Difference between revisions of "Chestnut" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''Chestnut''' | + | '''Chestnut''' is the common name for any of the deciduous trees and shrubs comprising the genus '''''Castanea''''' (Cas-tá-ne-a) in the [[beech]] family [[Fagaceae]], native to temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and characterized by alternate, simple, toothed l[[leaf|leaves]] and thin-shelled [[nut]]s that are enclosed in a prickly outer shell. There are eight or nine species that have been identified as part of ''Castanea'', including chestnuts commonly called '''chinkapins''', which typically are smaller, often more shrubby, than the other species of large trees. The name chestnut also refers to the edible nut of these trees and to the wood, which has commercial value. |
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| + | There also are other plants in other [[genus|genera]] and families that utilize the common name chestnut, including the horse chestnut (''Aesculus'' in Sapindaceae family), the grass-like Chinese water chestnut (''Eleocharis dulcis'' in Cyperaceae family), and the water chestnut (''Trapa natans'' in the Trapaceae family). | ||
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| + | ornamental | ||
| + | timber | ||
| + | food | ||
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| + | ==Description== | ||
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| + | The beech family, '''Fagaceae''', to which chestnut belong, comprises about 900 species of both [[evergreen]] and [[deciduous]] trees and shrubs. Members of this family are characterized by alternate simple [[leaves]] with pinnate venation, unisexual [[flower]]s in the form of [[catkin]]s, and fruit in the form of cup-like ([[cupule]]) nuts. Fagaceous leaves are often lobed and both [[petiole (botany)|petiole]]s and [[stipule]]s are generally present. Fruits lack [[endosperm]] and lie in a scaly or spiny husk that may or may not enclose the entire nut, which may consist of one to seven seeds. The best-known group of this family is the [[oak]]s, genus ''Quercus'', the fruit of which is a non-valved nut (usually containing one seed) called an acorn. The husk of the acorn in most oaks only forms a cup in which the nut sits. | ||
| + | The name also refers to the edible [[nut (fruit)|nuts]] they produce.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105816 ''Castanea'']</ref><ref name=fna>Flora of North America: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=105816 ''Castanea'']</ref><ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Castanea&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Castanea'']</ref> | ||
Most of the species are large trees growing to 20-40 m tall, but some species (the chinkapins) are smaller, often shrubby. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, [[ovate]] or [[lanceolate]], 10-30 cm long and 4-10 cm broad, with sharply pointed, widely-spaced teeth, with shallow rounded sinuses between. The [[flower]]s are [[catkin]]s, produced in mid summer; they have a heavy, unpleasant odour. The [[fruit]] is a spiny [[cupule]] 5-11 cm diameter, containing one to seven nuts.<ref name=foc/><ref name=fna/><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref><ref name=bean1>Bean, W. J. (1976). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., vol. 1. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-1790-7.</ref> | Most of the species are large trees growing to 20-40 m tall, but some species (the chinkapins) are smaller, often shrubby. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, [[ovate]] or [[lanceolate]], 10-30 cm long and 4-10 cm broad, with sharply pointed, widely-spaced teeth, with shallow rounded sinuses between. The [[flower]]s are [[catkin]]s, produced in mid summer; they have a heavy, unpleasant odour. The [[fruit]] is a spiny [[cupule]] 5-11 cm diameter, containing one to seven nuts.<ref name=foc/><ref name=fna/><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref><ref name=bean1>Bean, W. J. (1976). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., vol. 1. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-1790-7.</ref> | ||
Revision as of 16:28, 13 April 2008
| Chestnut | ||||||||||||
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 Sweet Chestnut Castanea sativa
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Castanea alnifolia - Bush Chinkapin |
Chestnut is the common name for any of the deciduous trees and shrubs comprising the genus Castanea (Cas-tá-ne-a) in the beech family Fagaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and characterized by alternate, simple, toothed lleaves and thin-shelled nuts that are enclosed in a prickly outer shell. There are eight or nine species that have been identified as part of Castanea, including chestnuts commonly called chinkapins, which typically are smaller, often more shrubby, than the other species of large trees. The name chestnut also refers to the edible nut of these trees and to the wood, which has commercial value.
There also are other plants in other genera and families that utilize the common name chestnut, including the horse chestnut (Aesculus in Sapindaceae family), the grass-like Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis in Cyperaceae family), and the water chestnut (Trapa natans in the Trapaceae family).
ornamental timber food
Description
The beech family, Fagaceae, to which chestnut belong, comprises about 900 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs. Members of this family are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like (cupule) nuts. Fagaceous leaves are often lobed and both petioles and stipules are generally present. Fruits lack endosperm and lie in a scaly or spiny husk that may or may not enclose the entire nut, which may consist of one to seven seeds. The best-known group of this family is the oaks, genus Quercus, the fruit of which is a non-valved nut (usually containing one seed) called an acorn. The husk of the acorn in most oaks only forms a cup in which the nut sits. The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce.[1][2][3]
Most of the species are large trees growing to 20-40 m tall, but some species (the chinkapins) are smaller, often shrubby. The leaves are simple, ovate or lanceolate, 10-30 cm long and 4-10 cm broad, with sharply pointed, widely-spaced teeth, with shallow rounded sinuses between. The flowers are catkins, produced in mid summer; they have a heavy, unpleasant odour. The fruit is a spiny cupule 5-11 cm diameter, containing one to seven nuts.[1][2][4][5]
The name Castanea comes from the old Latin name for the Sweet Chestnut.[6]
Chestnuts should not be confused with either Horse-chestnuts (family Sapindaceae; also called "buckeye"), or water-chestnuts (family Cyperaceae); both are so named for producing superficially similar nuts.
Ecology
Chestnut trees thrive on neutral and acidic soils, such as soils derived from granite, sandstone, or schist, and do not grow well on alkaline soils such as chalk.[6]
The nuts are an important food for jays, pigeons, and squirrels. Several insects, notably the weevil Curculio elephas (chestnut weevil), also feed on the seeds.[6]
The leaves are used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on chestnut trees.
Diseases
A fungal disease, chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica, affects chestnuts. The eastern Asian species have co-evolved with this disease and are moderately to very resistant to it, while the European and North American species, not having been exposed to it in the past, have little or no resistance.[6]
Early in the 20th century, chestnut blight was introduced to North America by the importation of Asian chestnut plants. This resulted in the subsequent destruction of 3.5 billion American Chestnut trees[citation needed] over the next 40 years, and what had been the most important tree throughout the east coast was reduced to insignificance. The American chinkapins are also very susceptible to chestnut blight. The European and west Asian Sweet Chestnut is susceptible, but less so than the American.[6]
The resistant species, particularly Japanese Chestnut and Chinese Chestnut but also Seguin's Chestnut and Henry's Chestnut, have been used in breeding programs in the US to create hybrids with the American Chestnut that are also disease resistant.[6]
Uses
Nuts
The nuts are an important food crop in southern Europe, southwestern and eastern Asia, and also in eastern North America before the arrival of chestnut blight. In southern Europe in the Middle Ages, whole forest-dwelling communities which had scarce access to wheat flour relied on chestnuts as their main source of carbohydrates.
The nuts can be eaten candied, boiled or roasted; candied chestnuts are often sold under the French name marrons glacés or Turkish name kestane şekeri. Another important use of chestnuts is to be ground into flour, which can then be used to prepare bread, cakes and pasta.
Another little known use is to eat chestnuts raw by just peeling them (almost unknown in North-America but customary at least in Northwest Europe). When chestnuts are fresh from the field/store, peeling is not easy. However, after leaving them out at room temperature for 24-48 hours, using a simple small, pointed kitchen knife will allow the consumer to easily peel away the outside shell. Next, you peel the thinner inside skin. Wash, and if present cut away contamination, and eat. Chestnuts' taste may vary slightly from one to the next but is somewhat sweet and certainly unique. After leaving chestnuts out for more than 5-7 days the quality starts to degrade.
Chestnut-based recipes and preparations are making a comeback in Italian cuisine, as part of the trend toward rediscovery of traditional dishes.
Other products
The wood is similar to oak wood in being decorative and very durable. Due to disease, American Chestnut wood has almost disappeared from the market. Although quantities of Chestnut can still be obtained as reclaimed lumber, it is difficult to obtain large timber from the Sweet Chestnut due to the high degree of splitting and warping when it dries.[7] The wood of the Sweet Chestnut is most commonly used in small items where durability is important, such as fencing and wooden outdoor cladding ('shingles') for buildings. In Italy, it is also used to make barrels used for aging balsamic vinegar.
The bark was also a useful source of natural tannins, used for tanning leather before the introduction of synthetic tannins.[7]
Cultivation
|
This short section requires expansion. |
Chestnuts grown for nut production are grown in orchards with wide spacing between the trees to encourage low, broad crowns with maximum exposure to sunshine to increase nut production. On alkaline soils, chestnuts can be grown by grafting them onto oak rootstocks. Most wood production is done by coppice systems, cut on a 12 year rotation to provide small timber which does not split as badly as large logs.[7]
Chestnuts for planting require storage in moist sand and chilling over the winter before sowing; drying kills the seed and prevents germination.
Artistic references
- The jazz standard "April in Paris" begins, "April in Paris / Chestnuts in blossom."
- In the Polish film, Ashes and Diamonds, two characters reminisce about the chestnut trees that once lined a famous boulevard destroyed in the Warsaw Uprising.
- "The Christmas Song" begins with the phrase "Chestnuts roasting on an open fire." Nat King Cole's hit recording is now a Christmas standard.
- In the movie Howards End, Mrs. Ruth Wilcox (Vanessa Redgrave) tells of her childhood home, where superstitious farmers would place pigs' teeth in the bark of the chestnut trees and then chew on this bark to ease toothaches.
- In the novel Jane Eyre, a chestnut tree outside of Thornfield Hall is broken in two by lightning. This foreshadows the break-up of Rochester and Jane's marriage.
- The opening lines of Longfellow's poem The Village Blacksmith are "Under a spreading chestnut-tree / the village smithy stands." This famous reference is much remarked upon by those involved in projects to return the American chestnut to the wild.
- In George Orwell's 1984 the chestnut tree is used in poems recited throughout, referring to nature, modern life and lies ie the saying; 'that old chestnut'.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Flora of China: Castanea
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Flora of North America: Castanea
- ↑ Flora Europaea: Castanea
- ↑ Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
- ↑ Bean, W. J. (1976). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles 8th ed., vol. 1. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-1790-7.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Edlin, H. L. (1970). Trees, Woods and Man. New Naturalist ISBN 00-213230-3.
External links
A Castanea sativa tree
Castanea crenata foliage
- Castanea dentata JPG.jpg
Castanea dentata foliage
Castanea sativa male catkins (pale buff) and female catkins (green, spiny, partly hidden by leaves)
Chestnuts inside their spiky capsule
Chestnuts can be found on the ground around trees
Young chestnuts
Chestnut wood. Note the splitting at the top of the log.
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