Difference between revisions of "Ubuntu (philosophy)" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
 
(52 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{otheruses|Ubuntu (disambiguation)}}
+
{{Copyedited}}{{Approved}}{{Submitted}}{{Images OK}}
−
[[image:Experience ubuntu.ogg|thumb|300px|[[Nelson Mandela]] explains the concept of Ubuntu]]
+
[[File:Elephant parade ubuntu 1.jpg|thumb|400px|Elephant parade unit with ubuntu motif]]
 +
'''Ubuntu''' {{pronounced|ùbúntú}}, is a traditional [[Africa]]n concept. The word ''ubuntu'' comes from the [[Zulu]] and Xhola languages, and can be roughly translated as "humanity towards others." ''Ubuntu'' embodies all those [[virtues]] that maintain harmony and the spirit of sharing among the members of a [[society]]. It implies an appreciation of traditional beliefs, and a constant awareness that an individual’s actions today are a reflection on the past, and will have far-reaching consequences for the future. A person with ''ubuntu'' knows his or her place in the universe and is consequently able to interact gracefully with other individuals. One aspect of ''ubuntu'' is that, at all times, the individual effectively represents the people from among whom he or she comes, and therefore tries to behave according to the highest standards and exhibit the virtues upheld by his or her society.
 +
{{toc}}
 +
During the 1990s, the concept of ''ubuntu'' was adapted as an ideology by post-[[apartheid]] [[South Africa]], as a vehicle to bring about harmony and cooperation among its many racial and ethnic groups. The ethical values of ''ubuntu'' include respect for others, helpfulness, community, sharing, caring, trust, and unselfishness. ''Ubuntu'' underscores the importance of agreement or consensus, and gives priority to the well-being of the community as a whole.
  
−
'''Ubuntu''', {{pronounced|ùbúntú}}, is an [[ethic]] or [[humanism|humanist]] [[philosophy]] focusing on people's allegiances and relations with each other. The word has its origin in the [[Bantu languages]] of Southern Africa. Ubuntu is seen as a traditional African concept.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
+
==Meaning of the word ''ubuntu''==
 +
The word ''ubuntu'' comes from the [[Zulu]] and Xhola languages, and can be roughly translated as "humanity towards others," and "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity." Related Bantu languages have similar terms. In the [[Shona]] language, the most common spoken language in [[Zimbabwe]] after [[English language|English]], ''ubuntu'' is ''unhu''; the concept of ''ubuntu'' in Zimbabwe is similar to that of other African cultures. In [[Kinyarwanda]], the mother tongue in [[Rwanda]], and in [[Kirundi]], the mother tongue in [[Burundi]], ''ubuntu'' means 'human generosity' as well as 'humanity.' In Rwanda and Burundi societies, it is common for people to exhort or appeal to others to ''gira ubuntu'' meaning to "have consideration and be humane" towards others. In Runyakitara, the collection of dialects spoken by the Banyankore, Banyoro, Batooro and Bakiga of Western [[Uganda]] and also the Bahaya, Banyambo and others of Northern [[Tanzania]], ''obuntu'' refers to the human characteristics of generosity, consideration and humaneness towards others in the community. In Luganda, the dialect of Central Uganda ''obuntu-bulamu'' refers to the same characteristics.  
  
−
==Meaning==
+
==Samkange’s explanation of ''ubuntu''==
 +
In 1980, [[Stanlake J. W. T. Samkange]] (1922–1988), a Zimbabwean [[historiographer]], educator, [[journalist]], [[author]], and [[Africa]]n [[nationalist]], attempted to systematize an African [[epistemology]] in ''Hunuism or Ubuntuism''. He emphasized three maxims which shape the [[philosophy]] of ''Hunhuism'' or ''Ubuntuism'':
 +
 +
*“To be human is to affirm one's humanity by recognizing the humanity of others and, on that basis, establish respectful human relations with them.”
 +
*“If and when one is faced with a decisive choice between wealth and the preservation of the life of another human being, then one should opt for the preservation of life.”
 +
*“The king owes his status, including all the powers associated with it, to the will of the people under him.” This, Samkange said, was a “principle deeply embedded in traditional African political philosophy.”
  
−
An attempt at a longer definition has been made by [[Archbishop]] [[Desmond Tutu]] (1999):
+
According to Samkange, sharing is only one of many virtues encompassed within ''unhu''. In the ethical domain of ''unhu'', all visitors are provided for and protected in every home they pass through, without the expectation of payment, and do not need to carry provisions when they are on the read, as long as they dress in a respectable manner. Every individual who is aware of the presence of a visitor within a locality should try his or her best to make that visitor comfortable.  
−
{{cquote|''A person with ubuntu is open and available to others, affirming of others, does not feel threatened that others are able and good, for he or she has a proper self-assurance that comes from knowing that he or she belongs in a greater whole and is diminished when others are humiliated or diminished, when others are tortured or oppressed.''}}
 
  
−
Louw (1998) suggests that the concept of ubuntu defines the individual in terms of their several relationships with others, and stresses the importance of ubuntu as a religious concept. He states that while the [[Zulu language|Zulu]] maxim ''umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu'' ("a person is a person through (other) persons") may have no apparent religious connotations in the context of Western society, in an African context it suggests that the person one is to become by behaving with humanity is an ancestor worthy of respect or veneration. Those who uphold the principle of ubuntu throughout their lives will, in death, achieve a unity with those still living.
+
Another aspect of ''ubuntu'' is that, at all times, the individual effectively represents the people from among whom he or she comes. It is taboo to call elderly people by their given names; instead they are called by their surnames to banish individualism and replace it with a representative role. The individual’s identity is replaced by a larger societal identity. Every individual represents a family, village, district, province and region. This requires the individual to behave according to the highest standards and to exhibit, to the greatest possible degree, the virtues upheld by his or her society. ''Unhu'' embodies all those virtues that maintain harmony and the spirit of sharing among the members of a society.  
  
−
In the promotional video for the [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] Linux distribution (above), based around the same principles, [[Nelson Mandela]] explained Ubuntu as follows;
+
A key concept associated with ''ubuntu'', or ''unhu'', is behavior and interaction in the context of various social roles. For example, a daughter-in-law traditionally kneels down when greeting her parents-in-law and serves them food, as a sign of respect. She maintains the highest standards, because her behavior is a reflection on her family and on all the women raised in that family. The daughter-in-law does this as part of the ambassadorial function that she assumes at all times. A woman’s deference to a husband or brother does not imply that the woman is subordinate, only that she possesses ''unhu'' and knows the proper attitude and behavior for each social circumstance.
−
{{cquote|''A traveller through a country would stop at a village and he didn't have to ask for food or for water. Once he stops, the people give him food, entertain him. That is one aspect of Ubuntu but it will have various aspects. Ubuntu does not mean that people should not address themselves. The question therefore is: Are you going to do so in order to enable the community around you be able to improve?''}}
 
  
−
==Change in South Africa==
+
Under ''unhu'', children are never orphans, since the roles of mother and father are, by definition, not vested in a single individual with respect to a single child. Furthermore, a man or a woman with ''unhu'' will never allow any child around him or her to be an orphan.  
−
Ubuntu is seen as one of the founding principles of the new republic of [[South Africa]], and is connected to the idea of an [[African Renaissance]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In the political sphere, the concept of ubuntu is used to emphasize the need for unity or consensus in decision-making, as well as the need for a suitably humanitarian ethic to inform those decisions.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
  
−
The concept of ubuntu is illustrated in the film ''[[In My Country]]'', about the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], starring [[Samuel L. Jackson]] and [[Juliette Binoche]].
+
The concept of ''unhu'' is also essential to traditional African jurisprudence and governance. Under ''unhu'', a crime committed by one individual against another extends far beyond the two individuals and has far-reaching implications for the people from among whom the perpetrator of the crime comes. ''Unhu'' jurisprudence supports remedies and punishments that tend to bring people together. A crime of murder might be remedied by creating a bond of marriage between the families of the victim and the accused, in addition to punishing the perpetrator both inside and outside his social circles. The family and the society from which the criminal came are regarded as a sort of “tertiary perpetrator,” and are punished with a fine and social stigma that can only be absolved by many years of demonstrating ''unhu'' or ''ubuntu''. A leader who has ''unhu'' is selfless, consults widely and listens to his subjects. He or she does not adopt a lifestyle that is different from his subjects, but lives among them and shares what he owns. A leader who has ''unhu'' does not lead but allows the people to lead themselves. Forcefully imposing his or her will on his people is incompatible with ''unhu''.
  
−
==Zimbabwe==
+
<blockquote>Ubuntu is very difficult to render into a Western language. When we want to give high praise to someone we say, ''Yu u nobuntu''; "Hey, so-and-so has ''ubuntu''." Then you are generous, you are hospitable, you are friendly and caring and compassionate. You share what you have. It is to say, "My humanity is caught up, is inextricably bound up, in what is yours." ... We say, "A person is a person through other persons." ... A person with ''ubuntu'' is open and available to others, affirming of others, does not feel threatened that others are able and good, for he or she has a proper self-assurance that comes from knowing that he or she belongs in a greater whole and is diminished when others are humiliated or diminished, when others are tortured or oppressed. ... To forgive is not just to be altruistic. It is the best form of self-interest. What dehumanizes you inexorably dehumanizes me. [Forgiveness] gives people resilience, enabling them to survive and emerge still human despite all efforts to dehumanize them. <ref>Desmond Tutu, ''No Future Without Forgiveness'' (Doubleday, 1999, ISBN 978-0385496896).</ref></blockquote>
−
In the [[Shona]] language, the majority spoken language in [[Zimbabwe]] after [[English language|English]], ubuntu is ''unhu''. The concept of ubuntu is viewed the same in Zimbabwe as in other African cultures, and the Zulu saying is also common in Shona: ''munhu munhu nekuda kwevanhu''.
 
  
−
[[Stanlake J. W. T. Samkange]] (1980), highlights the three maxims of Hunhuism or Ubuntuism which shape this philosophy : The first maxim asserts that 'To be human is to affirm one's humanity by recognizing the humanity of others and, on that basis, establish respectful human relations with them.' And 'the second maxim means that if and when one is faced with a decisive choice between wealth and the preservation of the life of another human being, then one should opt for the preservation of life'.  The third 'maxim' as a 'principle deeply embedded in traditional African political philosophy' says 'that the king owed his status, including all the powers associated with it, to the will of the people under him'.
+
==''Ubuntu'' and Western Humanism==
 +
The unifying worldview of ''Ubuntu'' is expressed in the Zulu maxim "''umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu''," ("a person is a person through other persons"),<ref>Augustine Shutte, ''Philosophy for Africa'' (Rondebosch, South Africa: UCT Press, 1993, ISBN 9780799214871), 46.</ref> also common in Shona as "''munhu munhu nekuda kwevanhu''." By a Western [[humanism|humanist]], this [[aphorism]] might be interpreted as an effective social ethic or rule of conduct, or simply as a description of the human situation. In traditional [[African philosophy|African thought]] this maxim has a profoundly religious significance. “Persons” includes not only living human beings, but ancestors who have already died and children who have not yet been born.<ref>John S. Mbiti, ''African Religions and Philosophy'' (Heinemann, Oxford, 1990, ISBN 9780435895914), 108.</ref> ''Ubuntu'' or ''unhu'' embodies deep respect for ancestors, and includes all the attitudes and behaviors necessary not only for a harmonious life with other individuals on earth, but with ancestors in the world beyond death and with those who will live on earth in the future. Every individual is the fruit of his or her ancestors, and will become the ancestor of all future descendants.
  
−
While sharing is incorporated within "unhu" it is only one of the multiplicity of virtues within "unhu". In the "unhu" domain, visitors do not need to burden themselves with carrying provisions &mdash; all they need is to dress properly and be on the road. All visitors are provided for and protected in every home they pass through without payment being expected. In fact, every individual should try their best to make visitors comfortable &mdash; and this applies to everyone who is aware of the presence of a visitor within a locality. This explains how [[David Livingstone]] survived on his journeys in [[Southern Africa]] especially among ubuntu-oriented societies of the time.
+
''Ubuntu'' implies an appreciation of traditional beliefs, and a constant awareness that an individual’s actions today are a reflection on the past, and will have far-reaching consequences for the future. A person with ''ubuntu'' knows his or her place in the universe and is consequently able to interact gracefully with other individuals. Those who uphold ''ubuntu'' throughout their lives will, in death, achieve a unity with those still living.
 +
In [[Western thought]], an individual is a pre-existent and self-sufficient being and exists prior to, separately and independently from the rest of the community or society. ''Ubuntu'' defines the individual only in terms of his or her relationships with others in the community. As these relationships change, the character of the individual changes. An individual constitutes multiple personalities corresponding to his or her various roles in society.<ref> Dirk J. Louw, [https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Afri/AfriLouw.htm Ubuntu: An African Assessment of the Religious Other]. Paper delivered at the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, Boston, Massachusetts, August 10-15, 1998. Retrieved November 17, 2022.</ref>
  
−
Other manifestations of ubuntu are that it is taboo to call elderly people by their given names; instead they are called by their surnames. This has the effect of banishing individualism and replacing it with a representative role, in which the individual effectively stands for the people among whom he comes from at all times. The individual identity is replaced with the larger societal identity within the individual. Thus, families are portrayed or reflected in the individual and this phenomenon is extended to villages, districts, provinces and regions being portrayed in the individual. This places high demands on the individual to behave in the highest standards and to portray the highest possible virtues that society strives for. "Unhu" embodies all the invaluable virtues that society strives for towards maintaining harmony and the spirit of sharing among its members.  
+
==Change in South Africa==
 +
During the 1990s, the concept of ''ubuntu'' was adapted into an ideology in post-[[apartheid]] [[South Africa]], as a vehicle to bring about harmony and cooperation among its many racial and ethnic groups. ''Ubuntu'' is regarded as one of the founding principles of the new republic of South Africa, and has been associated with the idea of an “African Renaissance.” In the political sphere, the concept of ''ubuntu'' is used to emphasize the need for unity or consensus in decision-making, as well as the need for a suitably humanitarian ethic to inform those decisions.
  
−
A key concept associated with "unhu" is how we behave and interact in our various social roles, e.g., daughters-in-law traditionally kneel down when greeting their parents-in-law and serve them food as a sign of respect and maintain the highest standards of behaviour that will be extended or reflected to her family and all the women raised in that family. The daughter-in-law does this as part of the ambassadorial function that she plays and assumes at all times. However, this does not apply only to daughters-in-law but to all women in general, even among friends and equals such as brother and sister, and this does not imply that the woman is subordinate to the man, or sister to brother. Its all essentially considered to be a characteristic of having "unhu" and a social interaction within the context of "unhu". The demands imposed upon men within the context of "unhu" are more physically demanding than that placed upon the woman.
+
The ethical values of ''ubuntu'' ideology include respect for others, helpfulness, community, sharing, caring, trust and unselfishness. It is seen as a basis for a morality of co-operation, compassion, and communalism. ''Ubuntu'' underscores the importance of agreement or consensus, and gives priority to the well-being of the community as a whole.
  
−
Under "unhu" children are never orphans since the roles of mother and father are by definition not vested in a single individual with respect to a single child. Furthermore, a man or a woman with "unhu" will never allow any child around him to be an orphan.  
+
<blockquote>A traveler through a country would stop at a village and he didn't have to ask for food or for water. Once he stops, the people give him food, entertain him. That is one aspect of Ubuntu but it will have various aspects. Ubuntu does not mean that people should not address themselves. The question therefore is: Are you going to do so in order to enable the community around you be able to improve?<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODQ4WiDsEBQ The Ubuntu Experience (Nelson Mandela Interview)], YouTube. Retrieved November 17, 2022.</ref></blockquote>
  
−
The concept of "unhu"  also constitute the kernel of [[African Traditional Jurisprudence]] as well as leadership and governance. In  the concept of unhu, crimes committed by one individual on another extend far beyond the two individuals and has far-reaching implications to the people among whom the perpetrator of the crime comes from. Unhu jurisprudence tend to support remedies and punishments that tend to bring people together. For instance, a crime of murder would lead to the creation of a bond of marriage between the victim's family and the accused's family in addition to the perpetrator being punished both inside and outside his social circles. The role of "tertiary perpetrator" to the murder crime is extended to the family and the society where the individual perpetrator hails from. However, the punishment of the tertiary perpetrator is a huge fine and a social stigma, which they must shake off after many years of demonstrating "unhu" or "ubuntu". A leader who has "unhu" is selfless and consults widely and listens to his subjects. He or she does not adopt a lifestyle that is different from his subjects and lives among his subjects and shares what he owns. A leader who has "unhu" does not lead but allows the people to lead themselves  and cannot impose his will on his people, which is incompatible with "unhu".
+
The concept of ''ubuntu'' ideology is illustrated in the film ''[[In My Country]]'', about the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], starring [[Samuel L. Jackson]] and [[Juliette Binoche]].
  
−
==Rwanda and Burundi==
+
==Applications==
−
In [[Kinyarwanda]], the mother tongue in Rwanda, and
+
The "[[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]]" [[Linux distribution|distribution]] of the [[Linux]] computer operating system claims that it "brings the spirit of Ubuntu to the software world."<ref>[https://ubuntu.com/about The story of Ubuntu] ''Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd.'' Retrieved November 17, 2022.</ref><ref>[https://ubuntu.com/community/code-of-conduct Ubuntu: Code of Conduct] ''Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd.'' Retrieved November 17, 2022.</ref>
−
In [[Kirundi]], the mother tongue in [[Burundi]], ubuntu means, among other things, 'human generosity' as well as humanity (as above).In Rwanda and Burundi society it is common for people to exhort or appeal to others to "gira ubuntu" meaning to "have consideration and be humane" towards others.  
 
  
−
==Uganda and Tanzania==
+
''Ubuntu'' is the founding philosophy of Ubuntu Pathways (formerly Ubuntu Education Fund), an [[NGO]] working with [[orphan]]s and vulnerable children in Gqeberha, [[South Africa]], previously known as Port Elizabeth.<ref> [https://ubuntupathways.org/about Ubuntu Pathways] Retrieved November 17, 2022.</ref>
−
In Runyakitara which is the collection of dialects spoken by the Banyankore, Banyoro, Batooro and Bakiga of Western Uganda and also the Bahaya, Banyambo and others of Northern Tanzania, "obuntu" refers to the human characteristics of generosity, consideration and humane-ness towards others in the community. In Luganda, the dialect of Central Uganda "obuntu-bulamu" refers to the same characteristics.            
 
  
−
==Other uses==
+
==Notes==
−
The "[[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]]" [[Linux distribution|distribution]] of the [[Linux]] computer [[operating system]] is inspired by the concept, arguing that it "brings the spirit of Ubuntu to the software world." <ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/ Ubuntu: Linux for Human Beings]</ref><ref>[http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct Ubuntu: Code of Conduct]</ref> Former US president [[Bill Clinton]] used the term at the 2006 [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] conference in the UK to explain why society is important.<ref>{{cite news
+
<references/>
−
  | last = Coughlan
 
−
  | first = Sean
 
−
  | title = All you need is ubuntu
 
−
  | work = BBC News Magazine
 
−
  | publisher = [[BBC]]
 
−
  | date = 2006-09-28
 
−
  | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5388182.stm
 
−
  | accessdate =  2006-09-29}}</ref>
 
−
Ubuntu is also the founding philosophy of [[Ubuntu Education Fund]], an [[NGO]] working with orphans and vulnerable children in [[Port Elizabeth, South Africa]].<ref>Ubuntu Education Fund http://www.ubuntufund.org</ref>
 
  
−
The [[Boston Celtics]], an [[NBA]] team, have chanted "ubuntu" when breaking a [[huddle]] since the start of the [[2007-08 Boston Celtics season| 2007-2008 season]].<ref>{{cite news
+
==References==
−
  | last = Kiszla
 
−
  | first = Mark
 
−
  | title = New Big 3 dream in green
 
−
  | work = The Denver Post
 
−
  | publisher = [[Denver Post]]
 
−
  | date = 2007-11-07
 
−
  | url = http://www.denverpost.com/nuggets/ci_7389312
 
−
  | accessdate =  2007-11-09}}</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
[[Ubuntu Cola]] is a [[soft drink]] made with [[Fairtrade foundation|Fairtrade]] sugar from [[Malawi]] and [[Zambia]].
 
−
 
 
−
==See also==
 
−
*[[Vasedeva Kutumbakam]]
 
−
*[[Harambee]]
 
−
*[[Ujamaa]]
 
−
*[[Aropa]] <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/tribe/tribes/anuta/index.shtml Aropa philosophy]</ref>
 
−
*[[Ahimsa]]
 
−
*[[Ohana]]
 
−
*[[Confucianism#Humaneness|Humaneness in Confucianism]]
 
−
*[[Proletarian internationalism]]
 
−
*[[Communism]], [[Europe]]an equivalent
 
  
−
==References==
+
*Broodryk, Johann. ''Ubuntu: life lessons from Africa.'' Pretoria: Ubuntu School of Philosophy, 2002. ISBN 9780620293310
−
{{reflist}}
+
*Matshe, Getrude. ''Born on the continent: Ubuntu.'' Wellington, NZ: Gertrude Matshe, 2006. ISBN 9780473110208
 +
*Mbiti, John S. ''African Religions and Philosophy''. Oxford: Heinemann, 1990. ISBN 9780435895914
 +
*Samkange, Stanlake John Thompson, and Tommie Marie Samkange. ''Hunhuism or Ubuntuism: A Zimbabwe indigenous political philosophy.'' Salisbury: Graham Pub., 1980. ISBN 9780869210154
 +
* Shutte, Augustine. ''Philosophy for Africa''. Rondebosch, South Africa: UCT Press, 1993. ISBN 9780799214871
 +
* Tutu, Desmond. ''No Future Without Forgiveness''. Doubleday, 1999. ISBN 978-0385496896
  
−
==Further reading==
+
==External Links==
−
<!-- Please don't add links relating to the Linux distribution, as we have a whole article on that at [[Ubuntu (operating system)]]. —>
+
All links retrieved May 2, 2023.
−
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Ubuntu_(ideology).ogg|2006-08-03}}
 
−
{{wiktionary|ubuntu}}
 
−
* [http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-22-2006-103206.asp Ubuntu - African Philosophy]
 
−
* [http://faculty.ccp.cc.pa.us/FACULTY/jhoward/southafrica/ubuntu.html A definition of ubuntu]
 
−
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20030922125840/http://www.puk.ac.za/law/per/documents/98v1mokg.htm Abstract of an article about the relation between ubuntu and the law] by Y. Mokgoro <!-- no longer available at http://www.puk.ac.za/law/per/documents/98v1mokg.htm —>
 
−
* {{cite book | last = Tutu | first = Desmond | authorlink = Desmond Tutu | title = No Future Without Forgiveness | publisher = Image | date = 1999 | id = ISBN 0-385-49690-7 }}
 
−
* Louw, Dirk J. 1998. "[http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Afri/AfriLouw.htm Ubuntu: An African Assessment of the Religious Other]". ''Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy''.
 
−
* [http://YourLifeManual.com/ubuntu.htm Ubuntu] A brief discussion including an expanded description by [[Desmond Tutu]]
 
−
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5388182.stm  All you need is ubuntu]
 
−
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx0qGJCm-qU Web video of Nelson Mandela explaining the concept of Ubuntu]
 
−
*Ramose, Mogobe B. (2003) 'The philosophy of ''ubuntu'' and ''ubuntu'' as a philosophy', in P.H. Coetzee & A.P.J. Roux (eds.) ''The African Philosophy Reader'' (2nd ed.) [[New York]]/[[London]]: Routledge, 230-238.
 
−
*Samkange, S. & Samkange, T.M. (1980) ''Hunhuism or Ubuntuism: A Zimbabwe indigenous political philosophy''. Salisbury [Harare]: Graham Publishing.
 
−
*Ambrose, David. (2006) 'Your Life Manual: Practical Steps to Genuine Happiness': Revolution Mind Publishing, 37-40.
 
−
*Forster, Dion. (2006) [http://www.spirituality.org.za/files/D%20Forster%20doctorate.pdf ''Self validating consciousness in strong artificial intelligence: An African theological contribution''].  [[Pretoria]]: Doctoral Dissertation, University of South Africa / [[UNISA]], an extensive and detailed discussion of ubuntu in chapters 5-6. [[Dion Forster]]
 
−
*Forster, Dion. (2006) * [http://www.spirituality.org.za/files/ubuntu%20and%20identity%20D%20Forster%202006.doc'' Identity in relationship:  The ethics of ubuntu as an answer to the impasse of individual consciousness''] (Paper presented at the South African science and religion Forum - Published in the book ''The impact of knowledge systems on human development in Africa.'' du Toit, CW (ed), Pretoria, Research institute for Religion and Theology (University of South Africa) 2007:245-289).[[Pretoria]]: [[UNISA]]. [[Dion Forster]]
 
  
−
*Matshe, Getrude. [http://www.bornonthecontinent.com ''Born On The Continent - Ubuntu'']. (self-published)
+
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HED4h00xPPA Ubuntu told by Nelson Mandela] ''YouTube''
−
<!— the content of the article does not yet reflect what these sources say, that's why they're put under a 'further reading' section. —>
+
* [https://www.ttbook.org/interview/i-am-because-we-are-african-philosophy-ubuntu 'I Am Because We Are': The African Philosophy of Ubuntu]
−
* HUNHUISM OR UBUNTUISM: A ZIMBABWE INDIGENOUS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. BY [[Stanlake J. W. T. Samkange]] AND S. SAMKANGE. 106PP. GRAHAM PUBLISHING, HARARE, 1980. ISBN 0869210157. PAPERBACK
+
* [https://iep.utm.edu/hunhu/ Hunhu/Ubuntu in the Traditional Thought of Southern Africa] ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''
 +
* [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2006/sep/29/features11.g2 What does ubuntu really mean?] by Nkem Ifejika, ''The Guardian''
  
 
[[Category:Sociology]]
 
[[Category:Sociology]]
−
[[Category:Ethical schools and movements]]
+
[[Category:philosophy and religion]]
−
[[Category:African culture]]
 
−
[[Category:Pop culture words of Bantu origin]]
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
  
−
{{credits|Ubuntu|210434822|}}
+
{{credits|Ubuntu|210434822|Stanlake_J._W._T._Samkange|165482241|}}

Latest revision as of 01:24, 3 May 2023

Elephant parade unit with ubuntu motif

Ubuntu pronounced [ùbúntú], is a traditional African concept. The word ubuntu comes from the Zulu and Xhola languages, and can be roughly translated as "humanity towards others." Ubuntu embodies all those virtues that maintain harmony and the spirit of sharing among the members of a society. It implies an appreciation of traditional beliefs, and a constant awareness that an individual’s actions today are a reflection on the past, and will have far-reaching consequences for the future. A person with ubuntu knows his or her place in the universe and is consequently able to interact gracefully with other individuals. One aspect of ubuntu is that, at all times, the individual effectively represents the people from among whom he or she comes, and therefore tries to behave according to the highest standards and exhibit the virtues upheld by his or her society.

During the 1990s, the concept of ubuntu was adapted as an ideology by post-apartheid South Africa, as a vehicle to bring about harmony and cooperation among its many racial and ethnic groups. The ethical values of ubuntu include respect for others, helpfulness, community, sharing, caring, trust, and unselfishness. Ubuntu underscores the importance of agreement or consensus, and gives priority to the well-being of the community as a whole.

Meaning of the word ubuntu

The word ubuntu comes from the Zulu and Xhola languages, and can be roughly translated as "humanity towards others," and "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity." Related Bantu languages have similar terms. In the Shona language, the most common spoken language in Zimbabwe after English, ubuntu is unhu; the concept of ubuntu in Zimbabwe is similar to that of other African cultures. In Kinyarwanda, the mother tongue in Rwanda, and in Kirundi, the mother tongue in Burundi, ubuntu means 'human generosity' as well as 'humanity.' In Rwanda and Burundi societies, it is common for people to exhort or appeal to others to gira ubuntu meaning to "have consideration and be humane" towards others. In Runyakitara, the collection of dialects spoken by the Banyankore, Banyoro, Batooro and Bakiga of Western Uganda and also the Bahaya, Banyambo and others of Northern Tanzania, obuntu refers to the human characteristics of generosity, consideration and humaneness towards others in the community. In Luganda, the dialect of Central Uganda obuntu-bulamu refers to the same characteristics.

Samkange’s explanation of ubuntu

In 1980, Stanlake J. W. T. Samkange (1922–1988), a Zimbabwean historiographer, educator, journalist, author, and African nationalist, attempted to systematize an African epistemology in Hunuism or Ubuntuism. He emphasized three maxims which shape the philosophy of Hunhuism or Ubuntuism:

  • “To be human is to affirm one's humanity by recognizing the humanity of others and, on that basis, establish respectful human relations with them.”
  • “If and when one is faced with a decisive choice between wealth and the preservation of the life of another human being, then one should opt for the preservation of life.”
  • “The king owes his status, including all the powers associated with it, to the will of the people under him.” This, Samkange said, was a “principle deeply embedded in traditional African political philosophy.”

According to Samkange, sharing is only one of many virtues encompassed within unhu. In the ethical domain of unhu, all visitors are provided for and protected in every home they pass through, without the expectation of payment, and do not need to carry provisions when they are on the read, as long as they dress in a respectable manner. Every individual who is aware of the presence of a visitor within a locality should try his or her best to make that visitor comfortable.

Another aspect of ubuntu is that, at all times, the individual effectively represents the people from among whom he or she comes. It is taboo to call elderly people by their given names; instead they are called by their surnames to banish individualism and replace it with a representative role. The individual’s identity is replaced by a larger societal identity. Every individual represents a family, village, district, province and region. This requires the individual to behave according to the highest standards and to exhibit, to the greatest possible degree, the virtues upheld by his or her society. Unhu embodies all those virtues that maintain harmony and the spirit of sharing among the members of a society.

A key concept associated with ubuntu, or unhu, is behavior and interaction in the context of various social roles. For example, a daughter-in-law traditionally kneels down when greeting her parents-in-law and serves them food, as a sign of respect. She maintains the highest standards, because her behavior is a reflection on her family and on all the women raised in that family. The daughter-in-law does this as part of the ambassadorial function that she assumes at all times. A woman’s deference to a husband or brother does not imply that the woman is subordinate, only that she possesses unhu and knows the proper attitude and behavior for each social circumstance.

Under unhu, children are never orphans, since the roles of mother and father are, by definition, not vested in a single individual with respect to a single child. Furthermore, a man or a woman with unhu will never allow any child around him or her to be an orphan.

The concept of unhu is also essential to traditional African jurisprudence and governance. Under unhu, a crime committed by one individual against another extends far beyond the two individuals and has far-reaching implications for the people from among whom the perpetrator of the crime comes. Unhu jurisprudence supports remedies and punishments that tend to bring people together. A crime of murder might be remedied by creating a bond of marriage between the families of the victim and the accused, in addition to punishing the perpetrator both inside and outside his social circles. The family and the society from which the criminal came are regarded as a sort of “tertiary perpetrator,” and are punished with a fine and social stigma that can only be absolved by many years of demonstrating unhu or ubuntu. A leader who has unhu is selfless, consults widely and listens to his subjects. He or she does not adopt a lifestyle that is different from his subjects, but lives among them and shares what he owns. A leader who has unhu does not lead but allows the people to lead themselves. Forcefully imposing his or her will on his people is incompatible with unhu.

Ubuntu is very difficult to render into a Western language. When we want to give high praise to someone we say, Yu u nobuntu; "Hey, so-and-so has ubuntu." Then you are generous, you are hospitable, you are friendly and caring and compassionate. You share what you have. It is to say, "My humanity is caught up, is inextricably bound up, in what is yours." ... We say, "A person is a person through other persons." ... A person with ubuntu is open and available to others, affirming of others, does not feel threatened that others are able and good, for he or she has a proper self-assurance that comes from knowing that he or she belongs in a greater whole and is diminished when others are humiliated or diminished, when others are tortured or oppressed. ... To forgive is not just to be altruistic. It is the best form of self-interest. What dehumanizes you inexorably dehumanizes me. [Forgiveness] gives people resilience, enabling them to survive and emerge still human despite all efforts to dehumanize them. [1]

Ubuntu and Western Humanism

The unifying worldview of Ubuntu is expressed in the Zulu maxim "umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu," ("a person is a person through other persons"),[2] also common in Shona as "munhu munhu nekuda kwevanhu." By a Western humanist, this aphorism might be interpreted as an effective social ethic or rule of conduct, or simply as a description of the human situation. In traditional African thought this maxim has a profoundly religious significance. “Persons” includes not only living human beings, but ancestors who have already died and children who have not yet been born.[3] Ubuntu or unhu embodies deep respect for ancestors, and includes all the attitudes and behaviors necessary not only for a harmonious life with other individuals on earth, but with ancestors in the world beyond death and with those who will live on earth in the future. Every individual is the fruit of his or her ancestors, and will become the ancestor of all future descendants.

Ubuntu implies an appreciation of traditional beliefs, and a constant awareness that an individual’s actions today are a reflection on the past, and will have far-reaching consequences for the future. A person with ubuntu knows his or her place in the universe and is consequently able to interact gracefully with other individuals. Those who uphold ubuntu throughout their lives will, in death, achieve a unity with those still living. In Western thought, an individual is a pre-existent and self-sufficient being and exists prior to, separately and independently from the rest of the community or society. Ubuntu defines the individual only in terms of his or her relationships with others in the community. As these relationships change, the character of the individual changes. An individual constitutes multiple personalities corresponding to his or her various roles in society.[4]

Change in South Africa

During the 1990s, the concept of ubuntu was adapted into an ideology in post-apartheid South Africa, as a vehicle to bring about harmony and cooperation among its many racial and ethnic groups. Ubuntu is regarded as one of the founding principles of the new republic of South Africa, and has been associated with the idea of an “African Renaissance.” In the political sphere, the concept of ubuntu is used to emphasize the need for unity or consensus in decision-making, as well as the need for a suitably humanitarian ethic to inform those decisions.

The ethical values of ubuntu ideology include respect for others, helpfulness, community, sharing, caring, trust and unselfishness. It is seen as a basis for a morality of co-operation, compassion, and communalism. Ubuntu underscores the importance of agreement or consensus, and gives priority to the well-being of the community as a whole.

A traveler through a country would stop at a village and he didn't have to ask for food or for water. Once he stops, the people give him food, entertain him. That is one aspect of Ubuntu but it will have various aspects. Ubuntu does not mean that people should not address themselves. The question therefore is: Are you going to do so in order to enable the community around you be able to improve?[5]

The concept of ubuntu ideology is illustrated in the film In My Country, about the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, starring Samuel L. Jackson and Juliette Binoche.

Applications

The "Ubuntu" distribution of the Linux computer operating system claims that it "brings the spirit of Ubuntu to the software world."[6][7]

Ubuntu is the founding philosophy of Ubuntu Pathways (formerly Ubuntu Education Fund), an NGO working with orphans and vulnerable children in Gqeberha, South Africa, previously known as Port Elizabeth.[8]

Notes

  1. ↑ Desmond Tutu, No Future Without Forgiveness (Doubleday, 1999, ISBN 978-0385496896).
  2. ↑ Augustine Shutte, Philosophy for Africa (Rondebosch, South Africa: UCT Press, 1993, ISBN 9780799214871), 46.
  3. ↑ John S. Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy (Heinemann, Oxford, 1990, ISBN 9780435895914), 108.
  4. ↑ Dirk J. Louw, Ubuntu: An African Assessment of the Religious Other. Paper delivered at the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, Boston, Massachusetts, August 10-15, 1998. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  5. ↑ The Ubuntu Experience (Nelson Mandela Interview), YouTube. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  6. ↑ The story of Ubuntu Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  7. ↑ Ubuntu: Code of Conduct Ubuntu, Canonical Ltd. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  8. ↑ Ubuntu Pathways Retrieved November 17, 2022.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Broodryk, Johann. Ubuntu: life lessons from Africa. Pretoria: Ubuntu School of Philosophy, 2002. ISBN 9780620293310
  • Matshe, Getrude. Born on the continent: Ubuntu. Wellington, NZ: Gertrude Matshe, 2006. ISBN 9780473110208
  • Mbiti, John S. African Religions and Philosophy. Oxford: Heinemann, 1990. ISBN 9780435895914
  • Samkange, Stanlake John Thompson, and Tommie Marie Samkange. Hunhuism or Ubuntuism: A Zimbabwe indigenous political philosophy. Salisbury: Graham Pub., 1980. ISBN 9780869210154
  • Shutte, Augustine. Philosophy for Africa. Rondebosch, South Africa: UCT Press, 1993. ISBN 9780799214871
  • Tutu, Desmond. No Future Without Forgiveness. Doubleday, 1999. ISBN 978-0385496896

External Links

All links retrieved May 2, 2023.

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Ubuntu_(philosophy)&oldid=1111253

Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Copyright Logo
Powered by MediaWiki