Frigg

Frigg spinning the clouds, by J C Dollman

In Norse mythology, Frigg or Frigga was said to be "foremost among the goddesses," wife of Odin, Queen of the Aesir, and goddess of the sky. As one of the Ásynjur (female Norse divinities), she was a goddess of fertility, love, household management, marriage, motherhood, and domestic arts (though another Norse goddess —Freyja— was more commonly associated with some of these domains). Frigg's primary roles in Norse mythology celebrate her actions in familial roles, as the wife of Odin and as the mother of Balder.

Frigg in a Norse Context

As a Norse deity, Frigg belonged to a complex religious, mythological and cosmological belief system shared by the Scandinavian and Germanic peoples. This mythological tradition, of which the Scandinavian (particularly Icelandic) sub-group is best preserved, developed in the period from the first manifestations of religious and material culture in approximately 1000 B.C.E. until the Christianizing of the area, a process that occurred primarily from 900-1200 C.E. Though some scholars have argued against the homogenizing effect of grouping various traditions together under the rubric of “Norse Mythology,” the profoundly exploratory and nomadic nature of Viking society tends to overrule such objections. As Thomas DuBois cogently argues, “[w]hatever else we may say about the various peoples of the North during the Viking Age, then, we cannot claim that they were isolated from or ignorant of their neighbors…. As religion expresses the concerns and experiences of its human adherents, so it changes continually in response to cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Ideas and ideals passed between communities with frequency and regularity, leading to and interdependent and intercultural region with broad commonalities of religion and worldview.” The tales recorded within this mythological corpus tend to exemplify a unified cultural focus on physical prowess and military might.

Within this framework, Norse cosmology postulates three separate "clans" of deities: the Aesir, the Vanir, and the Jotun. The distinction between Aesir and Vanir is relative, for the two are said to have made peace, exchanged hostages, intermarried and reigned together after a prolonged war. In fact, the most significant divergence between the two groups is in their respective areas of influence, with the Aesir representing war and conquest, and the Vanir representing exploration, fertility and wealth. More specifically, Georges Dumézil, one of the foremost authorities on the Norse tradition and a noted comparitivist, argues quite persuasively that the Aesir / Vanir distinction is a component of a larger triadic division (between ruler gods, warrior gods, and gods of agriculture and commerce) that is echoed among the Indo-European cosmologies (from Vedic India, through Rome, and into the Germanic North). Further, he notes that this distinction conforms to patterns of social organization found in all of these societies. The Jotun, on the other hand, are seen as a generally malefic (though wise) race of giants who represented the primary adversaries of the Aesir and Vanir.

Frigg's main roles in the Norse pantheon are as the queen of the Aesir and the wife of Odin.

Attributes

File:Fricka.jpg

As "Fricka" — Arthur Rackham's illustration to the Die Walküre opera by Richard Wagner

The name Frigg means "love" or "beloved one" (Proto-Germanic *frijjō). This name was known among many northern European cultures with slight variations over time: e.g. Frea in southern Germany, Frija or Friia in Old High German, Friggja in Sweden, Frīg (genitive Frīge) in Old English, and Frika in Wagner's operas. Claims of a connection between Frau Holle and Frigg can be traced back at least to Jacob Grimm. However, some recent scholarship suggests that the linguistic evidence connecting Frau Holle with Frigg is based on a mistaken translation from Latin. Modern English translations have sometimes altered Frigg to Frigga. In Snorri Sturluson's thirteenth-century guide to skaldic poetry, he suggests using the following kennings (poetic allusions) to signify the goddess:

Call her Daughter of Fjörgynn, Wife of Odin, Mother of Balder, Co-Wife of Jörd and Rindr and Gunnlöd and Gridr [all consorts of Odin], Mother-in-law of Nanna, Lady of the Aesir and Asynjur, Mistress of Fulla [her handmaiden] and of the Hawk-Plumage and of Fensalir [her hall].

Sturluson's descripton alludes to the secondary place of women in Nordic mythology. Indeed, Sturluson suggests that "all the goddesses may be paraphrased thus: by calling them by the name of another [most often their father or husband], and naming them in terms of their possessions or their works or their kindred. Frigg's children were said to be Balder, Höðr and, in an English source, Wecta; her stepchildren were Hermóðr, Heimdall, Tyr, Vidar, Váli, and Skjoldr. According to the poem Lokasenna, Frigg is the daughter of Fjorgyn (masculine version of "Earth," cf. feminine version of "Earth," Thor's mother), though her mother is not identified in the stories that have survived.

Frigg is said to possess the power of prophecy, although she is entirely closed-lipped about what she knows. "She will tell no fortunes, yet well she knows the fates of men." and is the only being (other than Odin) who is permitted to sit on the high seat Hlidskjalf ("doorway-bench" or "watchtower") and look out over the universe.

Frigg's hall in Asgard is Fensalir, which means "Marsh Hall." Although this may imply that marshy or boggy land was considered especially sacred to her, such an attribution is mere speculation.

Mythic Representations

The Death of Balder

The most famous story featuring Frigg has her predominantly in the role of a mother. Frigg especially loved her son Balder, and, with a mother's concern, she set about trying to protect him after he had a prophetic dream of his own death. She had every living thing in the world promise not to harm him, except the mistletoe, which seemed too insignificant to bother with at the time. Later, the gods made a game of throwing things at the seemingly invulnerable Balder and watching them bounce off without hurting him. However, this pastime soon became deadly when Loki gave a mistletoe dart to Balder's blind brother Höðr and offered to help him take part in the festivities. With Loki's guidance, the blind god threw the dart and it pierced his brother's heart, killing him instantly.

Even though Frigg must have known that Balder was doomed because of her own precognitive abilities and her son's prophetic dreams, she nonetheless tried to alter his fate. After his death, she sent an emissary (Hermodr) to the Underworld to speak to its queen (Hel), in an attempt to ransom her unfortunate son. The icy queen agreed to release Balder on the condition that all living things weep for him. In a parallel to her initial quest, Frigg then spoke to everyone and everything in the world, all of whom agree to weep for the beloved god of spring. However, the last being to be petitioned, a giantess named Thökk, refused to weep, saying: "Living or dead, I loved not the churl's son. Let Hel hold to that she hath!" It should be noted that Sturluson considers this giantess to be Loki in disguise. With that, Balder was lost to the world forever.

The Winnilers and the Vandals

In a story from the Historia Langobardum of Paulus Diaconus, Frigg is, once again, shown in the role of wife, but as one who knows how to get her own way (in spite of her strong-willed husband). In this story, the narrator describes a conflict between two Germanic tribes, the Winnilers and the Vandals. The latter group was a favorite of the All-Father, while the Winnilers were supported by Frigg. After a heated discussion with his wife (concerning their respective clients), Odin swore that he would grant victory to the first tribe he saw the next morning upon awakening, knowing full well that the bed was arranged so that the Vandals were on his side. While he slept, Frigg told the Winniler women to comb their hair over their faces to look like long beards, so that they appeared to be an army of men. She also turned her husband's bed, so the Winniler women would be on Odin's side. When he woke up, Odin was surprised to see the horde of unfamiliar, bearded men outside of this window and asked his wife who these "long-beards" were. In an etiological sense, this myth explains the origin of the name "Langobards" (literally "long beards," by saying that the group changed its appellation in honor of their new divine sanction. Outsmarted, Odin kept his oath and granted victory to the Winnilers, eventually admitting the wisdom of Frigg's choice. .

Frigg's Sexuality

Despite her general reputation as a wife and mother, some accounts depict Frigg as somewhat sexually licentious. In the Lokasenna, a ribald and insulting poem that features Loki lobbing criticism at the Aesir, Frigg is accused of having slept with two of Odin's brothers (Vili and Vé) - an accusation that she makes no effort to deny. Details on this episode can be found in Sturluson's Ynglinga Saga, which states:

Odin had two brothers, the one called Ve, the other Vilje, and they governed the kingdom when he was absent. It happened once when Odin had gone to a great distance, and had been so long away that the people of Asia doubted if he would ever return home, that his two brothers took it upon themselves to divide his estate; but both of them took his wife Frigg to themselves. Odin soon after returned home, and took his wife back.

An even more provocative account (from the Gesta Danorum) describes Frigg desecrating a golden statue of Odin in order to reclaim the gold for jewelry. Unable to take down the statue herself, she enlists the aid of a servant by seducing him.

These accounts are rather incompatible with the general picture of Frigg as a loving wife and mother (as characterized throughout the majority of sources).

Connection between Frigg and Freyja

Given the similarities between Frigg and Freyja, with the former as the highest goddess of the Æsir and the latter as the highest goddess of the Vanir, it is perhaps unsurprising that scholars have debated a possible relationship between them. Specifically, many arguments have been made both for and against the idea that Frigg and Freyja are really the same goddess. , , Some arguments are based on linguistic analyses, others on the fact that Freyja is only mentioned in Northern German (and later Nordic) accounts, while still others center on specific mythic tales. However, both goddesses sometimes appear in the same text.

Toponyms (and Other Linguistic Traces) of Frigg

Frigg's grass.

The most notable linguistic survival of Frigg is in the English, Germanic and Scandinavian calendars, where "Friday" is derived from her name. This naming convention is attested to in an Old English account:

The sixth day they appointed

to the shameless goddess

called Venus

and Fricg [Frigg] in Danish.

Further evidence of Frigg’s importance can be found in surviving toponyms, many of which can be found in Sweden (i.e. Friggjarakr ("Frigg's Cornfield") in Västergötland). In addition to these Swedish toponyms, archaeologists have also found an abandoned Norwegian farm (ca. 1435), whose name (Friggjarsetr) can be translated "Frigg's homestead." However, this find is somewhat irregular, as no other Friggic toponyms have been found in Norway.

The constellation Orion was once known as "Frigg's Distaff" (Friggerock).. To explain this attribution, some scholars have pointed out that the constellation is on the celestial equator and thus the stars rotating in the night sky may have been associated with Frigg's spinning wheel.

Given the goddess's association with women and childbirth, the Scandinavians named Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum), a plant commonly prescribed as a sedative for the mother during childbirth, Frigg's grass.

Bibliography

• Björnsson, Eysteinn (ed.). Snorra-Edda: Formáli & Gylfaginning : Textar fjögurra meginhandrita. 2005. SNORRA-EDDA: FORMÁLI & GYLFAGINNING.. Retrieved May 15th, 2007
• DuBois, Thomas A. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8122-1714-4.
• Dumézil, Georges. Gods of the Ancient Northmen. Edited by Einar Haugen; Introduction by C. Scott Littleton and Udo Strutynski. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 0-520-02044-8.
• Grammaticus, Saxo. The Danish History (Volumes I-IX). Translated by Oliver Elton (Norroena Society, New York, 1905). Accessed online at The Danish History, Books I-IX. The Online Medieval & Classical Library. Retrieved May 15th, 2007
• Grundy, Stephen. "Freyja and Frigg" in Roles of the Northern Goddess. Hilda Ellis Davidson (editor). London: Routlege, 1998. 56-67. ISBN 0415136113.
• Krupp, E. C. "The Thread of Time." Sky and Telescope 91(1), Jan. 1996. Start page: 60.
• Lindow, John. Handbook of Norse mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1-57607-217-7.
• Munch, P. A. Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes. In the revision of Magnus Olsen; translated from the Norwegian by Sigurd Bernhard Hustvedt. New York: The American-Scandinavian foundation; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1926.
• Nasstrom, Brit-Mari. "Freyja, A Goddess with Many Names" in The Concept of the Goddess. Edited by Sandra Billington and Miranda Green. London: Routlege, 1996. 68-77. ISBN 0415197899.
• Orchard, Andy. Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. London: Cassell; New York: Distributed in the United States by Sterling Pub. Co., 2002. ISBN 0-304-36385-5.
• Schön, Ebbe. Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition. Värnamo: Fält & Hässler, 2004. ISBN 9189660412.
• Simek, Rudolf. Dictionary of Northern Mythology, Translated by Angela Hall. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1993. ISBN 0859915131.
• Smith, John B. "Perchta the Belly-Slitter and Her Kin: A View of Some Traditional Threatening Figures, Threats and Punishments." Folklore. 115(2), Aug. 2004. 167-186.
• Sturlson, Snorri. The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson: Tales from Norse Mythology. Introduced by Sigurdur Nordal; Selected and translated by Jean I. Young. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1954. ISBN 0-520-01231-3.
• Sturluson, Snorri. The Prose Edda. Translated from the Icelandic and with an introduction by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur. New York: American-Scandinavian foundation, 1916. The Prose Edda. Northvegr Foundation. Retrieved May 15th, 2007
• Turville-Petre, Gabriel. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964. ISBN 0837174201.
• "Völuspá" in The Poetic Edda. Translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. The Poetic Edda. Henry Adams Bellows. Retrieved May15th, 2007
• Welsh, Lynda. Goddess of the North. York Beach: Weiser Books, 2001. ISBN 157863170X.

External links

• The Face of the Goddess. Shadowlight. Retrieved May 15th, 2007. — Frigg's twelve handmaidens and associated signs of the zodiac

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