Difference between revisions of "Bazaar" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:Bazaar zanjan.jpg|right|thumb|Bazaar of [[Zanjan]].]]
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[[Image:Grote bazaar - straat.JPG|thumb|Egyptian bazaar, Istanbul]]
  
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A '''bazaar''' ({{lang-fa|بازار}}) is a permanent merchandizing area, [[marketplace]], or street of shops where [[consumer good|goods]] and services are exchanged or sold. Originating from ancient [[Islam|Islamic]] [[civilization]]s, the bazaar is the precursor for the modern day [[supermarket]], [[flea-market]], and [[shopping mall]], and has had a great influence on the [[economics|economic]] development and centralization in modern cities around the world.
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{{toc}}
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The bazaar first appeared along the important trade routes. The constant flow of foreign and exotic goods, along with travelers, gave rise to systems of haggling and trade within the cities themselves. Special areas of cities were eventually designated as areas of trade, and the first bazaars were established. Bazaars rapidly became areas not just for the trading of goods, but were often the social, [[religion|religious]], and [[finance|financial]] centers of cities. With their continuing connection to the religious aspects of life through the presence of [[mosque]]s in the close vicinity, and their attraction to [[tourism|tourists]], bazaars have retained more of a historical and local [[identity]] than the Western mall. The bazaar has a long history and has served all segments of society well; it continues to develop and modernize externally, retaining its internal character and purpose, it maintains its place in modern society.
  
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A '''bazaar''' (in {{lang-fa|بازار}}) is a [[marketplace]], often covered, typically found in areas of [[Persian culture|Persian]] and some [[Islamic]] culture. The word derives from the Persian word ''bāzār'', whose etymology goes back to the [[Middle Persian|Pahlavi]] word ''baha-char'' (وهاچار) meaning "the place of prices".
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==Etymology==
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The word '''bazaar''' derives from the [[Persian]] word ''bāzār,'' the etymology of which goes back to the [[Middle Persian|Pahlavi]] word ''baha-char'' (بهاچار) meaning "the place of prices".<ref> [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bazaar bazaar] Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved September 14, 2007.</ref> During the time of the [[Holy Crusades|Crusades]], when [[Europe]] and the Middle East had their first major encounters and cultural dissemination took place, the word was assimilated into [[Italian language|Italian]] as ''bazzara,'' before being transferred to [[English language|English]] in its current form, ''bazaar.''<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bazaar bazaar] Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved September 14, 2007. </ref> While currently the word is most often used to denote outdoor shopping areas, particularly those of [[Islam]]ic origins, the word is sometimes used loosely to refer to such places and events as flea markets or [[swap-meets]].
  
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==Modern History==
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==History==
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An important political, economic, and social force in since at least the time of the [[Qajar]] dynasty, the bazaar has been in opposition with the political elite in [[Iran]] through much of the twentieth century.
 
  
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The [[Pahlavi dynasty]] viewed the bazaar as an impediment to the modern society that they wished to create and sought to enact policies that would erode the bazaar's importance. They were aware that the alliance of the mercantile and artisan forces in the bazaar with the [[Shia]] and [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] clergy posed a serious threat to Imperial government, as occurred in 1890 and again during the [[Constitutional Revolution]] of 1905-07. The emergence of such an alliance in the period from 1923 to 1924 is believed by many scholars to have convinced [[Reza Shah]] not to establish a republic, as [[Ataturk]] had done in [[Turkey]], but to establish a new dynasty based upon his family.  
+
The bazaar first appeared in the [[Middle East]], around the fourth century. At the time, the area was often at the axis of many important trade routes, which helped establish cities and ports. A constant flow of foreign and exotic goods, along with travelers, gave rise to systems of haggling and trade within the cities themselves. Special areas of cities were eventually designated as areas of trade, and the first bazaars were established. A strong [[economy]] has always been an [[Islam]]ic ideal, so the bazaars were incorporated and actively fostered when the Islamic conquest swept over the region.  
  
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Reza Shah recognised the potential power of the bazar, and he was apparently determined to control it. As his secularisation programs had adversely affected the clergy, many of his economic reforms hurt the bazar.  
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Bazaars became areas not just for the trading of goods, but were often the social, religious, and financial centers of cities. [[Mosque]]s and coffee shops were often incorporated into established bazaars, as were forms of street entertainment.<ref>Abbas Moghaddam, (1994) "Bazaar the achievement of the Islamic civilisation A short history of the Tehran Bazaar" The Newsletter of Chamber of Commerce publication of the Chamber of Commerce, Industries & Mines of the Islamic Republic of Iran.</ref> The idea of a bazaar was carried along trade routes, to east in areas of modern day [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and certain areas in [[South-East Asia]], North to modern day [[Turkey]], [[Hungary]] and sporadically into areas of [[Central Asia]].<ref> [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bazaar "Bazaar"] ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' 11th Ed. (1911) Retrieved September 17, 2007</ref> However, the major world bazaars continued to be found in Middle Eastern states, as they still are today.
  
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His son also sought to control the influence of the bazar. As a consequence, the bazar remained a locus of opposition to both Pahlavis. During 1978, the bazar spearheaded the strikes that paralysed some sectors of the [[economy]] and provided support for the political actions of the Shia clergy. In essence, the feared alliance of the bazar and clergy had once again come to play a pivotal role in effecting political change in Iran.
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==Famous Examples==
  
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The [[Islamic Republic]] has been much more solicitous of the bazar than was the Pahlavi dynasty. Several of the early economic programs implemented by the governments of the Republic have benefited the interests of the bazar; nevertheless, the complexities of managing an economy under the impact of a total war have also forced the central government to adopt economic policies that the bazar has opposed.  
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===The Old Bazaar in Cairo===
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[[Image:Sebah, Pascal (1823-1886) - Khan el-Khalili, Cairo - ca. 1880s.JPG|thumb|175px|left|Khan el-Khalili, Cairo - ca. 1880s.]]
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'''Khan el-Khalili''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: خان الخليلي) is a major ''[[souk|souq]]'' in the Old City of [[Cairo]]. The ''souq'' dates back to 1382, when [[Emir]] Djaharks el-Khalili built a large [[caravanserai]] (خان ''khan'' in Arabic) in Cairo under the [[Burji Mamluks|Burji]] [[Mamluk]] [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultan]] [[Barquq]]; the eponymous ''khan'' is still extant.
  
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Generally, the modern government leaders have favoured varying degrees of state regulation over such economic issues as the pricing of basic commodities and foreign trade, while entrepreneurs, bazar merchants, and some prominent clergy have opposed such restrictions. These economic issues have been among the main reasons for the emergence of two contentious factions among the political elite in Iran.
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The ''souq'' is noted for selling good-quality [[clothing]], [[cloth]], [[spice]]s, [[souvenir]]s, and traditional [[jewelry]] and [[perfume]]s at reasonable prices. Imitation Western perfumes are also produced, but tend to be of inferior quality. In addition to shops, there are several Arabic [[coffeehouse]]s (مقهى ''maqha'' or قهوة ''qahwah'', depending on dialect), restaurants, and [[street food]] vendors distributed throughout the market. The coffeeshops are generally small and quite traditional, serving [[Turkish coffee]] and usually offering [[shisha]]. The [[Al-Hussein Mosque]] is also in Khan El-Khalili; [[Al-Azhar University]] and its mosque are not far away.<ref> Intercity Oz, Inc. (1996) [http://www.touregypt.net/khan.htm"Khan el-Khalili"] Retrieved September 17, 2007</ref>
  
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== Famous bazaars ==
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The market was a target for [[terrorism]] during the [[April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo|spate of attacks in Cairo]] in April 2005. The [[suicide]] attack in the market, on April 7, took 21 lives (eleven Egyptians, two [[France|French]] tourists, one [[United States|American]], and seven foreigners of unidentified origin). It was the first attack in the series; this attack scared away tourists from [[Egypt]] in general and Khan El-Khalili in particular for some time.<ref>Sherifa Zuhur, [http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?issue_id=3339 A New Phase for Jihad in Egypt?] ''Terrorism Monitor''. Volume 3, Issue 10 (May 19, 2005) Retrieved September 17, 2007</ref>
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Examples of great [[Iran]]ian and [[Pakistan]]i bazaars include:
 
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*[[Tehran's Grand Bazaar]] (Largest covered neighbourhood in the world)
 
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* [[The Grand Bazaar, Istanbul]]
 
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* [[Bazaar of Isfahan|Bazaar of Isfahan, Iran]]  
 
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* [[Bazaar of Tabriz|Bazaar of Tabriz, Iran]]  
 
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* [[Qissa Khawani Bazaar]] (market of story tellers) [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]]
 
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* [[Anarkali]] Bazaar [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]
 
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* [[Bazaar of Kashan]]
 
  
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Words [[cognate]] to '''bazaar''' are used in many neighbouring regions (for instance the [[former Soviet Union]] and the former [[Yugoslavia]]) to mean an open market, whereas in more distant cultures the word connotes a near-Eastern style market.
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===Tehran's Grand Bazaar===
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[[Image:Istanbul grand bazar 1.jpg|thumb|250px|The Grand Bazaar]]
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'''Tehran's Grand Bazaar''', is the world's largest bazaar situated in the capital of [[Iran]], [[Tehran]]. Throughout its history, the Grand bazaar has played host to [[Bank|banks]] and financiers, [[Mosque|mosques]] and [[Guest house|guest houses]].
  
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Traditionally, the Tehran bazaar was split into corridors, each specializing in different types of goods, including [[copper]], [[carpets]], [[paper]], [[spices]], and [[precious metals]], as well as small traders selling all types of goods.<ref> K. Insgna Kinusha, (2000) [http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/thrnsites.htm "Some Places of Interest in Tehran"] Retrieved September 17, 2007 </ref> Today, modern goods are available as well, in addition to the many traditional corridor traders that still survive.<ref> Jim Muir, (2000) ''BBC News'' 16 February, 2000, Online [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/645192.stm "Tehran bazaar feels winds of change"] Retrieved September 17, 2007 </ref> Despite relying heavily on this historical legacy, much of the bazaar itself was constructed fairly recently. The oldest remaining buildings, walls and passages in the bazaar today very rarely exceed 400 years, with many being constructed or rebuilt within the last 200 years. In this sense, the current grand bazaar is one of the newest in the [[Middle East]].
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The bazaar is viewed as a force of conservatism in Iranian society, providing strong links between the clergy and the middle class traders. The [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979 received strong backing from these forces. As one of the most important bazaars in the country, the Tehran Grand Bazaar was a center of pro-revolutionary feeling and finance.
 +
 +
The Grand bazaar is still an important place of commerce for Tehranis, Iranians, traveling merchants and - increasingly - tourists. However, much of the trade and finance in the city has moved to the [[Shemiran|north of the city]], leaving the bazaar somewhat decreased in importance. Still, in addition to the traditional goods on sale, the market for watches and local [[jewelry]] is apparently growing, most likely for the benefits of tourists. As is in keeping with the market spirit, tourists are encouraged to haggle. The bazaar sees the peak of its business at midday and between 5 and 7 in the evening.
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===Bazaar of Tabriz, Iran===
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[[Image:Tabriz_AmirBZR.jpg|thumb|left|Amir alley in Tabriz Bazar.]]
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The '''Bazaar of Tabriz''', located in the center of the city of [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], is one of the oldest and largest [[bazaar]]s in the [[Middle East]]. It is said that it is the largest closed one-roofed structure in the world.<ref name=MoradiNassabi>Asghar Mohammad Moradi and Fatemeh Nassabi (2007) [http://www.enhr2007rotterdam.nl/documents/W17_paper_Nassabi.pdf Bazaar of Tabriz; a sustainable architecture and urban area in Iran] 2007 ''Housing and Sustainable Urbanisation in Developing Countries Conference''. Retrieved September 17, 2007</ref> It consists of some sub-bazaars in various fields, including Amir Bazaar (for gold and jewelry), a shoe bazaar, Mozzafarieh (carpet bazaar) and many other subdivisions for special matters. In modern times in which numerous modern shops and malls have been established, the Bazaar remains as the economic heart of Tabriz. It is also used for the celebration of special ceremonies (especially [[Ashura]]).<ref name=MoradiNassabi/>
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Like other middle-eastern bazaars, there are a numbers of [[mosque]]s constructed behind the bazaar. Jome Mosque is the most notable of these.
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===The Grand Bazaar, Istanbul===
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[[Image:Grand_bazaar_interior.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Grand Bazaar is a massive labyrinth of 4000 shops lining up the flanks of 58 covered streets]]
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The '''Grand Bazaar''' (or '''Covered Bazaar''', {{lang-tr|Kapalıçarşı}} "Covered Bazaar") in [[Istanbul]] is one of the largest [[Bazaar|covered markets]] in the world with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops, and has between 250,000 and 400,000 visitors daily. It is well known for its [[jewelry]], [[pottery]], [[spice]], and [[carpet]] shops. Many of the stalls in the bazaar are grouped by type of goods, with special areas for leather coats, [[gold]] jewelry and the like. The bazaar contains two ''bedesten''s (domed masonry structures built for storage and safe keeping), the first of which was constructed between 1455 and 1461 by the order of Sultan [[Mehmed II|Mehmed the Conqueror]].<ref name=Istanbullife>''Istanbullife.org''. (2007) [http://www.istanbullife.org/bazaar/bazaar.htm"Bazaar"] Retrieved September 17, 2007 </ref>
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The bazaar was vastly enlarged in the sixteenth century, during the reign of Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], and in 1894 underwent a major restoration following an [[earthquake]]. The Grand Bazaar has four main gates situated at the ends of its two major streets which intersect near the southwestern corner of the bazaar. One street combines the [[Bayezid II Mosque]] and Bayezid Square with Nuruosmaniye Mosque.<ref name=Istanbullife/>
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==Gallery==
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<Gallery>
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Image:Bd bazaar.jpg|Bazaar in [[Bangladesh]]
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Image:Istanbul grand bazar 1.jpg|[[Grand Bazaar]], [[Istanbul]]
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Image:Paharganj main bazaar.jpg|Bazaar in [[Dehli]], [[India]]
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Image:Iran 012.jpg|Although [[Tehran's Grand Bazaar]] economic influence has diminished somewhat in recent years, it remains the largest market of its kind in the world
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Image:Tehran Bazaar old.jpg|An 1873 illustration of Tehran's bustling Bazaar
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Image:Esfahan bazaar entrance.jpg|One of several entrances of the Isfahan Bazaar.
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Image:Bazar.jpg|An aley in Tabriz Bazaar (special alley for carpet selling).
 +
Image:Grand-bazaar-istanbul-june-2005.jpg|A view from the entrance to the Grand Bazaar, Istanbul
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Image:Kruje bazaar.jpg|Kruje bazaar
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Image:Spice Bazaar 18283738.jpg|Spice_Bazaar: "The spice bazaar is located near the Grand Bazaar.
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Image:Tajikistan-bazaar.jpg|A Tajik man in the bazaar
 +
Image:Night Bazaar ChiangMai.jpg|Night Bazaar, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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</Gallery>
 +
 +
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
 +
 +
==References==
 +
*Gregorian, Vartan. ''The Road to Home: My Life and Times.'' New York, NY: Simon & Shuster, 2004. ISBN 978-0743255653
 +
*Levinson, David and Karen Christensen. ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia.'' New York, NY: Scribner's, 2002. ISBN 978-0684806174
 +
*Swiętochowski, Thaddeus. ''Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0231070683
 +
*Weiss, Walter M. ''The Bazaar: Markets and Merchants of the Islamic World.'' Thames & Hudson, 2001. ISBN 0500018391
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://www.iranchamber.com/architecture/bazaar_of_isfahan1.php Iran Chamber Society on Architecture of the Bazaar at Isfahan]
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All links retrieved September 26, 2023.
 +
 
 +
* Turkish Culture Portal - [http://www.turkishculture.org/pages.php?ParentID=6&ID=98 ''Grand Bazaar in Istanbul'']
  
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{{Credits|Bazaar|157503791|Khan_El-Khalili|155550602|Tehran's_Grand_Bazaar|151715007|Bazaar_of_Tabriz|156368676|Bazaar_of_Isfahan|145781530|Grand_Bazaar,_Istanbul|157415988|}}
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{{Credit1|Bazaar|80145016|}}
 

Latest revision as of 03:11, 26 September 2023


Egyptian bazaar, Istanbul

A bazaar (Persian: بازار) is a permanent merchandizing area, marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold. Originating from ancient Islamic civilizations, the bazaar is the precursor for the modern day supermarket, flea-market, and shopping mall, and has had a great influence on the economic development and centralization in modern cities around the world.

The bazaar first appeared along the important trade routes. The constant flow of foreign and exotic goods, along with travelers, gave rise to systems of haggling and trade within the cities themselves. Special areas of cities were eventually designated as areas of trade, and the first bazaars were established. Bazaars rapidly became areas not just for the trading of goods, but were often the social, religious, and financial centers of cities. With their continuing connection to the religious aspects of life through the presence of mosques in the close vicinity, and their attraction to tourists, bazaars have retained more of a historical and local identity than the Western mall. The bazaar has a long history and has served all segments of society well; it continues to develop and modernize externally, retaining its internal character and purpose, it maintains its place in modern society.

Etymology

The word bazaar derives from the Persian word bāzār, the etymology of which goes back to the Pahlavi word baha-char (بهاچار) meaning "the place of prices".[1] During the time of the Crusades, when Europe and the Middle East had their first major encounters and cultural dissemination took place, the word was assimilated into Italian as bazzara, before being transferred to English in its current form, bazaar.[2] While currently the word is most often used to denote outdoor shopping areas, particularly those of Islamic origins, the word is sometimes used loosely to refer to such places and events as flea markets or swap-meets.

History

The bazaar first appeared in the Middle East, around the fourth century. At the time, the area was often at the axis of many important trade routes, which helped establish cities and ports. A constant flow of foreign and exotic goods, along with travelers, gave rise to systems of haggling and trade within the cities themselves. Special areas of cities were eventually designated as areas of trade, and the first bazaars were established. A strong economy has always been an Islamic ideal, so the bazaars were incorporated and actively fostered when the Islamic conquest swept over the region.

Bazaars became areas not just for the trading of goods, but were often the social, religious, and financial centers of cities. Mosques and coffee shops were often incorporated into established bazaars, as were forms of street entertainment.[3] The idea of a bazaar was carried along trade routes, to east in areas of modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and certain areas in South-East Asia, North to modern day Turkey, Hungary and sporadically into areas of Central Asia.[4] However, the major world bazaars continued to be found in Middle Eastern states, as they still are today.

Famous Examples

The Old Bazaar in Cairo

Khan el-Khalili, Cairo - ca. 1880s.

Khan el-Khalili (Arabic: خان الخليلي) is a major souq in the Old City of Cairo. The souq dates back to 1382, when Emir Djaharks el-Khalili built a large caravanserai (خان khan in Arabic) in Cairo under the Burji Mamluk Sultan Barquq; the eponymous khan is still extant.

The souq is noted for selling good-quality clothing, cloth, spices, souvenirs, and traditional jewelry and perfumes at reasonable prices. Imitation Western perfumes are also produced, but tend to be of inferior quality. In addition to shops, there are several Arabic coffeehouses (مقهى maqha or قهوة qahwah, depending on dialect), restaurants, and street food vendors distributed throughout the market. The coffeeshops are generally small and quite traditional, serving Turkish coffee and usually offering shisha. The Al-Hussein Mosque is also in Khan El-Khalili; Al-Azhar University and its mosque are not far away.[5]

The market was a target for terrorism during the spate of attacks in Cairo in April 2005. The suicide attack in the market, on April 7, took 21 lives (eleven Egyptians, two French tourists, one American, and seven foreigners of unidentified origin). It was the first attack in the series; this attack scared away tourists from Egypt in general and Khan El-Khalili in particular for some time.[6]

Tehran's Grand Bazaar

The Grand Bazaar

Tehran's Grand Bazaar, is the world's largest bazaar situated in the capital of Iran, Tehran. Throughout its history, the Grand bazaar has played host to banks and financiers, mosques and guest houses.

Traditionally, the Tehran bazaar was split into corridors, each specializing in different types of goods, including copper, carpets, paper, spices, and precious metals, as well as small traders selling all types of goods.[7] Today, modern goods are available as well, in addition to the many traditional corridor traders that still survive.[8] Despite relying heavily on this historical legacy, much of the bazaar itself was constructed fairly recently. The oldest remaining buildings, walls and passages in the bazaar today very rarely exceed 400 years, with many being constructed or rebuilt within the last 200 years. In this sense, the current grand bazaar is one of the newest in the Middle East.

The bazaar is viewed as a force of conservatism in Iranian society, providing strong links between the clergy and the middle class traders. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 received strong backing from these forces. As one of the most important bazaars in the country, the Tehran Grand Bazaar was a center of pro-revolutionary feeling and finance.

The Grand bazaar is still an important place of commerce for Tehranis, Iranians, traveling merchants and - increasingly - tourists. However, much of the trade and finance in the city has moved to the north of the city, leaving the bazaar somewhat decreased in importance. Still, in addition to the traditional goods on sale, the market for watches and local jewelry is apparently growing, most likely for the benefits of tourists. As is in keeping with the market spirit, tourists are encouraged to haggle. The bazaar sees the peak of its business at midday and between 5 and 7 in the evening.

Bazaar of Tabriz, Iran

Amir alley in Tabriz Bazar.

The Bazaar of Tabriz, located in the center of the city of Tabriz, Iran, is one of the oldest and largest bazaars in the Middle East. It is said that it is the largest closed one-roofed structure in the world.[9] It consists of some sub-bazaars in various fields, including Amir Bazaar (for gold and jewelry), a shoe bazaar, Mozzafarieh (carpet bazaar) and many other subdivisions for special matters. In modern times in which numerous modern shops and malls have been established, the Bazaar remains as the economic heart of Tabriz. It is also used for the celebration of special ceremonies (especially Ashura).[9]

Like other middle-eastern bazaars, there are a numbers of mosques constructed behind the bazaar. Jome Mosque is the most notable of these.

The Grand Bazaar, Istanbul

The Grand Bazaar is a massive labyrinth of 4000 shops lining up the flanks of 58 covered streets

The Grand Bazaar (or Covered Bazaar, Turkish: Kapalıçarşı "Covered Bazaar") in Istanbul is one of the largest covered markets in the world with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops, and has between 250,000 and 400,000 visitors daily. It is well known for its jewelry, pottery, spice, and carpet shops. Many of the stalls in the bazaar are grouped by type of goods, with special areas for leather coats, gold jewelry and the like. The bazaar contains two bedestens (domed masonry structures built for storage and safe keeping), the first of which was constructed between 1455 and 1461 by the order of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror.[10]

The bazaar was vastly enlarged in the sixteenth century, during the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, and in 1894 underwent a major restoration following an earthquake. The Grand Bazaar has four main gates situated at the ends of its two major streets which intersect near the southwestern corner of the bazaar. One street combines the Bayezid II Mosque and Bayezid Square with Nuruosmaniye Mosque.[10]

Gallery

  • Bazaar in Bangladesh

  • Grand Bazaar, Istanbul

  • Bazaar in Dehli, India

  • Although Tehran's Grand Bazaar economic influence has diminished somewhat in recent years, it remains the largest market of its kind in the world

  • An 1873 illustration of Tehran's bustling Bazaar

  • One of several entrances of the Isfahan Bazaar.

  • An aley in Tabriz Bazaar (special alley for carpet selling).

  • A view from the entrance to the Grand Bazaar, Istanbul

  • Kruje bazaar

  • Spice_Bazaar: "The spice bazaar is located near the Grand Bazaar.

  • A Tajik man in the bazaar

  • Night Bazaar, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Notes

  1. ↑ bazaar Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved September 14, 2007.
  2. ↑ bazaar Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
  3. ↑ Abbas Moghaddam, (1994) "Bazaar the achievement of the Islamic civilisation A short history of the Tehran Bazaar" The Newsletter of Chamber of Commerce publication of the Chamber of Commerce, Industries & Mines of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
  4. ↑ "Bazaar" Encyclopedia Britannica 11th Ed. (1911) Retrieved September 17, 2007
  5. ↑ Intercity Oz, Inc. (1996) "Khan el-Khalili" Retrieved September 17, 2007
  6. ↑ Sherifa Zuhur, A New Phase for Jihad in Egypt? Terrorism Monitor. Volume 3, Issue 10 (May 19, 2005) Retrieved September 17, 2007
  7. ↑ K. Insgna Kinusha, (2000) "Some Places of Interest in Tehran" Retrieved September 17, 2007
  8. ↑ Jim Muir, (2000) BBC News 16 February, 2000, Online "Tehran bazaar feels winds of change" Retrieved September 17, 2007
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Asghar Mohammad Moradi and Fatemeh Nassabi (2007) Bazaar of Tabriz; a sustainable architecture and urban area in Iran 2007 Housing and Sustainable Urbanisation in Developing Countries Conference. Retrieved September 17, 2007
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Istanbullife.org. (2007) "Bazaar" Retrieved September 17, 2007

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Gregorian, Vartan. The Road to Home: My Life and Times. New York, NY: Simon & Shuster, 2004. ISBN 978-0743255653
  • Levinson, David and Karen Christensen. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. New York, NY: Scribner's, 2002. ISBN 978-0684806174
  • Swiętochowski, Thaddeus. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0231070683
  • Weiss, Walter M. The Bazaar: Markets and Merchants of the Islamic World. Thames & Hudson, 2001. ISBN 0500018391

External links

All links retrieved September 26, 2023.

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