Difference between revisions of "Template: Nobel Prize in Chemistry" - New World Encyclopedia

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Latest revision as of 21:19, 9 October 2023

Nobel Prize in Chemistry

1901-1925	Jacobus van 't Hoff (1901) • Emil Fischer (1902) • Svante Arrhenius (1903) • William Ramsay (1904) • Adolf von Baeyer (1905) • Henri Moissan (1906) • Eduard Buchner (1907) • Ernest Rutherford (1908) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1909) • Otto Wallach (1910) • Marie Curie (1911) • Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier (1912) • Alfred Werner (1913) • Theodore Richards (1914) • Richard Willstätter (1915) • Fritz Haber (1918) • Walther Nernst (1920) • Frederick Soddy (1921) • Francis Aston (1922) • Fritz Pregl (1923) • Richard Zsigmondy (1925)

1926-1950	Theodor Svedberg (1926) • Heinrich Wieland (1927) • Adolf Windaus (1928) • Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1929) • Hans Fischer (1930) • Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius (1931) • Irving Langmuir (1932) • Harold Urey (1934) • Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie (1935) • Peter Debye (1936) • Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer (1937) • Richard Kuhn (1938) • Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička (1939) • George de Hevesy (1943) • Otto Hahn (1944) • Artturi Virtanen (1945) • James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley (1946) • Robert Robinson (1947) • Arne Tiselius (1948) • William Giauque (1949) • Otto Diels / Kurt Alder (1950)

1951-1975	Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin / Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Jaroslav Heyrovský (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz / John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert S. Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton / Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein (1972) • Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog (1975)

1976-2000	William Lipscomb (1976) • Ilya Prigogine (1977) • Peter D. Mitchell (1978) • Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig (1979) • Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger (1980) • Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann (1981) • Aaron Klug (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Robert Merrifield (1984) • Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle (1985) • Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi (1986) • Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen (1987) • Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel (1988) • Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech (1989) • Elias Corey (1990) • Richard R. Ernst (1991) • Rudolph A. Marcus (1992) • Kary Mullis / Michael Smith (1993) • George Olah (1994) • Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland (1995) • Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley (1996) • Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou (1997) • Walter Kohn / John Pople (1998) • Ahmed Zewail (1999) • Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa (2000)

2001-2025	William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless (2001) • John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich (2002) • Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon (2003) • Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose (2004) • Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin (2005) • Roger D. Kornberg (2006) Gerhard Ertl (2007) • Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien (2008) • Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath (2009) • Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi (2010) • Dan Shechtman (2011) • Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka (2012) • Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel (2013) • Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner (2014) • Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar (2015) • Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa (2016) • Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson (2017) • Frances Arnold / Greg Winter / George Smith (2018) • John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino (2019) • Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna (2020) • David MacMillan / Benjamin List (2021) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless (2022) • Moungi Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Alexey Ekimov (2023)

Complete roster \| (1901–1925) \| (1926–1950) \| (1951–1975) \| (1976-2000) \| (2001–2025)

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@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 | group3    = 1951-1975
 | list3      = <div><center>
-{{nowrap|[[John Cockcroft|Cockcroft]] / [[Ernest Walton|Walton]] (1951) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Edwin McMillan]] / [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] (1951) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Felix Bloch|Bloch]] / [[Edward Mills Purcell|Purcell]] (1952) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Archer Martin]] / [[Richard Laurence Millington Synge|Richard Synge]] (1952) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Frits Zernike|Zernike]] (1953) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Hermann Staudinger]] (1953) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Max Born|Born]] / [[Walther Bothe|Bothe]] (1954) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Linus Pauling]] (1954) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Willis Lamb|Lamb]] / [[Polykarp Kusch|Kusch]] (1955) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Vincent du Vigneaud]] (1955) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[William Shockley|Shockley]] / [[John Bardeen|Bardeen]] / [[Walter Houser Brattain|Brattain]] (1956) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood|Cyril Hinshelwood]] / [[Nikolay Semyonov]] (1956) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Chen Ning Yang|Yang]] / [[Tsung-Dao Lee|T.D.Lee]] (1957) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Alexander R. Todd|Alexander Todd]] (1957) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov|Čerenkov]] / [[Ilya Frank|Frank]] / [[Igor Tamm|Tamm]] (1958) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Frederick Sanger]] (1958) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Emilio G. Segrè|Segrè]] / [[Owen Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (1959) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Jaroslav Heyrovský]] (1959) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Donald A. Glaser|Glaser]] (1960) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Willard Libby]] (1960) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Robert Hofstadter|Hofstadter]] / [[Rudolf Mößbauer|Mössbauer]] (1961) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Melvin Calvin]] (1961) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Lev Landau|Landau]] (1962) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Max Perutz]] / [[John Kendrew]] (1962) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[E. P. Wigner|Wigner]] / [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer|Goeppert&#8209;Mayer]] / [[J. Hans D. Jensen|Jensen]] (1963) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Karl Ziegler]] / [[Giulio Natta]] (1963) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Charles Hard Townes|Townes]] / [[Nikolay Basov|Basov]] / [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov|Prokhorov]] (1964) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Dorothy Hodgkin]] (1964) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga|Tomonaga]] / [[Julian Schwinger|Schwinger]] / [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]] (1965) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Robert Burns Woodward|Robert Woodward]] (1965) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Alfred Kastler|Kastler]] (1966) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Robert S. Mulliken]] (1966) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Hans Bethe|Bethe]] (1967) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Manfred Eigen]] / [[Ronald George Wreyford Norrish|Ronald Norrish]] / [[George Porter]] (1967) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Luis Walter Alvarez|Alvarez]] (1968) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Lars Onsager]] (1968) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Murray Gell-Mann|Gell&#8209;Mann]] (1969) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Derek Barton]] / [[Odd Hassel]] (1969) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Hannes Alfvén|Alfvén]] / [[Louis Eugène Félix Néel|Néel]] (1970) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Luis Federico Leloir]] (1970) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Dennis Gabor|Gabor]] (1971) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Gerhard Herzberg]] (1971) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[John Bardeen|Bardeen]] / [[Leon Cooper|Cooper]] / [[John Robert Schrieffer|Schrieffer]] (1972) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Christian B. Anfinsen]] / [[Stanford Moore]] / [[William Howard Stein|William Stein]] (1972) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Leo Esaki|Esaki]] / [[Ivar Giaever|Giaever]] / [[Brian David Josephson|Josephson]] (1973) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Ernst Otto Fischer]] / [[Geoffrey Wilkinson]] (1973) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Martin Ryle|Ryle]] / [[Antony Hewish|Hewish]] (1974) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Paul Flory]] (1974) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Aage Niels Bohr|A.Bohr]] / [[Ben Roy Mottelson|Mottelson]] / [[James Rainwater|Rainwater]] (1975) }}
+{{nowrap|[[John Cornforth]] / [[Vladimir Prelog]] (1975) }}
 </center></div>
 | group4    = 1976-2000
 | list4      = <div><center>
-{{nowrap|[[Burton Richter|Richter]] / [[Samuel C. C. Ting|Ting]] (1976) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[William Lipscomb]] (1976) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Philip Warren Anderson|P.W.Anderson]] / [[Nevill Francis Mott|Mott]] / [[John Hasbrouck van Vleck|van Vleck]] (1977) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Ilya Prigogine]] (1977) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Pyotr Kapitsa|Kapitsa]] / [[Arno Allan Penzias|Penzias]] / [[Robert Woodrow Wilson|Wilson]] (1978) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Peter D. Mitchell]] (1978) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Sheldon Lee Glashow|Glashow]] / [[Abdus Salam|Salam]] / [[Steven Weinberg|Weinberg]] (1979) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Herbert C. Brown]] / [[Georg Wittig]] (1979) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[James Cronin|Cronin]] / [[Val Logsdon Fitch|Fitch]] (1980) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Paul Berg]] / [[Walter Gilbert]] / [[Frederick Sanger]] (1980) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Nicolaas Bloembergen|Bloembergen]] / [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow|Schawlow]] / [[Kai Siegbahn|K.Siegbahn]] (1981) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Kenichi Fukui]] / [[Roald Hoffmann]] (1981) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Kenneth G. Wilson|Wilson]] (1982) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Aaron Klug]] (1982) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] / [[William Alfred Fowler|Fowler]] (1983) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Henry Taube]] (1983) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Carlo Rubbia|Rubbia]] / [[Simon van der Meer|van der Meer]] (1984) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Robert Bruce Merrifield|Robert Merrifield]] (1984) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Klaus von Klitzing|von Klitzing]] (1985) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Herbert A. Hauptman]] / [[Jerome Karle]] (1985) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Ernst Ruska|Ruska]] / [[Gerd Binnig|Binnig]] / [[Heinrich Rohrer|Rohrer]] (1986) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Dudley R. Herschbach]] / [[Yuan T. Lee]] / [[John Polanyi]] (1986) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Johannes Georg Bednorz|Bednorz]] / [[Karl Alex Müller|Müller]] (1987) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Donald J. Cram]] / [[Jean-Marie Lehn]] / [[Charles J. Pedersen]] (1987) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Leon M. Lederman|Lederman]] / [[Melvin Schwartz|Schwartz]] / [[Jack Steinberger|Steinberger]] (1988) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Johann Deisenhofer]] / [[Robert Huber]] / [[Hartmut Michel]] (1988) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.|Ramsey]] / [[Hans Georg Dehmelt|Dehmelt]] / [[Wolfgang Paul|Paul]] (1989) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Sidney Altman]] / [[Thomas Cech]] (1989) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Jerome Isaac Friedman|Friedman]] / [[Henry Way Kendall|Kendall]] / [[Richard E. Taylor|R.E.Taylor]] (1990) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Elias James Corey|Elias Corey]] (1990) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes|de Gennes]] (1991) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Richard R. Ernst]] (1991) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Georges Charpak|Charpak]] (1992) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Rudolph A. Marcus]] (1992) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Russell Alan Hulse|Hulse]] / [[Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.|J.H.Taylor]] (1993) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Kary Mullis]] / [[Michael Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]] (1993) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Bertram Brockhouse|Brockhouse]] / [[Clifford Shull|Shull]] (1994) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[George Andrew Olah|George Olah]] (1994) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Martin Lewis Perl|Perl]] / [[Frederick Reines|Reines]] (1995) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Paul J. Crutzen]] / [[Mario J. Molina]] / [[F. Sherwood Rowland]] (1995) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[David Lee (physicist)|D.Lee]] / [[Douglas D. Osheroff|Osheroff]] / [[Robert Coleman Richardson|Richardson]] (1996) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Robert Curl]] / [[Harry Kroto|Harold Kroto]] / [[Richard Smalley]] (1996) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Steven Chu|Chu]] / [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji|Cohen-Tannoudji]] / [[William Daniel Phillips|Phillips]] (1997) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Paul D. Boyer]] / [[John E. Walker]] / [[Jens Christian Skou]] (1997) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Robert B. Laughlin|Laughlin]] / [[Horst Ludwig Störmer|Störmer]] / [[Daniel C. Tsui|Tsui]] (1998) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Walter Kohn]] / [[John Pople]] (1998) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Gerardus 't Hooft|'t Hooft]] / [[Martinus J. G. Veltman|Veltman]] (1999) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Ahmed Zewail]] (1999) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Zhores Alferov|Alferov]] / [[Herbert Kroemer|Kroemer]] / [[Jack Kilby|Kilby]] (2000) }}
+{{nowrap|[[Alan J. Heeger]] / [[Alan MacDiarmid]] / [[Hideki Shirakawa]] (2000) }}
 </center></div>
 | group5    = 2001-2025
 | list5      = <div><center>
-{{nowrap|[[Eric Allin Cornell|Cornell]] / [[Wolfgang Ketterle|Ketterle]] / [[Carl Wieman|Wieman]] (2001) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[William Standish Knowles|William Knowles]] / [[Ryōji Noyori|Ryoji Noyori]] / [[Karl Barry Sharpless|K. Barry Sharpless]] (2001) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Raymond Davis Jr.|Davis]] / [[Masatoshi Koshiba|Koshiba]] / [[Riccardo Giacconi|Giacconi]] (2002) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[John Fenn (chemist)|John B. Fenn]] / [[Koichi Tanaka]] / [[Kurt Wüthrich]] (2002) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov|Abrikosov]] / [[Vitaly Ginzburg|Ginzburg]] / [[Anthony James Leggett|Leggett]] (2003) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Peter Agre]] / [[Roderick MacKinnon]] (2003) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[David Gross|Gross]] / [[H. David Politzer|Politzer]] / [[Frank Wilczek|Wilczek]] (2004) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Aaron Ciechanover]] / [[Avram Hershko]] / [[Irwin Rose]] (2004) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Roy J. Glauber|Glauber]] / [[John L. Hall|Hall]] / [[Theodor W. Hänsch|Hänsch]] (2005) •}}
+{{nowrap|[[Robert H. Grubbs]] / [[Richard R. Schrock]] / [[Yves Chauvin]] (2005) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[John C. Mather|Mather]] / [[George Smoot|Smoot]] (2006) }}
+{{nowrap|[[Roger D. Kornberg]] (2006) }}
-{{nowrap|[[Albert Fert|Fert]] / [[Peter Grünberg|Grünberg]] (2007){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Gerhard Ertl]] (2007) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Yoichiro Nambu|Nambu]] / [[Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)|Kobayashi]] / [[Toshihide Maskawa|Maskawa]] (2008){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Osamu Shimomura]] / [[Martin Chalfie]] / [[Roger Y. Tsien]] (2008) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Charles K. Kao|Kao]] / [[Willard Boyle|Boyle]] / [[George E. Smith|Smith]] (2009){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]] / [[Thomas A. Steitz]] / [[Ada Yonath|Ada E. Yonath]] (2009) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Andre Geim|Geim]] / [[Konstantin Novoselov|Novoselov]] (2010){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Richard F. Heck]] / [[Akira Suzuki (chemist)|Akira Suzuki]] / [[Ei-ichi Negishi]] (2010) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Saul Perlmutter|Perlmutter]] / [[Adam Riess|Riess]] / [[Brian Schmidt|Schmidt]] (2011){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Dan Shechtman]] (2011) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[David J. Wineland|Wineland]] / [[Serge Haroche|Haroche]] (2012){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Robert Lefkowitz]] / [[Brian Kobilka]] (2012) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[François Englert|Englert]] / [[Peter Higgs|Higgs]] (2013){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Martin Karplus]] / [[Michael Levitt]] / [[Arieh Warshel]] (2013) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Isamu Akasaki|Akasaki]] / [[Hiroshi Amano|Amano]] / [[Shuji Nakamura|Nakamura]] (2014){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Eric Betzig]] / [[Stefan Hell]] / [[William E. Moerner]] (2014) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Takaaki Kajita|Kajita]] / [[Arthur B. McDonald|McDonald]] (2015){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Tomas Lindahl]] / [[Paul L. Modrich]] / [[Aziz Sancar]] (2015) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[David J. Thouless|Thouless]] / [[Duncan Haldane|Haldane]] / [[J. Michael Kosterlitz|Kosterlitz]] (2016){{·}}}}
+{{nowrap|[[Jean-Pierre Sauvage]] / [[Fraser Stoddart]] / [[Ben Feringa]] (2016) •}}
-{{nowrap|[[Rainer Weiss|Weiss]] / [[Barry Barish|Barish]] / [[Kip Thorne|Thorne]] (2017)}}
+{{nowrap|[[Jacques Dubochet]] / [[Joachim Frank]] / [[Richard Henderson (biologist)|Richard Henderson]] (2017) •}}
+{{nowrap| [[Frances Arnold]] / [[Greg Winter]] / [[George Smith (chemist)|George Smith]] (2018) •}}
+{{nowrap| [[John B. Goodenough]] / [[M. Stanley Whittingham]] / [[Akira Yoshino]] (2019) •}}
+{{nowrap| [[Emmanuelle Charpentier]] / [[Jennifer Doudna]] (2020) •}}
+{{nowrap| [[David MacMillan]] / [[Benjamin List]] (2021) •}}
+{{nowrap| [[Carolyn R. Bertozzi]] / [[Morten P. Meldal]] / [[Karl Barry Sharpless]] (2022) •}}
+{{nowrap| [[Moungi Bawendi]] / [[Louis E. Brus]] / [[Alexey Ekimov]] (2023) }}
 </center></div>
 | list6      = <div>