Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "William Torrey Harris" - New World
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| − | '''William Torrey Harris''' ( | + | '''William Torrey Harris''' (born September 10, 1835 – died November 5, 1909) was an [[United States|American]] [[educator]], [[philosopher]], and [[lexicographer]]. |
| − | == | + | ==Life== |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | William Harris was born in North Killingly, [[Connecticut]], into a Congregationalist farming family. He attended Phillips Andover Academy, Andover, [[Massachusetts]]. After that, he completed two years at Yale, but then dropped and moved west to teach in a grammar school in St. Louis, [[Missouri]] (1857-1859). On December 27, 1858 he married his childhood friend Sarah Tully Bugbee. | |
| − | + | In 1859 he became a principal in one of the public schools in St. Louis and carried that duty for almost nine years. In 1867 he was appointed assistant superintendent of the whole St. Louis school system, and in 1868 he became its superintendent. In 1873 he established, with [[Susan E. Blow]], America's first permanent public kindergarten. It was in St. Louis where William Harris instituted many influential ideas to solidify both the structural institution of the public school system and the basic philosophical principles of education. | |
| + | Under the influence of Henry C. Brockmeyer, Harris became interested in German philosophy, particularly [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Friedrich Hegel]]. Brockmeyer and Harris gathered a small group of intellectuals in St. Louis and studied Hegel’s works. The group grew up to become, in1866, the St. Louis Philosophical Society. In 1874 Harris formed another society – Kant’s Club | ||
| − | + | He founded and edited, in 1867, the first [[philosophical]] [[periodical]] in America, the ''Journal of Speculative Philosophy'', serving as an editor until 1893. He was a key member of a philosophical society that, during the beginning of the [[American Civil War]], met in St. Louis. It promoted the view that the entire unfolding was part of a universal plan, a working out of an eternal [[historical dialectic]], as theorized by [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]]. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | He was also assistant editor of ''Johnson’s New Universal Cyclopaedia'' and editor of ''Appleton’s International Education Series''. He expanded the Bureau of Education and started graphic exhibits of the United States in international expositions. | |
| − | "Ninety-nine [students] out of a hundred are automata, careful to walk in prescribed paths, careful to follow the prescribed custom. This is not an accident but the result of substantial education, which, scientifically defined, is the subsumption of the individual." | + | Harris resigned from his superintendent duty in 1880, and decided to travel to Europe to study educational system there. He became associated with [[Bronson Alcott]]'s Concord School of Philosophy from 1880 to 1889, serving as a faculty member on its first session. He lectured primarily on Hegelian philosophy. He participated in all summer sessions of the school, until school’s closing in 1888, when Alcott died. |
| + | |||
| + | In 1889 President Benjamin Harrison appointed Harris the Commissioner of Education. Harris stayed on that duty until 1906. He did his best to organize all phases of education on the principles of philosophical [[pedagogy]] as espoused by [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte]], [[Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel|Froebel]], [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi|Pestalozzi]] and many others of [[idealist]] philosophies. In 1899 the University of Jena gave him the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy. | ||
| + | |||
| + | He died on November 5, 1909, in Providence, Rhode Island. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Work== | ||
| + | |||
| + | William T. Harris devoted much of his career to educational reforms. His changes lead to the expansion of the public school curriculum to make the high school an essential institution to the individual and to include art, music, scientific and manual studies, and was also largely responsible for encouraging all public schools to acquire a library. Harris was also responsible for the grading school system, which is still in use today. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Harris found great inspiration for his work in German philosophy, particularly in Friedrich Hegel. He believed that education should be the top priority of the government, as it is a number one factor in building a strong republic. Education promotes the development of "self-activity”, that is, the awareness that every individual is a subject and plays important role in the world. He claimed: | ||
| + | |||
| + | :"...education is the process through which the individual is led to attain his freedom" (Twentieth Annual Report, 41). | ||
| + | |||
| + | Harris, similar to Hegel, believed that one’s freedom is connected with institutions. There is no freedom on one’s own, because we all live in the social world that is embodied in different institutions - state, church, family, etc. In order to achieve freedom, one has to learn how to live in the world of institutions. Education is the tool to do that. He said: | ||
| + | |||
| + | :"Education practices the youth in the habits and activities which are necessary to social life, and secures his cooperation in realizing the ideals set up by the conscience and reason of the people....It must make the individual obedient to the requirements of the social institutions under which he lives" (The History and Philosophy of Education, 28). | ||
| + | |||
| + | Harris believed that education has to be carried in three phases: | ||
| + | |||
| + | – primary education, where child learns basic premises of social life; | ||
| + | – secondary education, characterized by learning the complex relations among and within institutions | ||
| + | – tertiary education, where one learns the abstract relationships in social world | ||
| + | |||
| + | Because of his emphasis on a social world, Harris advocated use of humanities and the arts in curriculum. He also supported the teaching of morality in schools, believing that schools need to be grounded in Christian principles. He however advocated for the separation of Church and school. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Criticism=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Harris’ work as Commissioner of Education, where he applied his educational theories, was frequently criticized as serving its own means. His critics object him that he was a proponent of self-alienation in order to better serve the great industrial nation of America. In his book ''The Philosophy of Education'' (1889) Harris wrote: | ||
| + | |||
| + | :"Ninety-nine [students] out of a hundred are automata, careful to walk in prescribed paths, careful to follow the prescribed custom. This is not an accident but the result of substantial education, which, scientifically defined, is the subsumption of the individual." | ||
And in that same book: | And in that same book: | ||
| − | "The great purpose of school can be realized better in dark, airless, ugly places.... It is to master the physical self, to transcend the beauty of nature. School should develop the power to withdraw from the external world." | + | :"The great purpose of school can be realized better in dark, airless, ugly places.... It is to master the physical self, to transcend the beauty of nature. School should develop the power to withdraw from the external world." |
| + | |||
| + | It seems that Harris through education wanted to subjugate one’s individuality in order for one to better serve the whole. His defenders, on the other side, claimed that Harris, a devout Christian, was quite concerned with the development of morality and discipline within the individual. He believed those values could systematically be instilled into the pupils, promoting common goals and social cooperation, with a strong sense of respect for and responsibility towards one’s society. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Legacy== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Throughout time, Harris influence has been only momentarily recognized, disregarded and misunderstood by historians. Harris’ extreme emphasis on discipline has become the most glaring misrepresentation of his philosophy. He however contributed toward the development of educational system in general. Harris was responsible for introducing Hegelian philosophy of education into American school system. He managed to change and expand the primary school curriculum, putting more emphasize on humanities and arts. He originated the concept of "high school", and encouraged every school to have a library. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Harris was a supporter of the [[kindergarten movement]] started in Germany by [[Friedrich Froebel]]. In 1873 Harris establishing the first permanent [[kindergarten]], as part of public education in St. Louis. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Publications== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1881. ''The Fifth Reader''. D. Appleton and Company | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1881. ''Hegel's Doctrine of Reflection''. D. Appleton and Company | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1882. The History and Philosophy of Education. ''The Chautauquan III'', October ’82. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1890. ''Hegel's Logic: A Book on the Genesis of the Categories of the Mind''. S. C. Griggs and Company | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1890. The Philosophy of Crime and Punishment. ''Speech read before the National Prison Association of the U. S. at Cincinnati, Ohio, September, 1890''. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1894. ''Twentieth Annual Report to the Board of Directors of the Saint Louis Public Schools for the Year Ending.'' | ||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1900. ''Elementary Education''. J.B. Lyon Co. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1904. ''Herbert Spencer and his influence on education''. University of Chicago Press. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1905. The political economy of school finances. ''Educational Review'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1906. ''The School City''. C.W. Bardeen | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1912 (original published in 1898). ''Psychologic Foundations of Education: An attempt to show the genesis of the higher faculties of the mind''. D. Appleton. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1969. ''Report of the Committee of Fifteen on the Elementary School''. Ayer Press. ISBN 0405014260 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 1975 (original published in 1889). ''An Introduction to the Study of Philosophy''. AMS Press Inc. ISBN 0404591663 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. (Ed.) 2000. ''International Education Series'' (10 vols.). Thoemmes Continuum. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. 2005 (original published in 1889). ''The Spiritual Sense of Dante’s Divina Commedia''. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1417907738 | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Harris, William T. & Sanborn, Franklin B. 2006 (original published in 1893). ''A. Bronson Alcott: His Life and Philosophy''. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1425489257 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Gerard, Neil. 1975. ''Public schools and moral education: The influence of Horace Mann, William Torrey Harris, and John Dewey''. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0837177626 | ||
| − | + | * Greenwood, James M. 1910. William Torrey Harris. ''National education association of the United States, Journal of proceedings and addresses''. | |
| − | + | * Leidecker, Kurt F. 1946. ''Yankee teacher: The life of William Torrey Harris''. Philosophical Library | |
| − | + | * Schaub, Edward L. 1936. ''William Torrey Harris 1835-1935''. Open Court Publishing Company | |
| − | + | ==External links== | |
| − | + | * [http://www.bookrags.com/biography/william-torrey-harris/ William T. Harris] – Biography on BookRags.com | |
| − | |||
| − | * | + | * [http://www.nndb.com/people/069/000101763/ William Torrey Harris] – Short biography on NNDB.com |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | * [http://gyral.blackshell.com/hegel/hegedu.html ''William Torrey Harris and the Hegelian Philosophy of Education''] – Full text article on Hegelians who influenced American education | |
| − | * | ||
| + | * [http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hstlouis.htm ''St. Louis Hegelians''] – Article about St. Louis school of thought | ||
| + | * [http://www.rit.edu/~cma8660/mirror/www.johntaylorgatto.com/chapters/5k.htm Criticism of Harris' educational philosophy] - Harris' critics | ||
{{Credit1|William_Torrey_Harris|87827061|}} | {{Credit1|William_Torrey_Harris|87827061|}} | ||
Revision as of 15:12, 23 November 2006
William Torrey Harris (born September 10, 1835 – died November 5, 1909) was an American educator, philosopher, and lexicographer.
Life
William Harris was born in North Killingly, Connecticut, into a Congregationalist farming family. He attended Phillips Andover Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. After that, he completed two years at Yale, but then dropped and moved west to teach in a grammar school in St. Louis, Missouri (1857-1859). On December 27, 1858 he married his childhood friend Sarah Tully Bugbee.
In 1859 he became a principal in one of the public schools in St. Louis and carried that duty for almost nine years. In 1867 he was appointed assistant superintendent of the whole St. Louis school system, and in 1868 he became its superintendent. In 1873 he established, with Susan E. Blow, America's first permanent public kindergarten. It was in St. Louis where William Harris instituted many influential ideas to solidify both the structural institution of the public school system and the basic philosophical principles of education.
Under the influence of Henry C. Brockmeyer, Harris became interested in German philosophy, particularly Friedrich Hegel. Brockmeyer and Harris gathered a small group of intellectuals in St. Louis and studied Hegel’s works. The group grew up to become, in1866, the St. Louis Philosophical Society. In 1874 Harris formed another society – Kant’s Club
He founded and edited, in 1867, the first philosophical periodical in America, the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, serving as an editor until 1893. He was a key member of a philosophical society that, during the beginning of the American Civil War, met in St. Louis. It promoted the view that the entire unfolding was part of a universal plan, a working out of an eternal historical dialectic, as theorized by Hegel.
He was also assistant editor of Johnson’s New Universal Cyclopaedia and editor of Appleton’s International Education Series. He expanded the Bureau of Education and started graphic exhibits of the United States in international expositions.
Harris resigned from his superintendent duty in 1880, and decided to travel to Europe to study educational system there. He became associated with Bronson Alcott's Concord School of Philosophy from 1880 to 1889, serving as a faculty member on its first session. He lectured primarily on Hegelian philosophy. He participated in all summer sessions of the school, until school’s closing in 1888, when Alcott died.
In 1889 President Benjamin Harrison appointed Harris the Commissioner of Education. Harris stayed on that duty until 1906. He did his best to organize all phases of education on the principles of philosophical pedagogy as espoused by Hegel, Kant, Fichte, Froebel, Pestalozzi and many others of idealist philosophies. In 1899 the University of Jena gave him the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
He died on November 5, 1909, in Providence, Rhode Island.
Work
William T. Harris devoted much of his career to educational reforms. His changes lead to the expansion of the public school curriculum to make the high school an essential institution to the individual and to include art, music, scientific and manual studies, and was also largely responsible for encouraging all public schools to acquire a library. Harris was also responsible for the grading school system, which is still in use today.
Harris found great inspiration for his work in German philosophy, particularly in Friedrich Hegel. He believed that education should be the top priority of the government, as it is a number one factor in building a strong republic. Education promotes the development of "self-activity”, that is, the awareness that every individual is a subject and plays important role in the world. He claimed:
- "...education is the process through which the individual is led to attain his freedom" (Twentieth Annual Report, 41).
Harris, similar to Hegel, believed that one’s freedom is connected with institutions. There is no freedom on one’s own, because we all live in the social world that is embodied in different institutions - state, church, family, etc. In order to achieve freedom, one has to learn how to live in the world of institutions. Education is the tool to do that. He said:
- "Education practices the youth in the habits and activities which are necessary to social life, and secures his cooperation in realizing the ideals set up by the conscience and reason of the people....It must make the individual obedient to the requirements of the social institutions under which he lives" (The History and Philosophy of Education, 28).
Harris believed that education has to be carried in three phases:
– primary education, where child learns basic premises of social life; – secondary education, characterized by learning the complex relations among and within institutions – tertiary education, where one learns the abstract relationships in social world
Because of his emphasis on a social world, Harris advocated use of humanities and the arts in curriculum. He also supported the teaching of morality in schools, believing that schools need to be grounded in Christian principles. He however advocated for the separation of Church and school.
Criticism
Harris’ work as Commissioner of Education, where he applied his educational theories, was frequently criticized as serving its own means. His critics object him that he was a proponent of self-alienation in order to better serve the great industrial nation of America. In his book The Philosophy of Education (1889) Harris wrote:
- "Ninety-nine [students] out of a hundred are automata, careful to walk in prescribed paths, careful to follow the prescribed custom. This is not an accident but the result of substantial education, which, scientifically defined, is the subsumption of the individual."
And in that same book:
- "The great purpose of school can be realized better in dark, airless, ugly places.... It is to master the physical self, to transcend the beauty of nature. School should develop the power to withdraw from the external world."
It seems that Harris through education wanted to subjugate one’s individuality in order for one to better serve the whole. His defenders, on the other side, claimed that Harris, a devout Christian, was quite concerned with the development of morality and discipline within the individual. He believed those values could systematically be instilled into the pupils, promoting common goals and social cooperation, with a strong sense of respect for and responsibility towards one’s society.
Legacy
Throughout time, Harris influence has been only momentarily recognized, disregarded and misunderstood by historians. Harris’ extreme emphasis on discipline has become the most glaring misrepresentation of his philosophy. He however contributed toward the development of educational system in general. Harris was responsible for introducing Hegelian philosophy of education into American school system. He managed to change and expand the primary school curriculum, putting more emphasize on humanities and arts. He originated the concept of "high school", and encouraged every school to have a library.
Harris was a supporter of the kindergarten movement started in Germany by Friedrich Froebel. In 1873 Harris establishing the first permanent kindergarten, as part of public education in St. Louis.
Publications
- Harris, William T. 1881. The Fifth Reader. D. Appleton and Company
- Harris, William T. 1881. Hegel's Doctrine of Reflection. D. Appleton and Company
- Harris, William T. 1882. The History and Philosophy of Education. The Chautauquan III, October ’82.
- Harris, William T. 1890. Hegel's Logic: A Book on the Genesis of the Categories of the Mind. S. C. Griggs and Company
- Harris, William T. 1890. The Philosophy of Crime and Punishment. Speech read before the National Prison Association of the U. S. at Cincinnati, Ohio, September, 1890.
- Harris, William T. 1894. Twentieth Annual Report to the Board of Directors of the Saint Louis Public Schools for the Year Ending.
- Harris, William T. 1900. Elementary Education. J.B. Lyon Co.
- Harris, William T. 1904. Herbert Spencer and his influence on education. University of Chicago Press.
- Harris, William T. 1905. The political economy of school finances. Educational Review
- Harris, William T. 1906. The School City. C.W. Bardeen
- Harris, William T. 1912 (original published in 1898). Psychologic Foundations of Education: An attempt to show the genesis of the higher faculties of the mind. D. Appleton.
- Harris, William T. 1969. Report of the Committee of Fifteen on the Elementary School. Ayer Press. ISBN 0405014260
- Harris, William T. 1975 (original published in 1889). An Introduction to the Study of Philosophy. AMS Press Inc. ISBN 0404591663
- Harris, William T. (Ed.) 2000. International Education Series (10 vols.). Thoemmes Continuum.
- Harris, William T. 2005 (original published in 1889). The Spiritual Sense of Dante’s Divina Commedia. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1417907738
- Harris, William T. & Sanborn, Franklin B. 2006 (original published in 1893). A. Bronson Alcott: His Life and Philosophy. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1425489257
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Gerard, Neil. 1975. Public schools and moral education: The influence of Horace Mann, William Torrey Harris, and John Dewey. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0837177626
- Greenwood, James M. 1910. William Torrey Harris. National education association of the United States, Journal of proceedings and addresses.
- Leidecker, Kurt F. 1946. Yankee teacher: The life of William Torrey Harris. Philosophical Library
- Schaub, Edward L. 1936. William Torrey Harris 1835-1935. Open Court Publishing Company
External links
- William T. Harris – Biography on BookRags.com
- William Torrey Harris – Short biography on NNDB.com
- William Torrey Harris and the Hegelian Philosophy of Education – Full text article on Hegelians who influenced American education
- St. Louis Hegelians – Article about St. Louis school of thought
- Criticism of Harris' educational philosophy - Harris' critics
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