Difference between revisions of "Hominidae" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
| color = pink
 
| color = pink
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| name = Hominids<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=181-184}}</ref>
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| name = Hominids<ref>Groves 181-184</ref>
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| image = Austrolopithecus africanus.jpg
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| image = Man of the woods.JPG
 
| image_width = 250px
 
| image_width = 250px
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| image_caption = ''[[Australopithecus|Australopithecus africanus]]'' reconstruction
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| image_caption = Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
 
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
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| superfamilia = [[Hominoidea]]
 
| superfamilia = [[Hominoidea]]
 
| familia = '''Hominidae'''
 
| familia = '''Hominidae'''
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| familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1825]]
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| familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1825
 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
 
| subdivision =  
 
| subdivision =  
 
*Subfamily [[Ponginae]]
 
*Subfamily [[Ponginae]]
−
**''[[Pongo]]'' - [[orangutan]]s
+
**''[[Pongo]]''--[[orangutan]]s
 
*Subfamily [[Homininae]]
 
*Subfamily [[Homininae]]
−
**''[[Gorilla]]'' - [[gorilla]]s
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**''[[Gorilla]]''--[[gorilla]]s
−
**''[[chimpanzee|Pan]]'' - [[chimpanzee]]s
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**''[[chimpanzee|Pan]]''--[[chimpanzee]]s
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**''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' - [[Human]]s
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**''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]''--[[Human]]s
 
}}
 
}}
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__NOTOC__
 
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The '''hominids''' are the members of the [[biological family]] '''Hominidae''' (the '''great [[ape]]s'''), which includes [[human]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, [[gorilla]]s, and [[orangutan]]s. <!--These are the common names for the four living genera in Hominidae. Please don't change it to include a mix of species and genera common names. See the classification below.—>
 
  
−
This classification has been [[ape#History of hominoid taxonomy|revised several times]] in the last few decades. Originally, the group was restricted to humans and their [[extinct]] relatives, with the other great apes being placed in a separate family, the '''Pongidae'''. This definition is still used by many [[anthropologist]]s and by [[laity|lay people]]. However, that definition makes Pongidae [[paraphyletic]], whereas most taxonomists nowadays encourage [[monophyletic]] groups. Thus many [[biologist]]s consider Hominidae to include Pongidae as the subfamily [[Ponginae]], or restrict the latter to the orangutans and their extinct relatives like ''[[Gigantopithecus]]''. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings.
+
'''Hominidae''' is a [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] [[taxonomy#Scientific or biological classification|family]] of [[primate]]s that today is commonly considered to include extant (living) and extinct [[human]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, [[gorilla]]s, and [[orangutan]]s. In this taxonomic scheme, Hominidae is one of two families of [[ape]]s (superfamily [[Hominoidea]]), the other family being  [[Hylobatidae]] (the [[gibbon]]s). Members of Hominidae (sometimes exclusive of humans) are known as the "great apes," while members of Hylobatidae are known as the "lesser apes."
  
−
Especially close human relatives form a [[subfamily]], the [[Homininae]]. Some researchers go so far as to include chimpanzees and gorillas in the genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' along with humans, but it is more commonly accepted to describe the relationships as shown here.
+
However, historically, and even in some current taxonomic schemes, Hominidae included only humans and their close extinct relatives (eg., [[Australopithecine]]s, [[Neanderthal]]s)&mdash;that is, those more closely related to humans than the other great apes, which were in a different family.  
  
−
Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include ''Gigantopithecus'', ''[[Orrorin]]'', ''[[Ardipithecus]]'', ''[[Kenyanthropus]]'', and the [[australopithecine]]s ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and ''[[Paranthropus]]''.
+
The  use of the term '''[[hominid]],''' which is the designation for members of ''Hominidae,'' reflects these two meanings. In a technical and growing sense, it refers to humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans and their extinct relatives. However, also common, particularly in [[anthropology]], is to see hominids refer only to humans and their extinct forebears, both because of historical tradition and because of taxonomies in which humans are the only extant species in Hominidae.
  
−
The exact criteria for membership in the Homininae are not clear, but the subfamily generally includes those [[species]] which share more than 97% of their [[DNA]] with the modern human [[genome]], and exhibit a capacity for [[language]] or for simple [[culture]]s beyond the family or band. The [[theory of mind]] including such faculties as mental state attribution, empathy and even empathetic deception is a controversial criterion distinguishing the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity at about four and a half years of age, whereas it has neither been proven nor disproven that gorillas and chimpanzees develop a theory of mind.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Heyes, C. M. | year = 1998 | title = THEORY OF MIND IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES | journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences | id = bbs00000546 | url = http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/05/46/index.html}}</ref> This is also the case for some [[new world monkey]]s outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the [[Capuchin_monkey#Theory_of_mind|capuchin monkeys]].
+
The historical view of humans as unique from the rest of living organisms has gradually been eroded, culminating with the placement of humans together with the great apes in the same family Hominidae, on the basis of quite similar morphological and [[genetics|genetic]] characteristics. There are even proposals to place gorillas and chimpanzees together with humans in the ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' genus and to consider [[primate#Legal status|great apes as "persons]]." Indeed, chimpanzees and humans share more than 98 percent genetic similarity. However, when other factors are considered, the gap between humans and the rest of living organisms, including primates, is great indeed. Only humans have complex language using syntax and grammar, complex social systems (forms of government, etc.), and complex technologies ( computers, satellites, etc.). Human creativity is such that people even develop new varieties of [[plant]]s and breeds of [[animal]]s.  
  
−
However, without the ability to test whether early members of the Homininae (such as ''[[Homo erectus]]'', ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'', or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Despite an apparent lack of real culture and significant physiological and psychological differences, some say that the orangutan may also satisfy these criteria. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of [[Great Ape personhood]].
+
==Overview==
  
−
In [[2002]], a 6&ndash;7 million year old [[fossil]] [[skull]] nicknamed "Toumaï" by its discoverers, and formally classified as ''[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]'', was discovered in [[Chad]] and is possibly the earliest hominid [[fossil]] ever found. In addition to its age, Toumaï, unlike the 3&ndash;4 million year younger [[gracile australopithecine]] dubbed "[[Australopithecus afarensis|Lucy]]", has a relatively flat face without the prominent snout seen on other pre-''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' hominids. Some researchers have made the suggestion that this previously unknown species may in fact be a direct ancestor of modern humans (or at least closely related to a direct ancestor). Others contend that one fossil is not enough to make such a claim because it would overturn the conclusions of over 100 years of [[anthropology|anthropological]] study. A report on this finding was published in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' on [[July 11]], [[2002]]. While some scientists claim that it is merely the skull of a female gorilla, others have called it the most important hominin fossil since ''Australopithecus''.
+
The classification of Hominidae has been [[ape#History of hominoid taxonomy|revised several times]] in the last few decades. Originally, Hominidae included only humans and their [[extinct]] relatives, with all other apes being placed in a separate family, the '''Pongidae''' (Simpson 1945). In the 1960s, utilizing techniques from molecular biology, the lesser apes were moved into their own family (Hylobatidae), with humans remaining in Hominidae, and the non-human great apes remaining in Pongidae.  
  
−
In addition to the Tourmai fossil, some experts use evidence from the genome to argue that the species associated with the chimpanzees and proto-humans split interbred over a long period of time, swapping genes, before making a final separation. A paper, whose authors include [[David Reich]] and [[Eric Lander]] (Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)), was published in journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in May 2006.
+
[[Image:Orang.gorilla.skulls.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Skulls of an orangutan and a gorilla]]
 +
Eventually, the other great apes ([[gorilla]]s, [[orangutan]]s, and [[chimpanzee]]s) were placed into the family Hominidae along with humans, by demoting the Pongidae to a subfamily. Subsequently, it was decided that the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) were more closely related to each other than any of them are related to the organgutans, and the chimpanzees and gorillas were moved into the subfamily Homininae with humans, with orangutans remaining in the subfamily Pongidae. Chimpanzees and humans were further separated into the same tribe, Hominini, and humans and their extinct relatives further separated into the sub-tribe Hominina. 
 +
 
 +
Based on this scenario, the following terminology would be technically correct:
 +
 
 +
* A [[hominid]] is a member of the family '''[[Hominidae]]:''' All of the great apes, including humans.
 +
* A [[Homininae|hominine]] is a member of the subfamily [[Homininae]]: Gorillas, chimpanzees, humans (excludes [[orangutan]]s).
 +
* A [[hominin]] is a member of the tribe [[Hominini]]: Chimpanzees and humans.
 +
* A [[Hominina|hominan]] is a member of the sub-tribe [[Hominina]]: Humans and their extinct relatives.
 +
 
 +
However, universal acceptance of this taxonomy of Hominidae is lacking and thus affecting the consensus of the term "Hominid." Certain characteristics are still used by some systematics to support the idea that hominid should only denote humans and human ancestors. Some taxonomies place gorillas and chimpanzees (and the related bonobos) into the Panidae family, while orangutans remain in the Pongidae family, and humans in the Hominidae. Others continue to list only humans as hominids, and use a separate family, Pongidae, for great apes.
 +
 
 +
As noted above, [[anthropology|anthropologist]]s commonly use the term hominid to refer only to humans and their direct and near-direct ancestors, based on many decades of use where hominid was used in that narrow sense.
 +
 
 +
On the other hand, some researchers go so far as to include chimpanzees and gorillas in the genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' along with humans, though this is uncommon.
  
−
It is generally believed that the ''Pan/Homo'' split occurred about 6.5–7.4 million years ago, but the [[molecular clock]] (a method of calculating evolution based on the speed at which genes mutate) suggests the genera split 5.4–6.3 million years ago. Previous studies looked at average genetic differences between human and chimp. The new study compares the ages of key sequences of genes of modern humans and modern chimps. Some sequences are younger than others, indicating that chimps and humans gradually split apart over a period of 4 million years. The youngest human chromosome is the X sex chromosome which is about 1.2 million years more recent than the 22 autosomes. The X chromosome is known to be vulnerable to selective pressure. Its age suggests there was an initial split between the two species, followed by gradual divergence and interbreeding that resulted in younger genes, and then a final separation.
+
Many extinct hominids (in the more inclusive sense) have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include ''Gigantopithecus,'' ''Orrorin,'' ''Ardipithecus,'' ''Kenyanthropus,'' and the [[australopithecine]]s ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and ''[[Australopithecus|Paranthropus]].''
  
 
== Classification ==
 
== Classification ==
 
[[Image:Hominidae.PNG|300px|thumb|right|Hominoid family tree]]
 
[[Image:Hominidae.PNG|300px|thumb|right|Hominoid family tree]]
−
[[Image:Orang.gorilla.skulls.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Skulls of an orangutan and a gorilla]]
+
* '''Family Hominidae:''' humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded.
−
* '''Family Hominidae''': humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded.<ref name=MSW3/>
 
 
** Subfamily [[Orangutan|Ponginae]]
 
** Subfamily [[Orangutan|Ponginae]]
 
*** Genus ''[[Orangutan|Pongo]]''
 
*** Genus ''[[Orangutan|Pongo]]''
Line 75: Line 86:
 
***** [[Human]], ''Homo sapiens sapiens''
 
***** [[Human]], ''Homo sapiens sapiens''
  
−
In addition to the extant species and subspecies above, [[archaeologists]], [[paleontologists]], and [[anthropologists]] have discovered numerous extinct species. The list below are some of the genera of those discoveries.
+
In addition to the extant species and subspecies above, [[archaeology|archaeologists]], [[paleoontology|paleontologists]], and [[anthropology|anthropologists]] have discovered numerous extinct species. The list below are some of the genera of those discoveries.
  
 
*Subfamily [[Ponginae]]
 
*Subfamily [[Ponginae]]
−
**''[[Gigantopithecus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Gigantopithecus]]''
−
**''[[Sivapithecus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Sivapithecus]]''
−
**''[[Lufengpithecus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Lufengpithecus]]''
−
**''[[Ankarapithecus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Ankarapithecus]]''
−
**''[[Ouranopithecus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Ouranopithecus]]''
−
*Subfamily [[Homininae]]
+
*Subfamily Homininae
−
**''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' - [[Human]]s and their immediate ancestors
+
**''Homo''--Humans and their immediate ancestors
−
**''[[Oreopithecus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Oreopithecus]]''
−
**''[[Paranthropus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Australopithecus|Paranthropus]]''
−
**''[[Australopithecus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Australopithecus]]''
−
**''[[Sahelanthropus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Sahelanthropus]]''
−
**''[[Orrorin]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Orrorin]]''
−
**''[[Ardipithecus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Ardipithecus]]''
−
**''[[Kenyanthropus]]''&dagger;
+
**''[[Kenyanthropus]]''
 +
 
 +
 
  
−
== See also ==
+
== Notes ==
−
{{Commonscat|Hominidae}}
+
<references/>
−
{{3d commons}}
 
−
{{Wikispecies|Hominidae}}
 
−
{{Wikibookspar|Dichotomous Key|Hominidae}}
 
−
* [[Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes]]
 
−
* [[Ape extinction]]
 
−
* [[Declaration on Great Apes]]
 
−
* [[Evolution of Homo sapiens]]
 
−
* [[Evolutionary neuroscience]]
 
−
* [[Graphical timeline of human evolution]]
 
−
* [[Great ape language]]
 
−
* [[Great Ape Project]]
 
−
* [[List of apes]] - notable individual apes
 
−
* [[The Mind of an Ape]]
 
−
* [[Great Ape research ban]]
 
−
* [[Great Apes Survival Project]]
 
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
−
<references/>
+
* Goodman, M. 1963. Man’s place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins. In S. L. Washburn, ''Classification and human evolution.'' Chicago: Aldine.
 +
* Goodman, M. 1974. [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.001223 Biochemical evidence on hominid phylogeny.] ''Annual Review of Anthropology'' 3: 203–228.
 +
* Goodman, M., D. A. Tagle, D. H. Fitch, W. Bailey, J. Czelusniak, B. F. Koop, P. Benson, and J. L. Slightom. 1990. Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids. ''Journal of Molecular Evolution'' 30: 260–266.
 +
* Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 85: 1–350.
  
−
== External links ==
 
−
*[http://www.unep.org/grasp/Resources/index.asp Additional information on great apes]
 
−
*[http://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2002/july/toumai/index.html NPR News: Toumaï the Human Ancestor]
 
−
*[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html Hominid Species] at talkorigins.org
 
−
*[http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/ For more details on Hominid species, including excellent photos of fossil hominids]
 
−
*[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3744 New Scientist 19 May 2003 - Chimps are human, gene study implies]
 
−
*[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000C1E5D-B9BA-1422-B9BA83414B7F0103 Scientific American Magazine (April 2006 Issue) Why Are Some Animals So Smart?]
 
  
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{{Primates}}
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[[Category: Life sciences]]
 +
[[Category:Animals]]
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[[Category:Mammals]]
 +
[[Category:Primates]]
 +
[[Category:Human evolution]]
  
−
[[Category:Apes]]
 
−
[[Category:Life sciences]]
 
 
{{Credit|112845835}}
 
{{Credit|112845835}}

Latest revision as of 11:38, 2 February 2024

Hominids[1]
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorrhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Catarrhini
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: Hominidae
Gray, 1825
Genera

Hominidae is a taxonomic family of primates that today is commonly considered to include extant (living) and extinct humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. In this taxonomic scheme, Hominidae is one of two families of apes (superfamily Hominoidea), the other family being Hylobatidae (the gibbons). Members of Hominidae (sometimes exclusive of humans) are known as the "great apes," while members of Hylobatidae are known as the "lesser apes."

However, historically, and even in some current taxonomic schemes, Hominidae included only humans and their close extinct relatives (eg., Australopithecines, Neanderthals)—that is, those more closely related to humans than the other great apes, which were in a different family.

The use of the term hominid, which is the designation for members of Hominidae, reflects these two meanings. In a technical and growing sense, it refers to humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans and their extinct relatives. However, also common, particularly in anthropology, is to see hominids refer only to humans and their extinct forebears, both because of historical tradition and because of taxonomies in which humans are the only extant species in Hominidae.

The historical view of humans as unique from the rest of living organisms has gradually been eroded, culminating with the placement of humans together with the great apes in the same family Hominidae, on the basis of quite similar morphological and genetic characteristics. There are even proposals to place gorillas and chimpanzees together with humans in the Homo genus and to consider great apes as "persons." Indeed, chimpanzees and humans share more than 98 percent genetic similarity. However, when other factors are considered, the gap between humans and the rest of living organisms, including primates, is great indeed. Only humans have complex language using syntax and grammar, complex social systems (forms of government, etc.), and complex technologies ( computers, satellites, etc.). Human creativity is such that people even develop new varieties of plants and breeds of animals.

Overview

The classification of Hominidae has been revised several times in the last few decades. Originally, Hominidae included only humans and their extinct relatives, with all other apes being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae (Simpson 1945). In the 1960s, utilizing techniques from molecular biology, the lesser apes were moved into their own family (Hylobatidae), with humans remaining in Hominidae, and the non-human great apes remaining in Pongidae.

Skulls of an orangutan and a gorilla

Eventually, the other great apes (gorillas, orangutans, and chimpanzees) were placed into the family Hominidae along with humans, by demoting the Pongidae to a subfamily. Subsequently, it was decided that the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) were more closely related to each other than any of them are related to the organgutans, and the chimpanzees and gorillas were moved into the subfamily Homininae with humans, with orangutans remaining in the subfamily Pongidae. Chimpanzees and humans were further separated into the same tribe, Hominini, and humans and their extinct relatives further separated into the sub-tribe Hominina.

Based on this scenario, the following terminology would be technically correct:

  • A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae: All of the great apes, including humans.
  • A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: Gorillas, chimpanzees, humans (excludes orangutans).
  • A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: Chimpanzees and humans.
  • A hominan is a member of the sub-tribe Hominina: Humans and their extinct relatives.

However, universal acceptance of this taxonomy of Hominidae is lacking and thus affecting the consensus of the term "Hominid." Certain characteristics are still used by some systematics to support the idea that hominid should only denote humans and human ancestors. Some taxonomies place gorillas and chimpanzees (and the related bonobos) into the Panidae family, while orangutans remain in the Pongidae family, and humans in the Hominidae. Others continue to list only humans as hominids, and use a separate family, Pongidae, for great apes.

As noted above, anthropologists commonly use the term hominid to refer only to humans and their direct and near-direct ancestors, based on many decades of use where hominid was used in that narrow sense.

On the other hand, some researchers go so far as to include chimpanzees and gorillas in the genus Homo along with humans, though this is uncommon.

Many extinct hominids (in the more inclusive sense) have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.

Classification

Hominoid family tree
  • Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded.
    • Subfamily Ponginae
      • Genus Pongo
        • Bornean Orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus
          • Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
          • Pongo pygmaeus morio
          • Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
        • Sumatran Orangutan, Pongo abelii
    • Subfamily Homininae
      • Tribe Gorillini
        • Genus Gorilla
          • Western Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla
            • Western Lowland Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
            • Cross River Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli
          • Eastern Gorilla, Gorilla beringei
            • Mountain Gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei
            • Eastern Lowland Gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri
      • Tribe Hominini
        • Genus Pan
          • Common Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes
            • Central Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
            • West African Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus
            • Nigerian Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes vellerosus
            • Eastern Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
          • Bonobo (Pygmy Chimpanzee), Pan paniscus
        • Genus Homo
          • Human, Homo sapiens sapiens

In addition to the extant species and subspecies above, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered numerous extinct species. The list below are some of the genera of those discoveries.

  • Subfamily Ponginae
    • Gigantopithecus
    • Sivapithecus
    • Lufengpithecus
    • Ankarapithecus
    • Ouranopithecus
  • Subfamily Homininae


Notes

  1. ↑ Groves 181-184

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Goodman, M. 1963. Man’s place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins. In S. L. Washburn, Classification and human evolution. Chicago: Aldine.
  • Goodman, M. 1974. Biochemical evidence on hominid phylogeny. Annual Review of Anthropology 3: 203–228.
  • Goodman, M., D. A. Tagle, D. H. Fitch, W. Bailey, J. Czelusniak, B. F. Koop, P. Benson, and J. L. Slightom. 1990. Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids. Journal of Molecular Evolution 30: 260–266.
  • Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85: 1–350.

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