, it is what it represents. They say that "the important thing is that respect has been shown for the sanctity of blood, regard has been shown for the principle of the sacredness of life" represented by the blood.^[158]^[159] When the blood has been drained from an animal, the respect has been shown to God and then a person may eat the meat even though it may contain minute traces of blood.

Critics have also argued that various Witness policies and practices — including the treatment of members who dissociate themselves or who have been disfellowshipped by the congregation, limiting of external information about the group from former members, and the regulation of members' lives — limit the ability of members to exercise personal freedom. Witnesses teach that "freedom to make decisions [is] to be exercised within the boundaries of God’s laws and principles." ^[160] And that “only Jehovah [is] free to set the standard of what is good and bad.”^[161] However, the leadership promotes itself as the channel God uses^[162] to interpret and instruct members about "what is good and bad".

Some countries such as Uzbekistan, Cuba, Belarus, and the city of Moscow have opposed the building of facilities (such as Kingdom Halls) and the holding of large conventions in their territory. Though such opposition is at times specifically directed at the religious group, at other times more mundane concerns are involved, such as traffic congestion and noise. In some legal cases, (such as Congrégation des témoins de Jéhovah de St-Jérôme-Lafontaine v. Lafontaine (Village)), disputes that have been about appropriate land use have been claimed by the Witnesses to have come out of religious bias.

References
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↑ The Watchtower, October 1, 1977 p. 598, “Jehovah’s Witnesses today have made efforts to learn the mode of operation of the early Christian congregation and to follow that Scriptural pattern.”
↑ Cote, P., Richardson, J.T., Disciplined Litigation, Vigilant Litigation, and Deformation: Dramatic Organization Change in Jehovah’s Witnesses, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, March 2001 Vol. 40 No 1 p 23, “Not taking part in political activities, the ‘neutrality principle’ as it is known, is for the Witnesses, along with the blood taboo, the surest sign that theirs is the original community of true Christians.”
↑ Chu, J., God’s things and Caesar’s: Jehovah’s Witnesses and political neutrality, Journal of Genocide Research, September 2004, 6(3) pp 319-342. Jolene Chu is a researcher for the Watch Tower Society.
↑ Ibid
↑ Ibid
↑ Wah, C., An Introduction to Research and Analysis of Jehovah’s Witnesses: A View from the Watchtower, Review of Religious Research, 2001, Vol. 43, No. 2, p. 161-174, Carolyn Wah is Associate General Counsel for the Watch Tower Society
↑ The Watchtower, December 15, 2002, “By means of printed publications, including the journals The Watchtower and Awake!, as well as by meetings, assemblies, and conventions, Jehovah supplies us with what we need when we need it.”
↑ Wah, C., Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Responsibility of Religious Freedom: The European Experience, Journal of Church and State, June 2001, p. 582, Carolyn Wah is Associate General Counsel for the Watch Tower Society
↑ 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses
↑ 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pg. 31: "Peak of Publishers in Kingdom Service — 6,741,444. Average Publishers Preaching Each Month — 6,491,775. Worldwide Memorial Attendance — 16,675,113." A Publisher is defined as an active member who submits a monthly report of time spent preaching.
↑ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, pp. 631-637
↑ What Does The Bible Really Teach?, p. 148
↑ “Jehovah’s Witnesses – Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom” –1993, p. 11 | “Jehovah Gathers and Equips His People for Work” | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
↑ The Watchtower - Jan 1, 1971, p. 10. par. 9 | “Have You Entered the Great Contest of Faith?” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
↑ "Looking back to 1871, we see that many of our company were what are known as Second Adventists."—Zion's Watch Tower, February 1881. Reprints, p. 187. "Second Adventists" is an older name for the Advent Christian Church.
↑ Barbour, N.H. (1871). Evidences for the Coming of the Lord in 1873: or the Midnight Cry. Retrieved 20 February, 2006.
↑ Barbour, N.H. (1874). The Midnight Cry and Herald of the Morning. Retrieved 20 February, 2006. See Section under "Our Faith."
↑ Russell recounts his meeting with Barbour and gives "a brief sketch of the development of present truth" in the April 25, 1894 Watch Tower pp. 92-119. See also Watchtower (July 15 1906). Harvest Gatherings and Siftings. Watchtower: 3822.
↑ The Three Worlds and The Harvest of This World (1877).
↑ The Three Worlds, pp. 68, 89-93, 124, 125-126, 143, 189.
↑ The dispute between Barbour and Russell began in August, 1878 and lasted several months. Russell, as co-editor of The Herald of the Morning defended his view against Barbour's in the September, 1878 issue.
↑ Online copies of The Watch Tower from 1879–1916 can be viewed by issue at [1] or by article at [2] or in a PDF at [3]. These are taken from the 7 volume Watch Tower Reprints published by the Watch Tower Society in 1920 which reprinted all the issues from 1879–1919.
↑ July, 1882 Zion's Watch Tower, Reprints, p. 369. But see "God is Love" in the first issue of Zion's Watch Tower (July, 1879).
↑ Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society was formed on February 16, 1881, with W. H. Conley as president and C. T. Russell as secretary and treasurer. (1993) Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 576.
↑ Originally entitled Millennial Dawn. The titles of the six volumes are: 1) The Divine Plan of the Ages, 2)The Time is At Hand, 3)Thy Kingdom Come, 4)The Day of Vengeance (later retitled The Battle of Armageddon), 5)The At-one-ment Between God and Man, 6)The New Creation. Volumes available at Internet Archive: 1, 2, 3, 5.
↑ C.T. Russell (1902). The Time is At Hand. Watch Tower, 101. The predictions for 1914 were revised in later editions.
↑ See article "Yet Seven Years More" in Zion's Watch Tower, Jan. 1, 1908 (reprint), p. 4110.
↑ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 64–65. ;C.T. Russell's Last Will and Testament. from the December 1, 1916 Watch Tower. This editorial committee was requested to not write, or be connected with, any other publications.
↑ New by-laws were passed at the time of Rutherford's election that strengthened the President's authority. M.J. Penton. Apocalypse Delayed, p. 51. Rutherford, as chief legal counsel for the Watch Tower Society, had written the new by-laws. (See Harvest Siftings II, written by J.F. Rutherford.) Initially, the Board of Directors for the Watch Tower Society accepted this change, but four of the board members withdrew their support. Rutherford published his account of the dispute in Harvest Siftings. and Harvest Siftings II. The four directors replied to Rutherford's first booklet in Light After Darkness. The June 20, 1917 meeting of the full board of directors tabled, for one month, a proposal to return control of the Society to the board (see Rutherford's Harvest Siftings under subheading "Seeds Begin to Bring Forth"), but Rutherford prevented the board from meeting again.
↑ The Finished Mystery. Watchtower. , published 1917, was called the seventh volume of Studies in the Scriptures.
↑ A.H. MacMillan. Faith on the March, 80. Retrieved December 31, 2006. . The ousted directors disagreed: "...if the directors were not legally elected, neither were the Society's three officers: Rutherford, Pierson, and Van Amburgh. In order to have been chosen officers in January 1917, they would have had to have been legally elected directors. Yet, they had not been, and hence, by Rutherford's own logic, did not hold office legally."—Apocalypse Delayed, M. James Penton, p. 52
↑ "Also, in the year 1918, when God destroys the churches wholesale and the church members by millions, it shall be that any that escape shall come to the works of Pastor Russell to learn the meaning of the downfall of 'Christianity.'"— (1917) The Finished Mystery. Watchtower, 485. (later editions read differently)
↑ "And the mountains were not found. Even the republics will disappear in the fall of 1920. And the mountains were not found. Every kingdom of earth will pass away, be swallowed up in anarchy." (1917) The Finished Mystery. Watchtower, 258. . (This date was changed in later editions.)
↑ (1920) Millions Now Living Will Never Die. Watchtower, 88. . This book was distributed as part of a major lecture program worldwide. See News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)
↑ (1924) The Way to Paradise. Watchtower, 220–235. Scans available at: http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/wtp/wtp_nl.htm
↑ The Finished Mystery pp. 247-253 468 and 474.
↑ M.J. Penton. Apocalypse Delayed, 55–56. (1993) Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 647-654. Rutherford gives his defense against the charges in Souvenir Report of the Bible Student's Convention (1919). Watchtower, 62-63.
↑ (1993) Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 259–260.
↑ (1958) Your Will Be Done on Earth. Watchtower, 337.
↑ (1959) Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose. Watchtower, 313.
↑ M. James Penton. Apocalypse Delayed—The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses, 61. Attendance at the annual Memorial (statistics were published each year in the Watch Tower) shows the growth in the period before 1925. 1919: 17,961, 1922: 32,661, 1923: 42,000, 1924: 62,696, 1925: 90,434. 1926 marked the first decrease: 89,278. There are no published statistics from 1929-1934. In 1935, Memorial attendance was 63,146. (August 15, 1996) Watchtower: 31.
↑ See, for example, (1946) When Pastor Russell Died. Dawn Bible Students Association, 6-16.
↑ (1921) The Harp of God, 231–236. affirms that “the Lord’s second presence dates from 1874.” (March 1 1922). Watchtower: 71. and (1930) Prophecy, 65–66. reiterated this position. The eschatological changes during this period are documented in Thomas Daniels. Historical Idealism and Jehovah's Witnesses, 3–37. Retrieved February 1, 2006. These are the current teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses regarding 1914, 1918 and 1919. They no longer consider the dates 1799, 1874 and 1878 to have any eschatological significance
↑ A People For His Name by Timothy White, pp. 186-188. The Watchtower, June 15, 1938, p. 185
↑ Proclaimers, p. 214. June 15, 1938 Watchtower
↑ See article on the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 22 February, 2005.
↑ .Hans Hesse (2001). Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi Regime, 10.
↑ Barbara Grizzuti Harrison (1978). Visions of Glory, 185, 281. Jayne Persian (December 2005). The Banning of Jehovah's Witnesses in Australia in 1941.
↑ *Writing Their Faith into the Law of the Land: Jehovah's Witnesses, the Supreme Court and the Battle for the Meaning of the Free Exercise Clause, 1939-1945
↑ At a trial in Scotland, Fred Franz was asked: "Were you yourself responsible for the translation of the Old Testament?" He replied: "I cannot answer that question." Pursuer's Proof: Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, p. 92. Since 1942, Witness publications are produced under a policy of anonymity. Former Governing Body member Raymond Franz (nephew of Fred Franz) claims the translators of the New World Translation were Fred Franz, Nathan Knorr, Albert Schroeder and George Gangas. (2004) Crisis of Conscience, 4th, Commentary Press, 56. 0-914675-23-0.
↑ In 1988, this was replaced by the 2-volume set Insight on the Scriptures.
↑ (1993) Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 106.
↑ The year 1975 was first mentioned in 1966. See (October 8 1966). How Much Longer Will It Be?. 'Awake!': 17–20.
↑ See 1975: 'THE APPROPRIATE TIME FOR GOD TO ACT'. Page 14 of the October 8, 1968 Awake! demonstrates the disclaimer that was made at the time: "Does this mean that the above evidence positively points to 1975 as the complete end of this system of things? Since the Bible does not specifically state this, no man can say...If the 1970s should see intervention by Jehovah God to bring an end to a corrupt world drifting toward ultimate disintegration, that should surely not surprise us.".
↑ (July 18 1969). Witnessing the End. Time.
↑ Raymond Franz. "1975—The Appropriate Time for God to Act", Crisis of Conscience, 237–253. Retrieved July 27, 2006. This drop in membership has been variously analyzed. Richard Singelenberg (“The ‘1975′-prophecy and its impact among Dutch Jehovah’s Witnesses”) in Sociological Analysis 50(1)1989, pp 23–40 notes a 9 per cent drop in total publishers (door-to-door preachers) and a 38 per cent drop in pioneers (full-time preachers) in the Netherlands. Stark and Iannoccone have analyzed the impact on US Witnesses. (1997). The Journal of Contemporary Religion: 142-143. The January 30, 1982 Los Angeles Times ("Defectors Feel 'Witness' Wrath: Critics say Baptism Rise Gives False Picture of Growth" by John Dart, p. B4) cited statistics showing a net increase of publishers worldwide from 1971–1981 of 737,241, while baptisms totaled 1.71 million for the same period.
↑ The Watchtower, 15 March, 1980, p.17 "With the appearance of the book Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, ... considerable expectation was aroused regarding the year 1975. ... there were other statements published that implied that such realization of hopes by that year was more of a probability than a mere possibility. It is to be regretted that these latter statements apparently overshadowed the cautionary ones and contributed to a buildup of the expectation already initiated. ... persons having to do with the publication of the information ... contributed to the buildup of hopes centered on that date."
↑ 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 258
↑ "A Time To Keep Awake", The Watchtower (November 1, 1995), p. 19 par. 12, and p. 20 par. 15.
↑ "Jesus was concerned that his followers too could become distracted by Satan's world, even to the point that they might 'return to the things behind.' (Luke 17:22, 31) And, indeed, this has happened to some Christians. For years such ones longed for the day when Jehovah will put an end to this wicked world. However, when Armageddon did not occur by the time they expected, they became disheartened. Their confidence in the nearness of Jehovah's day of judgment faded. They slowed down in the ministry and gradually became so involved in the mundane matters of life that little time was left for spiritual matters. (Luke 8:11, 13, 14) In time, they `returned to the things behind'—how sad!" (December 15, 2006) Watchtower: 25-29.
↑ To be counted, an individual must be approved as a minister and report at least 15 minutes in the ministry. In 2006, these reports indicated a total of over 1.3 billion hours.
↑ Yearbooks of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1996–2007.
↑ http://jwfacts.com/index_files/statistics.htm
↑ http://www.sektes.info/stats-e.htm
↑ If Witnesses counted members like other churches, the number of members would then be over 15 million. (See study by Rodney Stark on Jehovah's Witness growth at http://www.geocities.com/rogueactivex/JWGrow-O.pdf and article comparing Mormon and other churches growth, including the Witnesses, at http://www.sltrib.com/ci_2890645).
↑ The Watchtower, February 1, 1999, p. 17
↑ Zion’s Watch Tower, Extra Edition April 25, 1894 p. 56, Charles T. Russell, Henry Weber, Maria F. Russell, W. C. McMillan, J. B. Adamson, Simon O. Blunden, Rose Ball.
↑ Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (1993). Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, 233, 234.
↑ Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (2005). Membership and Publishing Statistics. Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses. Retrieved 4 December, 2005.
↑ PDFs of the Watchtower magazines from 1879-1949 are available online at [4]
↑ (2004) Crisis of Conscience, 4th, Commentary Press, 56. 0-914675-23-0. Harrison. Visions of Glory, 231.
↑ “Awake!” - March 8, 1982, p. 10. | “How Protestantism Undermines Respect for the Bible” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
↑ (2005) A Book for All People. Watchtower.
↑ (March 15 2002). Christ Leads His Congregation. Watchtower: 13–16.
↑ The rendering of the Tetragrammaton is different for different languages: "Geova" in Italian, for example.
↑ (April 15 1996). Why True Worship Receives God's Blessing. Watchtower: 17..
↑ (January 15 1992). What Do the Scriptures Say About "the Divinity of Christ"?: 20–23.
↑ ""His Vital Place in God's Purpose" and "Chief Agent of life"", Insight on the Scriptures Vol. e2. Watchtower, 60–61.
↑ "Consequently, 1 Timothy 2:5, 6 is not using 'mediator' in the broad sense common in many languages. It is not saying that Jesus is a mediator between God and all mankind. Rather, it refers to Christ as legal Mediator (or, "attorney") of the new covenant, this being the restricted way in which the Bible uses the term." (August 15 1989) "Watchtower": 30.
↑ (2005) What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watchtower, 33–36. .
↑ What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watchtower, 204.
↑ (1988) Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2, 1019.
↑ "The...Scriptures show 'soul' to be a person, an animal, or the life that a person or an animal enjoys." (1988) Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2, 1004.
↑ (July 15 2001). Is There LIFE After Death?. Watchtower.
↑ (April 15 1993). Hell—Eternal Torture or Common Grave?. The Watchtower: 6.
↑ (1988) Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2, 189.
↑ (October 1 1980). "In the Last Days" Since When?. Watchtower: 19.
↑ (June 1 1996). Flight to Safety Before the "Great Tribulation". Watchtower: 14–19.
↑ (September 1 1989). Remaining Organized for Survival Into the Millennium. Watchtower: 19.
↑ (August 15 1998). Strengthening Our Confidence in God's Righteousness. Watchtower: 20.
↑ (July 1 1998). "Death Is to Be Brought to Nothing". Watchtower: 19–24.
↑ (July 22 2004). Young People Ask... What's Wrong With Premarital Sex?. Awake!: 12.
↑ (1995) "Why Living a Godly Life Brings Happiness", Knowledge that Leads to Everlasting Life. Watchtower, 118.
↑ (1995) Knowledge That Leads to Everlasting Life. Watchtower, 120.
↑ (July 8 2004). The Bible's Viewpoint What Does It Mean to Be the Head of the House?. Awake!: 26.
↑ What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watchtower, 128-129.
↑ (October 15 1998). Questions From Readers. Watchtower: 30.
↑ “jv chap. 25 pg. 570” –1993| “House-to-House Preaching —An Identifying Mark” | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
↑ The Watchtower - May 15, 1981, p. 17. | “Showing Lifesaving Neighbor Love” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
↑ (October 15 2001). Can You Make the World a Better Place?. Watchtower.
↑ (September 15 2002). "Salvation Belongs to Jehovah". Watchtower: 21.
↑ (May 1 1996). God and Caesar. Watchtower: 9.
↑ (May 1997). Should Christians Be Pacifists?. Awake!: 22–23.
↑ (November 1 1990). "Salvation Belongs to Jehovah". Watchtower: 23.
↑ Watch Tower Information Service (2000). The Watchtower Society Receives New Light on Alternative Military Service. Retrieved 4 August, 2006.
↑ Christianity in Action: Amid Turmoil. Watchtower.
↑ (June 2006). Awake!: 14–19.
↑ (November 1, 1966) Watchtower: 647.
↑ “Benefit From Theocratic Ministry School Education” p. 82” –2002| “Use a Variety of Settings” | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
↑ (1993) "25 "Preaching Publicly and From House to House "", Jehovah’s Witnesses—Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom. Watchtower, 569.
↑ The Watchtower - April 15, 1985, p. 31. | “Questions From Readers” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
↑ (April 15 1985). Question From Readers. Watchtower: 31.
↑ (December 1 1976). Giving Reproof "Before All Onlookers". Watchtower.
↑ (November 15 1979). Questions from Readers. Watchtower.
↑ The Watchtower - May 1, 2000, p. 12 Par. 20. | “20 Firmly Uphold Godly Teaching” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
↑ Letter to Circuit and District Overseers, From the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society 1980. (Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses, M. J. Penton, p. 349)
↑ (April 15 1988). Watchtower.
↑ (October 1 2001). How Can You Help a 'Prodigal' Child?. Watchtower: 16-17.
↑ (September 15 1981). Disfellowshiping—How to View It. Watchtower: 26.
↑ Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses. ReligionFacts.
↑ There is no honorable way out of the religion. "Those who formally say they do not want to be part of the organization any more are also avoided." — "Beliefs—Frequently Asked Questions" from Official Website: http://www.jw-media.org/beliefs/beliefsfaq.htm accessed August 2, 2006
↑ Ousted Members Say Jehovah's Witnesses' Policy on Abuse Hides Offenses, New York Times, Aug 11, 2002, p 26
↑ http://www.jw-media.org/region/global/english/backgrounders/e_molestation.htm
↑ The Watchtower 1997 January 1 p. 29 Let Us Abhor What Is Wicked
↑ How Can Blood Save Your Life? How Can Blood Save Your Life?. Accessed 4 December 2005.
↑ The Watchtower May 1, 1950 p. 143
↑ The Watchtower August 1, 1958 p. 478, "One of Jehovah’s witnesses who claims to be of the anointed remnant recently went to the hospital and took a blood transfusion, voluntarily. Should she be allowed to partake of the emblems of bread and wine at Memorial time? — R. J., United States. We, of course, regret with you that this sister who professes to be one of the anointed remnant took a blood transfusion voluntarily during her stay in the hospital. We believe that she did the wrong thing contrary to the will of God. However, congregations have never been instructed to disfellowship those who voluntarily take blood transfusions or approve them. We let the judgment of such violators of God’s law concerning the sacredness of blood remain with Jehovah, the Supreme Judge. The only thing that can be done in the cases of individuals like this is to view them as immature and therefore not capable of taking on certain responsibilities, hence refusing to make certain assignments of service to such ones. Since an individual is not disfellowshiped because of having voluntarily taken a blood transfusion or having approved of a dear one’s accepting a blood transfusion, you have no right to bar this sister from the celebration of the Lord’s Evening Meal. As an anointed member of Christ’s body she is under orders and command by Christ Jesus to partake. Whether she is unfaithful as to what she professes to be by virtue of taking the emblems of the Lord’s Evening Meal is something for Jehovah God to determine himself. His judgment begins at the house of God. It is not for you or anyone serving the Memorial emblems to act as the judge, but to allow the emblems to go to anyone in the audience as these are passed along in the normal manner of letting each one have the opportunity to partake."
↑ Cynthia Gyamfi, MD, and Richard L. Berkowitz, MD, Obstet and Gynecol Vol. 104, No. 3, September 2004, “This review refutes the commonly held belief that all Jehovah’s Witnesses refuse to accept blood or any of its products. In this population of pregnant women, the majority were willing to accept some form of blood or blood products.”
↑ Letter to All Bodies of Elders in the United States, Watchtower December 1, 1993, This correspondence reports that up to 50% of Jehovah’s Witnesses had failed to maintain up-to-date Medical Directive cards and were unprotected from routine transfusions.
↑ (1991) Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock. Watchtower, 95. (January 6, 2001)Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses. BMJ: 37-39.
↑ Watchtower letter to All Hospital Liaison Committees dated June 16, 2000, “If a baptized member of the faith willfully and without regret accepts a blood transfusion, he indicates by his own actions that he no longer wishes to be one of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The individual is no longer viewed as a member of the Christian congregation because he no longer accepts and follows the Biblical prohibition to abstain from blood.
↑ Watchtower media release dated June 14, 2000
↑ Our Kingdom Ministry, Display Christian Loyalty When a Relative Is Disfellowshipped, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, August, 2002 p. 3, “Cooperating with the Scriptural arrangement to disfellowship and shun unrepentant wrongdoers is beneficial.”
↑ The Watchtower June 15, 2000 pp. 29-30
↑ Instructions for Filling In the Advance Decision Document, published by Watchtower in Britain, August 2005 p. 1, "addresses autologous transfusion procedures (those that involve the use of your own blood, which may temporarily leave your body…)" A Jehovah's Witness is aware that there is a risk of death yet believes that dying faithfully is better then living and breaking God's command to abstain from blood. Procedures which are permitted include where a "quantity of blood is withdrawn in order to tag it or to mix it with medicine, whereupon it is put back into the patient" and intra-operative cell salvage. The Watchtower October 15, 2000 pp. 30-31
↑ Occasionally, a doctor will urge a patient to deposit his own blood weeks before surgery (preoperative autologous blood donation, or PAD) so that if the need arises, he could transfuse the patient with his own stored blood. However, such collecting, storing, and transfusing of blood directly contradicts what is said in Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Blood is not to be stored; it is to be poured out—returned to God, as it were. Granted, the Mosaic Law is not in force now. Nevertheless, Jehovah’s Witnesses respect the principles God included in it, and they are determined to ‘abstain from blood.’ Hence, we do not donate blood, nor do we store for transfusion our blood that should be ‘poured out.’ That practice conflicts with God’s law. The Watchtower October 15, 2000 pp. 30-31
↑ Fractions Background.
↑ The Watchtower, June 15, 2000 p. 30. Sniesinski et al (April 2007). Coagulopathy After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Jehovah's Witness Patients: Management of Two Cases Using Fractionated Components and Factor VIIa. Anesthesia & Analgesia.
↑ Durable Power of Attorney form, published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, January 2001 p. 1, "I accept all fractions derived from any primary component of blood." Examples of permitted fractions are: Interferon, Immune Serum Globulins and Factor VIII; preparations made from Hemoglobin such as PolyHeme and Hemopure. Examples of permitted procedures involving the medical use of one's own blood include: Cell Salvage, Hemodilution, Heart-Lung Machine, Dialysis, Epidural Blood Patch, Plasmapheresis, Labeling or Tagging of Blood and Platelet Gel (Autologous). See November 2006 Our Kingdom Ministry, pp. 5–6
↑ Awake! August 2006 box on P. 11
↑ "Student: 'Well, suppose somebody was just coming to the hospital. They've got a few seconds to live. The only possible way out is a blood transfusion. Well, what's your answer to that?' Witness: 'That situation doesn't exist. Wherever there are cases where a person . . . let's say comes in off the highway here . . . and there is extreme loss of blood. Every emergency room, in every hospital, has a plasma volume expander which can . . .keep the volume up in the system...' Witness: "The need there is to keep the volume up in the system. It's not the blood so much that's needed then, but the volume that must be replaced. These expanders will do it. They are used in emergency situations; they are recommended by Civil Defense organizations when blood is not available. Obviously it works—it has worked on thousands of Jehovah's witnesses." (February 22 1976). Awake!: 15.
↑ Jehovah's Witnesses and Medical Care: "Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood for religious rather than medical reasons"; accessed July 19, 2006
↑ University of Pennsylvania article
↑ [5] Article from Jehovah's Witnesses official website
↑ MSNBC article on Jehovah's Witnesses and bloodless surgery
↑ Nicolas Jabbour. Transfusion-Free Medicine and Surgery, 15-22.
↑ "In former times thousands of youths died for putting God first. They are still doing it, only today the drama is played out in hospitals and courtrooms, with blood transfusions the issue." (May 22, 1994) Youths Who Put God First. Awake!: 2.
↑ Khadra et al (2002). A criterion audit of women's awareness of blood transfusion in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. Singla et al (October 2001). Are women who are Jehovah's Witnesses at risk of maternal death?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
↑ (Autumn 2005). Jehovah's Witnesses, Blood Transfusions and the Tort of Misrepresentation. Journal of Church and State 47, Number 4: 816.
↑ Ibid., p. 808: "[The Watchtower Society] builds a case that other doctors wish all surgeons would become bloodless surgeons, when in fact those doctors recognize the benefits of blood transfusions for those who are in desperate need."
↑ (December 2006)Medical Emergencies in Children of Orthodox Jehovah's Witness Families. Pediatrics and Child Health: 655-658. (February 19, 2007)The Sextuplets: Whose Babies Are They?. Macleans: 34-38.
↑ (October 1, 2000)Medical confidentiality and the protection of Jehovah's Witnesses' autonomous refusal of blood. The Journal of Medical Ethics. (October 1, 2000)Refusal of potentially life-saving blood transfusions by Jehovah's Witnesses: should doctors explain that not all JWs think it's religiously required?. The Journal of Medical Ethics.
↑ (December 1999)Jehovah's Witnesses' refusal of blood: obedience to scripture and religious conscience. Journal of Medical Ethics.
↑ Robert M. Bowman Jr, Understanding Jehovah's Witnesses, (Grand Rapids MI: Baker Book House, 1992); Samuel Hass: "While this work indicates a great deal of effort and thought, it is to be regretted that religious bias was allowed to colour many passages." (Journal of Biblical Literature, December 1955, p. 283).
↑ e.g., Watters, Randall (2004) Thus Saith Jehovah's Witnesses, Common Sense Publications; Gruss, Edmond (2001) Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes, and Prophetic Speculation. What Does the Record Show?, Xulon Press; Reed, David A. (1990) Index of Watchtower Errors, 1879 to 1989, Baker Books
↑ Watchtower, Apr. 1, 1919; see also Watchtower, May 15, 1933, pp. 154–155; Jul. 15, 1960, pp. 438–439; Our Kingdom Ministry, Sep. 2002, p. 8
↑ Franz, Raymond. "In Search of Christian Freedom" Chapter Nine. Atlanta: Commentary Press, 1991. ISBN 0-914675-16-8. p. 732.
↑ The Watchtower November 1, 1961 p. 669 Questions From Readers
↑ What Does The Bible Really Teach? 2005 P.128
↑ Worship the Only True God chap. 5 p. 43 par. 4 Freedom Enjoyed by Worshipers of Jehovah
↑ The Watchtower June 1 p. 11 par. 7 A Free People but Accountable
↑ The Watchtower September 1, 1991 "Jehovah and Christ - Foremost Communicators" p. 18 par.15

External links

Official websites

Other sites

BBC Religion: Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses United — A collection of scholarly information supporting the Watchtower Bible & Tract Society's teachings and the New World Translation.
'Knocking' - an independently made documentary about Jehovah's Witnesses. Sample Trailer
Strictly Genteel Theocratic Resources — Scans of complete books and booklets from Russell's era to Knorr's. The "site is maintained by one of Jehovah's Witnesses who fully supports the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society." Emphasis is on literature not found in the Watchtower Library CD-ROM.
Theocratese Glossary - Glossary of terms used by Jehovah's Witnesses
Watchtower Information Service - News, articles and discussion on Jehovah's Witnesses and the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society from a critical perspective.
Witnesses of Jehovah - A critical documentary by Jeremiah Films detailing the history, structure and beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses.

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[1] The Watchtower, October 1, 1977 p. 598, “Jehovah’s Witnesses today have made efforts to learn the mode of operation of the early Christian congregation and to follow that Scriptural pattern.”

[2] Cote, P., Richardson, J.T., Disciplined Litigation, Vigilant Litigation, and Deformation: Dramatic Organization Change in Jehovah’s Witnesses, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, March 2001 Vol. 40 No 1 p 23, “Not taking part in political activities, the ‘neutrality principle’ as it is known, is for the Witnesses, along with the blood taboo, the surest sign that theirs is the original community of true Christians.”

[3] Chu, J., God’s things and Caesar’s: Jehovah’s Witnesses and political neutrality, Journal of Genocide Research, September 2004, 6(3) pp 319-342. Jolene Chu is a researcher for the Watch Tower Society.

[4] Ibid

[5] Ibid

[6] Wah, C., An Introduction to Research and Analysis of Jehovah’s Witnesses: A View from the Watchtower, Review of Religious Research, 2001, Vol. 43, No. 2, p. 161-174, Carolyn Wah is Associate General Counsel for the Watch Tower Society

[7] The Watchtower, December 15, 2002, “By means of printed publications, including the journals The Watchtower and Awake!, as well as by meetings, assemblies, and conventions, Jehovah supplies us with what we need when we need it.”

[8] Wah, C., Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Responsibility of Religious Freedom: The European Experience, Journal of Church and State, June 2001, p. 582, Carolyn Wah is Associate General Counsel for the Watch Tower Society

[9] 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses

[population-10] 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pg. 31: "Peak of Publishers in Kingdom Service — 6,741,444. Average Publishers Preaching Each Month — 6,491,775. Worldwide Memorial Attendance — 16,675,113." A Publisher is defined as an active member who submits a monthly report of time spent preaching.

[11] Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, pp. 631-637

[12] What Does The Bible Really Teach?, p. 148

[13] “Jehovah’s Witnesses – Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom” –1993, p. 11 | “Jehovah Gathers and Equips His People for Work” | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

[14] The Watchtower - Jan 1, 1971, p. 10. par. 9 | “Have You Entered the Great Contest of Faith?” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

[15] "Looking back to 1871, we see that many of our company were what are known as Second Adventists."—Zion's Watch Tower, February 1881. Reprints, p. 187. "Second Adventists" is an older name for the Advent Christian Church.

[16] Barbour, N.H. (1871). Evidences for the Coming of the Lord in 1873: or the Midnight Cry. Retrieved 20 February, 2006.

[17] Barbour, N.H. (1874). The Midnight Cry and Herald of the Morning. Retrieved 20 February, 2006. See Section under "Our Faith."

[18] Russell recounts his meeting with Barbour and gives "a brief sketch of the development of present truth" in the April 25, 1894 Watch Tower pp. 92-119. See also Watchtower (July 15 1906). Harvest Gatherings and Siftings. Watchtower: 3822.

[19] The Three Worlds and The Harvest of This World (1877).

[20] The Three Worlds, pp. 68, 89-93, 124, 125-126, 143, 189.

[21] The dispute between Barbour and Russell began in August, 1878 and lasted several months. Russell, as co-editor of The Herald of the Morning defended his view against Barbour's in the September, 1878 issue.

[22] Online copies of The Watch Tower from 1879–1916 can be viewed by issue at [1] or by article at [2] or in a PDF at [3]. These are taken from the 7 volume Watch Tower Reprints published by the Watch Tower Society in 1920 which reprinted all the issues from 1879–1919.

[23] July, 1882 Zion's Watch Tower, Reprints, p. 369. But see "God is Love" in the first issue of Zion's Watch Tower (July, 1879).

[24] Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society was formed on February 16, 1881, with W. H. Conley as president and C. T. Russell as secretary and treasurer. (1993) Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 576.

[25] Originally entitled Millennial Dawn. The titles of the six volumes are: 1) The Divine Plan of the Ages, 2)The Time is At Hand, 3)Thy Kingdom Come, 4)The Day of Vengeance (later retitled The Battle of Armageddon), 5)The At-one-ment Between God and Man, 6)The New Creation. Volumes available at Internet Archive: 1, 2, 3, 5.

[26] C.T. Russell (1902). The Time is At Hand. Watch Tower, 101. The predictions for 1914 were revised in later editions.

[27] See article "Yet Seven Years More" in Zion's Watch Tower, Jan. 1, 1908 (reprint), p. 4110.

[28] Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 64–65. ;C.T. Russell's Last Will and Testament. from the December 1, 1916 Watch Tower. This editorial committee was requested to not write, or be connected with, any other publications.

[29] New by-laws were passed at the time of Rutherford's election that strengthened the President's authority. M.J. Penton. Apocalypse Delayed, p. 51. Rutherford, as chief legal counsel for the Watch Tower Society, had written the new by-laws. (See Harvest Siftings II, written by J.F. Rutherford.) Initially, the Board of Directors for the Watch Tower Society accepted this change, but four of the board members withdrew their support. Rutherford published his account of the dispute in Harvest Siftings. and Harvest Siftings II. The four directors replied to Rutherford's first booklet in Light After Darkness. The June 20, 1917 meeting of the full board of directors tabled, for one month, a proposal to return control of the Society to the board (see Rutherford's Harvest Siftings under subheading "Seeds Begin to Bring Forth"), but Rutherford prevented the board from meeting again.

[30] The Finished Mystery. Watchtower. , published 1917, was called the seventh volume of Studies in the Scriptures.

[31] A.H. MacMillan. Faith on the March, 80. Retrieved December 31, 2006. . The ousted directors disagreed: "...if the directors were not legally elected, neither were the Society's three officers: Rutherford, Pierson, and Van Amburgh. In order to have been chosen officers in January 1917, they would have had to have been legally elected directors. Yet, they had not been, and hence, by Rutherford's own logic, did not hold office legally."—Apocalypse Delayed, M. James Penton, p. 52

[32] "Also, in the year 1918, when God destroys the churches wholesale and the church members by millions, it shall be that any that escape shall come to the works of Pastor Russell to learn the meaning of the downfall of 'Christianity.'"— (1917) The Finished Mystery. Watchtower, 485. (later editions read differently)

[33] "And the mountains were not found. Even the republics will disappear in the fall of 1920. And the mountains were not found. Every kingdom of earth will pass away, be swallowed up in anarchy." (1917) The Finished Mystery. Watchtower, 258. . (This date was changed in later editions.)

[34] (1920) Millions Now Living Will Never Die. Watchtower, 88. . This book was distributed as part of a major lecture program worldwide. See News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919-1925)

[35] (1924) The Way to Paradise. Watchtower, 220–235. Scans available at: http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/wtp/wtp_nl.htm

[36] The Finished Mystery pp. 247-253 468 and 474.

[37] M.J. Penton. Apocalypse Delayed, 55–56. (1993) Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 647-654. Rutherford gives his defense against the charges in Souvenir Report of the Bible Student's Convention (1919). Watchtower, 62-63.

[38] (1993) Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 259–260.

[39] (1958) Your Will Be Done on Earth. Watchtower, 337.

[40] (1959) Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose. Watchtower, 313.

[41] M. James Penton. Apocalypse Delayed—The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses, 61. Attendance at the annual Memorial (statistics were published each year in the Watch Tower) shows the growth in the period before 1925. 1919: 17,961, 1922: 32,661, 1923: 42,000, 1924: 62,696, 1925: 90,434. 1926 marked the first decrease: 89,278. There are no published statistics from 1929-1934. In 1935, Memorial attendance was 63,146. (August 15, 1996) Watchtower: 31.

[42] See, for example, (1946) When Pastor Russell Died. Dawn Bible Students Association, 6-16.

[43] (1921) The Harp of God, 231–236. affirms that “the Lord’s second presence dates from 1874.” (March 1 1922). Watchtower: 71. and (1930) Prophecy, 65–66. reiterated this position. The eschatological changes during this period are documented in Thomas Daniels. Historical Idealism and Jehovah's Witnesses, 3–37. Retrieved February 1, 2006. These are the current teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses regarding 1914, 1918 and 1919. They no longer consider the dates 1799, 1874 and 1878 to have any eschatological significance

[44] A People For His Name by Timothy White, pp. 186-188. The Watchtower, June 15, 1938, p. 185

[45] Proclaimers, p. 214. June 15, 1938 Watchtower

[46] See article on the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 22 February, 2005.

[47] .Hans Hesse (2001). Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi Regime, 10.

[48] Barbara Grizzuti Harrison (1978). Visions of Glory, 185, 281. Jayne Persian (December 2005). The Banning of Jehovah's Witnesses in Australia in 1941.

[49] *Writing Their Faith into the Law of the Land: Jehovah's Witnesses, the Supreme Court and the Battle for the Meaning of the Free Exercise Clause, 1939-1945

[50] At a trial in Scotland, Fred Franz was asked: "Were you yourself responsible for the translation of the Old Testament?" He replied: "I cannot answer that question." Pursuer's Proof: Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, p. 92. Since 1942, Witness publications are produced under a policy of anonymity. Former Governing Body member Raymond Franz (nephew of Fred Franz) claims the translators of the New World Translation were Fred Franz, Nathan Knorr, Albert Schroeder and George Gangas. (2004) Crisis of Conscience, 4th, Commentary Press, 56. 0-914675-23-0.

[51] In 1988, this was replaced by the 2-volume set Insight on the Scriptures.

[52] (1993) Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower, 106.

[53] The year 1975 was first mentioned in 1966. See (October 8 1966). How Much Longer Will It Be?. 'Awake!': 17–20.

[54] See 1975: 'THE APPROPRIATE TIME FOR GOD TO ACT'. Page 14 of the October 8, 1968 Awake! demonstrates the disclaimer that was made at the time: "Does this mean that the above evidence positively points to 1975 as the complete end of this system of things? Since the Bible does not specifically state this, no man can say...If the 1970s should see intervention by Jehovah God to bring an end to a corrupt world drifting toward ultimate disintegration, that should surely not surprise us.".

[55] (July 18 1969). Witnessing the End. Time.

[56] Raymond Franz. "1975—The Appropriate Time for God to Act", Crisis of Conscience, 237–253. Retrieved July 27, 2006. This drop in membership has been variously analyzed. Richard Singelenberg (“The ‘1975′-prophecy and its impact among Dutch Jehovah’s Witnesses”) in Sociological Analysis 50(1)1989, pp 23–40 notes a 9 per cent drop in total publishers (door-to-door preachers) and a 38 per cent drop in pioneers (full-time preachers) in the Netherlands. Stark and Iannoccone have analyzed the impact on US Witnesses. (1997). The Journal of Contemporary Religion: 142-143. The January 30, 1982 Los Angeles Times ("Defectors Feel 'Witness' Wrath: Critics say Baptism Rise Gives False Picture of Growth" by John Dart, p. B4) cited statistics showing a net increase of publishers worldwide from 1971–1981 of 737,241, while baptisms totaled 1.71 million for the same period.

[57] The Watchtower, 15 March, 1980, p.17 "With the appearance of the book Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, ... considerable expectation was aroused regarding the year 1975. ... there were other statements published that implied that such realization of hopes by that year was more of a probability than a mere possibility. It is to be regretted that these latter statements apparently overshadowed the cautionary ones and contributed to a buildup of the expectation already initiated. ... persons having to do with the publication of the information ... contributed to the buildup of hopes centered on that date."

[58] 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 258

[59] "A Time To Keep Awake", The Watchtower (November 1, 1995), p. 19 par. 12, and p. 20 par. 15.

[60] "Jesus was concerned that his followers too could become distracted by Satan's world, even to the point that they might 'return to the things behind.' (Luke 17:22, 31) And, indeed, this has happened to some Christians. For years such ones longed for the day when Jehovah will put an end to this wicked world. However, when Armageddon did not occur by the time they expected, they became disheartened. Their confidence in the nearness of Jehovah's day of judgment faded. They slowed down in the ministry and gradually became so involved in the mundane matters of life that little time was left for spiritual matters. (Luke 8:11, 13, 14) In time, they `returned to the things behind'—how sad!" (December 15, 2006) Watchtower: 25-29.

[61] To be counted, an individual must be approved as a minister and report at least 15 minutes in the ministry. In 2006, these reports indicated a total of over 1.3 billion hours.

[62] Yearbooks of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1996–2007.

[63] ttp://jwfacts.com/index_files/statistics.htm

[64] ttp://www.sektes.info/stats-e.htm

[65] If Witnesses counted members like other churches, the number of members would then be over 15 million. (See study by Rodney Stark on Jehovah's Witness growth at http://www.geocities.com/rogueactivex/JWGrow-O.pdf and article comparing Mormon and other churches growth, including the Witnesses, at http://www.sltrib.com/ci_2890645).

[66] The Watchtower, February 1, 1999, p. 17

[67] Zion’s Watch Tower, Extra Edition April 25, 1894 p. 56, Charles T. Russell, Henry Weber, Maria F. Russell, W. C. McMillan, J. B. Adamson, Simon O. Blunden, Rose Ball.

[68] Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (1993). Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, 233, 234.

[69] Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (2005). Membership and Publishing Statistics. Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses. Retrieved 4 December, 2005.

[70] PDFs of the Watchtower magazines from 1879-1949 are available online at [4]

[71] (2004) Crisis of Conscience, 4th, Commentary Press, 56. 0-914675-23-0. Harrison. Visions of Glory, 231.

[72] “Awake!” - March 8, 1982, p. 10. | “How Protestantism Undermines Respect for the Bible” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

[73] (2005) A Book for All People. Watchtower.

[74] (March 15 2002). Christ Leads His Congregation. Watchtower: 13–16.

[75] The rendering of the Tetragrammaton is different for different languages: "Geova" in Italian, for example.

[76] (April 15 1996). Why True Worship Receives God's Blessing. Watchtower: 17..

[77] (January 15 1992). What Do the Scriptures Say About "the Divinity of Christ"?: 20–23.

[78] ""His Vital Place in God's Purpose" and "Chief Agent of life"", Insight on the Scriptures Vol. e2. Watchtower, 60–61.

[79] "Consequently, 1 Timothy 2:5, 6 is not using 'mediator' in the broad sense common in many languages. It is not saying that Jesus is a mediator between God and all mankind. Rather, it refers to Christ as legal Mediator (or, "attorney") of the new covenant, this being the restricted way in which the Bible uses the term." (August 15 1989) "Watchtower": 30.

[80] (2005) What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watchtower, 33–36. .

[81] What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watchtower, 204.

[82] (1988) Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2, 1019.

[83] "The...Scriptures show 'soul' to be a person, an animal, or the life that a person or an animal enjoys." (1988) Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2, 1004.

[84] (July 15 2001). Is There LIFE After Death?. Watchtower.

[85] (April 15 1993). Hell—Eternal Torture or Common Grave?. The Watchtower: 6.

[86] (1988) Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2, 189.

[87] (October 1 1980). "In the Last Days" Since When?. Watchtower: 19.

[88] (June 1 1996). Flight to Safety Before the "Great Tribulation". Watchtower: 14–19.

[89] (September 1 1989). Remaining Organized for Survival Into the Millennium. Watchtower: 19.

[90] (August 15 1998). Strengthening Our Confidence in God's Righteousness. Watchtower: 20.

[91] (July 1 1998). "Death Is to Be Brought to Nothing". Watchtower: 19–24.

[92] (July 22 2004). Young People Ask... What's Wrong With Premarital Sex?. Awake!: 12.

[93] (1995) "Why Living a Godly Life Brings Happiness", Knowledge that Leads to Everlasting Life. Watchtower, 118.

[94] (1995) Knowledge That Leads to Everlasting Life. Watchtower, 120.

[95] (July 8 2004). The Bible's Viewpoint What Does It Mean to Be the Head of the House?. Awake!: 26.

[96] What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watchtower, 128-129.

[97] (October 15 1998). Questions From Readers. Watchtower: 30.

[98] “jv chap. 25 pg. 570” –1993| “House-to-House Preaching —An Identifying Mark” | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

[99] The Watchtower - May 15, 1981, p. 17. | “Showing Lifesaving Neighbor Love” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

[100] (October 15 2001). Can You Make the World a Better Place?. Watchtower.

[101] (September 15 2002). "Salvation Belongs to Jehovah". Watchtower: 21.

[102] (May 1 1996). God and Caesar. Watchtower: 9.

[103] (May 1997). Should Christians Be Pacifists?. Awake!: 22–23.

[104] (November 1 1990). "Salvation Belongs to Jehovah". Watchtower: 23.

[105] Watch Tower Information Service (2000). The Watchtower Society Receives New Light on Alternative Military Service. Retrieved 4 August, 2006.

[106] Christianity in Action: Amid Turmoil. Watchtower.

[107] (June 2006). Awake!: 14–19.

[108] (November 1, 1966) Watchtower: 647.

[109] “Benefit From Theocratic Ministry School Education” p. 82” –2002| “Use a Variety of Settings” | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

[110] (1993) "25 "Preaching Publicly and From House to House "", Jehovah’s Witnesses—Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom. Watchtower, 569.

[111] The Watchtower - April 15, 1985, p. 31. | “Questions From Readers” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

[112] (April 15 1985). Question From Readers. Watchtower: 31.

[113] (December 1 1976). Giving Reproof "Before All Onlookers". Watchtower.

[114] (November 15 1979). Questions from Readers. Watchtower.

[115] The Watchtower - May 1, 2000, p. 12 Par. 20. | “20 Firmly Uphold Godly Teaching” | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

[116] Letter to Circuit and District Overseers, From the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society 1980. (Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses, M. J. Penton, p. 349)

[117] (April 15 1988). Watchtower.

[118] (October 1 2001). How Can You Help a 'Prodigal' Child?. Watchtower: 16-17.

[119] (September 15 1981). Disfellowshiping—How to View It. Watchtower: 26.

[120] Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses. ReligionFacts.

[121] There is no honorable way out of the religion. "Those who formally say they do not want to be part of the organization any more are also avoided." — "Beliefs—Frequently Asked Questions" from Official Website: http://www.jw-media.org/beliefs/beliefsfaq.htm accessed August 2, 2006

[122] Ousted Members Say Jehovah's Witnesses' Policy on Abuse Hides Offenses, New York Times, Aug 11, 2002, p 26

[123] ttp://www.jw-media.org/region/global/english/backgrounders/e_molestation.htm

[124] The Watchtower 1997 January 1 p. 29 Let Us Abhor What Is Wicked

[125] How Can Blood Save Your Life? How Can Blood Save Your Life?. Accessed 4 December 2005.

[126] The Watchtower May 1, 1950 p. 143

[127] The Watchtower August 1, 1958 p. 478, "One of Jehovah’s witnesses who claims to be of the anointed remnant recently went to the hospital and took a blood transfusion, voluntarily. Should she be allowed to partake of the emblems of bread and wine at Memorial time? — R. J., United States. We, of course, regret with you that this sister who professes to be one of the anointed remnant took a blood transfusion voluntarily during her stay in the hospital. We believe that she did the wrong thing contrary to the will of God. However, congregations have never been instructed to disfellowship those who voluntarily take blood transfusions or approve them. We let the judgment of such violators of God’s law concerning the sacredness of blood remain with Jehovah, the Supreme Judge. The only thing that can be done in the cases of individuals like this is to view them as immature and therefore not capable of taking on certain responsibilities, hence refusing to make certain assignments of service to such ones. Since an individual is not disfellowshiped because of having voluntarily taken a blood transfusion or having approved of a dear one’s accepting a blood transfusion, you have no right to bar this sister from the celebration of the Lord’s Evening Meal. As an anointed member of Christ’s body she is under orders and command by Christ Jesus to partake. Whether she is unfaithful as to what she professes to be by virtue of taking the emblems of the Lord’s Evening Meal is something for Jehovah God to determine himself. His judgment begins at the house of God. It is not for you or anyone serving the Memorial emblems to act as the judge, but to allow the emblems to go to anyone in the audience as these are passed along in the normal manner of letting each one have the opportunity to partake."

[128] Cynthia Gyamfi, MD, and Richard L. Berkowitz, MD, Obstet and Gynecol Vol. 104, No. 3, September 2004, “This review refutes the commonly held belief that all Jehovah’s Witnesses refuse to accept blood or any of its products. In this population of pregnant women, the majority were willing to accept some form of blood or blood products.”

[129] Letter to All Bodies of Elders in the United States, Watchtower December 1, 1993, This correspondence reports that up to 50% of Jehovah’s Witnesses had failed to maintain up-to-date Medical Directive cards and were unprotected from routine transfusions.

[130] (1991) Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock. Watchtower, 95. (January 6, 2001)Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses. BMJ: 37-39.

[131] Watchtower letter to All Hospital Liaison Committees dated June 16, 2000, “If a baptized member of the faith willfully and without regret accepts a blood transfusion, he indicates by his own actions that he no longer wishes to be one of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The individual is no longer viewed as a member of the Christian congregation because he no longer accepts and follows the Biblical prohibition to abstain from blood.

[132] Watchtower media release dated June 14, 2000

[133] Our Kingdom Ministry, Display Christian Loyalty When a Relative Is Disfellowshipped, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, August, 2002 p. 3, “Cooperating with the Scriptural arrangement to disfellowship and shun unrepentant wrongdoers is beneficial.”

[134] The Watchtower June 15, 2000 pp. 29-30

[135] Instructions for Filling In the Advance Decision Document, published by Watchtower in Britain, August 2005 p. 1, "addresses autologous transfusion procedures (those that involve the use of your own blood, which may temporarily leave your body…)" A Jehovah's Witness is aware that there is a risk of death yet believes that dying faithfully is better then living and breaking God's command to abstain from blood. Procedures which are permitted include where a "quantity of blood is withdrawn in order to tag it or to mix it with medicine, whereupon it is put back into the patient" and intra-operative cell salvage. The Watchtower October 15, 2000 pp. 30-31

[136] Occasionally, a doctor will urge a patient to deposit his own blood weeks before surgery (preoperative autologous blood donation, or PAD) so that if the need arises, he could transfuse the patient with his own stored blood. However, such collecting, storing, and transfusing of blood directly contradicts what is said in Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Blood is not to be stored; it is to be poured out—returned to God, as it were. Granted, the Mosaic Law is not in force now. Nevertheless, Jehovah’s Witnesses respect the principles God included in it, and they are determined to ‘abstain from blood.’ Hence, we do not donate blood, nor do we store for transfusion our blood that should be ‘poured out.’ That practice conflicts with God’s law. The Watchtower October 15, 2000 pp. 30-31

[137] Fractions Background.

[138] The Watchtower, June 15, 2000 p. 30. Sniesinski et al (April 2007). Coagulopathy After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Jehovah's Witness Patients: Management of Two Cases Using Fractionated Components and Factor VIIa. Anesthesia & Analgesia.

[139] Durable Power of Attorney form, published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, January 2001 p. 1, "I accept all fractions derived from any primary component of blood." Examples of permitted fractions are: Interferon, Immune Serum Globulins and Factor VIII; preparations made from Hemoglobin such as PolyHeme and Hemopure. Examples of permitted procedures involving the medical use of one's own blood include: Cell Salvage, Hemodilution, Heart-Lung Machine, Dialysis, Epidural Blood Patch, Plasmapheresis, Labeling or Tagging of Blood and Platelet Gel (Autologous). See November 2006 Our Kingdom Ministry, pp. 5–6

[140] Awake! August 2006 box on P. 11

[141] "Student: 'Well, suppose somebody was just coming to the hospital. They've got a few seconds to live. The only possible way out is a blood transfusion. Well, what's your answer to that?' Witness: 'That situation doesn't exist. Wherever there are cases where a person . . . let's say comes in off the highway here . . . and there is extreme loss of blood. Every emergency room, in every hospital, has a plasma volume expander which can . . .keep the volume up in the system...' Witness: "The need there is to keep the volume up in the system. It's not the blood so much that's needed then, but the volume that must be replaced. These expanders will do it. They are used in emergency situations; they are recommended by Civil Defense organizations when blood is not available. Obviously it works—it has worked on thousands of Jehovah's witnesses." (February 22 1976). Awake!: 15.

[142] Jehovah's Witnesses and Medical Care: "Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood for religious rather than medical reasons"; accessed July 19, 2006

[143] University of Pennsylvania article

[144] [5] Article from Jehovah's Witnesses official website

[145] MSNBC article on Jehovah's Witnesses and bloodless surgery

[146] Nicolas Jabbour. Transfusion-Free Medicine and Surgery, 15-22.

[147] "In former times thousands of youths died for putting God first. They are still doing it, only today the drama is played out in hospitals and courtrooms, with blood transfusions the issue." (May 22, 1994) Youths Who Put God First. Awake!: 2.

[148] Khadra et al (2002). A criterion audit of women's awareness of blood transfusion in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. Singla et al (October 2001). Are women who are Jehovah's Witnesses at risk of maternal death?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[149] (Autumn 2005). Jehovah's Witnesses, Blood Transfusions and the Tort of Misrepresentation. Journal of Church and State 47, Number 4: 816.

[150] Ibid., p. 808: "[The Watchtower Society] builds a case that other doctors wish all surgeons would become bloodless surgeons, when in fact those doctors recognize the benefits of blood transfusions for those who are in desperate need."

[151] (December 2006)Medical Emergencies in Children of Orthodox Jehovah's Witness Families. Pediatrics and Child Health: 655-658. (February 19, 2007)The Sextuplets: Whose Babies Are They?. Macleans: 34-38.

[152] (October 1, 2000)Medical confidentiality and the protection of Jehovah's Witnesses' autonomous refusal of blood. The Journal of Medical Ethics. (October 1, 2000)Refusal of potentially life-saving blood transfusions by Jehovah's Witnesses: should doctors explain that not all JWs think it's religiously required?. The Journal of Medical Ethics.

[153] (December 1999)Jehovah's Witnesses' refusal of blood: obedience to scripture and religious conscience. Journal of Medical Ethics.

[154] Robert M. Bowman Jr, Understanding Jehovah's Witnesses, (Grand Rapids MI: Baker Book House, 1992); Samuel Hass: "While this work indicates a great deal of effort and thought, it is to be regretted that religious bias was allowed to colour many passages." (Journal of Biblical Literature, December 1955, p. 283).

[155] .g., Watters, Randall (2004) Thus Saith Jehovah's Witnesses, Common Sense Publications; Gruss, Edmond (2001) Jehovah's Witnesses: Their Claims, Doctrinal Changes, and Prophetic Speculation. What Does the Record Show?, Xulon Press; Reed, David A. (1990) Index of Watchtower Errors, 1879 to 1989, Baker Books

[156] Watchtower, Apr. 1, 1919; see also Watchtower, May 15, 1933, pp. 154–155; Jul. 15, 1960, pp. 438–439; Our Kingdom Ministry, Sep. 2002, p. 8

[157] Franz, Raymond. "In Search of Christian Freedom" Chapter Nine. Atlanta: Commentary Press, 1991. ISBN 0-914675-16-8. p. 732.

[158] The Watchtower November 1, 1961 p. 669 Questions From Readers

[159] What Does The Bible Really Teach? 2005 P.128

[160] Worship the Only True God chap. 5 p. 43 par. 4 Freedom Enjoyed by Worshipers of Jehovah

[161] The Watchtower June 1 p. 11 par. 7 A Free People but Accountable

[162] The Watchtower September 1, 1991 "Jehovah and Christ - Foremost Communicators" p. 18 par.15

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@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 ==Beliefs and practices==
-{{main|Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses}}
-[[Image:kingdomhall.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Jehovah's Witnesses meet in buildings called [[Kingdom Hall]]s.]]
 Witnesses consider the entire Biblical [[Biblical canon#Orthodox.2C Catholic and Protestant|canon]], excluding the [[Apocrypha]], to be the inspired word of God. They interpret some of the scriptures literally and some of the scriptures figuratively, <ref> “Awake!” -  March 8, 1982, p. 10. | “How Protestantism Undermines Respect for the Bible”  | © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania </ref> though it is acknowledged that biblical writers and characters employed [[symbolism]], [[parable]], [[figure of speech|figures of speech]], and [[poetry|poeticism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Book for All People|year=2005|publisher=Watchtower}}</ref>  They hold that the Bible alone should be used for determining issues of doctrine. Interpretation of scripture and codification of doctrines is considered the responsibility of the [[Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Christ Leads His Congregation|journal=Watchtower|month=March 15|year=2002|pages=13–16}}</ref>                                                                                                  Jehovah's Witnesses view God as the creator of everything and supreme being, the sovereign of the universe. They believe that God's name is [[Jehovah]] (a derivative of the [[Tetragrammaton]]<ref>The rendering of the Tetragrammaton is different for different languages: "Geova" in Italian, for example.</ref>), and that its use is a requirement for true worship.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Why True Worship Receives God's Blessing|journal=Watchtower|month=April 15|year=1996|pages=17}}.</ref> [[Jesus]] is believed to be God's first creation, and thus is considered to be an independent entity from God who was used by Him to create everything else.<ref>{{cite journal|publisher=Watchtower|title=What Do the Scriptures Say About "the Divinity of Christ"?|month=January 15|year=1992|pages=20–23}}</ref> Jesus is literally the only begotten Son of God, and received his life from God. He is the only means by which to approach God in [[prayer]], and is also the means of salvation for all worthy mankind.<ref>{{cite book|title=Insight on the Scriptures Vol.  e2|publisher=Watchtower|pages=60–61|chapter="His Vital Place in God's Purpose" and "Chief Agent of life"}}</ref> They believe that only Jesus Christ is their leader (Matt.23:10), and he is a head of Congregation(Col.1:18), and ''those who are taking the lead'' (a president of Watch Tower Society, members of governing body and elders) must obey him.(Heb.13:7) His role as mediator of the "[[New Covenant|new covenant]]" is limited to those going to heaven,<ref>"Consequently, 1 Timothy 2:5, 6 is not using 'mediator' in the broad sense common in many languages. It is not saying that Jesus is a mediator between God and all mankind. Rather, it refers to Christ as legal Mediator (or, "attorney") of the new covenant, this being the restricted way in which the Bible uses the term." (August 15 1989) "Watchtower": 30. </ref> whose number totals [[144,000]]. The  vast majority of Jehovah's Witnesses expect to live on a renewed paradise on Earth.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Does the Bible Really Teach?|year=2005|pages=33–36|publisher=Watchtower}}.</ref> They believe that Jesus did not die on a [[Christian cross|cross]] but on a "[[torture stake]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=What Does the Bible Really Teach?|publisher=Watchtower|pages=204}}</ref> The [[Holy Spirit|holy spirit]] is not a person but is God's active force.<ref>{{cite book|title=Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2|year=1988|pages=1019}}</ref>  The [[soul]] is the person itself, not an immortal immaterial entity that dwells inside the body.<ref>"The...Scriptures show 'soul' to be a person, an animal, or the life that a person or an animal enjoys." {{cite book|title=Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2|year=1988|pages=1004}}</ref>  Thus, souls of deceased persons who are not immediately resurrected to heaven are considered dead, and death itself is a state of non-existence with no consciousness.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Is There LIFE After Death?|journal=Watchtower|month=July 15|year=2001|url=http://www.watchtower.org/library/w/2001/7/15/article_01.htm|accessdate=January 26, 2006}}</ref> [[Hades in Christianity|Hades]] or [[Sheol]] is the designated common grave of all mankind. They do not believe in any [[Hell]] of fiery torment.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hell&mdash;Eternal Torture or Common Grave?|journal=The Watchtower|month=April 15|year=1993|pages=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Insight on the Scriptures Vol. 2|year=1988|pages=189}}</ref> The "last days" began in 1914 and [[Armageddon]] is imminent.<ref>{{cite journal|title="In the Last Days" Since When?|journal=Watchtower|month=October 1|year=1980|pages=19}}</ref> After false religion is destroyed, governments also face destruction.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Flight to Safety Before the "Great Tribulation"|journal=Watchtower|month=June 1|year=1996|pages=14–19}}</ref> Any who are not deemed faithful by God will be destroyed with no hope of resurrection.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Remaining Organized for Survival Into the Millennium|journal=Watchtower|month=September 1|year=1989|pages=19}}</ref> The fate of some, such as small children or the mentally ill, remains to be decided by God.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Strengthening Our Confidence in God's Righteousness|journal=Watchtower|month=August 15|year=1998|pages=20}}</ref> After [[Armageddon]], an unknown number of people, both righteous and unrighteous, who had died (prior to Armageddon) will be resurrected, with the prospect of living forever in paradise.<ref>{{cite journal|title="Death Is to Be Brought to Nothing"|journal=Watchtower|month=July 1|year=1998|pages=19–24}}</ref> <!-- Has the idea that each "day" equals 7,000 years been abandoned?—They do not believe that earth was created in 7 literal days but that those days represent each a period of unspecific number of years and that "the beginning" is not included in these days.—>

Difference between revisions of "Jehovah's Witnesses" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 09:03, 10 August 2007

Contents

History

Ancient Israelites

Jesus Christ and Christian

Modern Witnesses

Russell and Barbour

Russell's break with Barbour

Presidency of Joseph Franklin Rutherford

Nathan Knorr, reorganization, and subsequent Presidents

Demographics

Organizational structure

Publications

Beliefs and practices

Congregational discipline

Blood

Controversy

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Further reading

Books

External links

Official websites

Other sites

Credits

Difference between revisions of "Jehovah's Witnesses" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 09:03, 10 August 2007

History

Ancient Israelites

Jesus Christ and Christian

Modern Witnesses

Russell and Barbour

Russell's break with Barbour

Presidency of Joseph Franklin Rutherford

Nathan Knorr, reorganization, and subsequent Presidents

Demographics

Organizational structure

Publications

Beliefs and practices

Congregational discipline

Blood

Controversy

ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Further reading

Books

External links

Official websites

Other sites

Credits

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees