Sarcophagus
A sarcophagus is a stone container for a coffin or body. The word comes from Greek "sarx" meaning "flesh," and "phagien" meaning "to eat," so that sarcophagus, which means "eater of flesh." The 5th century B.C.E. Greek historian, Herodotus, noted that early sarcophagi (the plural) were carved from a special kind of rock that consumed the flesh of the corpse inside. In particular, coffins made of a limestone from Assus in the Troad known as lapis Assius had the property of consuming the bodies placed within them, and therefore was also called sarkophagos lithos (flesh-eating stone). All coffins made of limestone have this property to a greater or lesser degree, and the name eventually came to be applied to stone coffins in general.
Sarcophagi were usually made by being carved, decorated or built ornately. Some were built to be freestanding above ground, as a part of an elaborate tomb or tombs. Others were made for burial, or were placed in crypts. In Ancient Egypt, a sarcophagus was usually the external layer of protection for a royal mummy, with several layers of coffins nested within.
The sarcophagus was also used to protect dead bodies.
Eytmology
Description
Origin
Examples
Ancient
The name of Ahiram appears on a Late Bronze Age sarcophagus cover-lid, datable to the early 10th century B.C.E.[1] Although it is often said that the sarcophagus was discovered by Pierre Montet, a French archaeologist, in 1934,[2][3][4][5] the entry on Hiram in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890-1906) indicates that "his tomb is two hours' walk southeast of Tyre, a colossal limestone sarcophagus on a high pedestal".[1] The tomb was subsequently moved to the Beirut National Museum, where it is now on display.
The engraving text, in the Phoenician language says: "Coffin which Itthobaal son of Ahiram, king of Byblos, made for Ahiram his father, when he placed him for eternity. Now, if a king among kings, or a governor among governors or a commander of an army should come up against Byblos and uncover this coffin, may the sceptre of his rule be torn away, may the throne of his kingdom be overturned and may peace flee from Byblos. And as for him, may his inscription be effaced". This is apparently the oldest inscription in the Phoenician alphabet.[6] [7]
Sarcophagus of the Spouses
The "Sarcophagus of the Spouses" (Italian: Sarcofago degli Sposi) is a late 6th century B.C.E. Etruscan anthropoid sarcophagus. It is 1.14 m high by 1.9 m wide, and is made of painted terracotta. It depicts a married couple reclining at a banquet together in the afterlife (in a scene similar to that from contemporary Greek vases) and was found in 19th century excavations at the necropolis of Cerveteri (ancient Caere). It is now in the National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia, Rome.
The smiling faces with their almond shaped eyes and long braided hair, as well as the shape of the feet of the bed, reveal Greek influence. The marked contrast between the high relief busts and the very flattened legs is typically Etruscan. The Etruscan artist's interest focused on the upper half of the figures, especially on the vibrant faces and gesticulating arms. It is very similar to the Sarcophagus from Cerveteri, perhaps by the same artist. Both portray the affection of a man and a woman, an image never before seen in the Greek culture.[citation needed]
St. Andrew
The Saint Andrews Sarcophagus is a Pictish monument dating from the middle of the 8th century. The sarcophagus was recovered beginning in 1833 during excavations by St Andrew's Cathedral, but it was not until 1922 that the surviving components were reunited. The sarcophagus is currently on display at the Cathedral museum in St Andrews, close to the site of its discovery. As originally constructed the sarcophagus would have comprised two side panels, two end panels, four corner pieces and a roof slab. The roof slab is entirely missing, as are most of one side and one end panel and a corner piece so that the extant sarcophagus is essentially L-shaped. The external dimensions of the sarcophagus are 177cm by 90cm and a height of 70cm. The stone used is a local sandstone.
The surviving side panel shows, from right to left, a figure breaking the jaws of a lion, a mounted hunter with his sword raised to strike a leaping lion, and hunter on foot, armed with a spear and assisted by a hunting dog, about to attack a wolf. Although it is not certain that the first two figures represent the same person, 19th century illustrations depict them as if they are. The surviving end panel is much simpler, essentially a cross with four small panels between the arms. The fragments of the missing end panel are similar, but not identical, to the surviving one.
Merenptah
Tomb KV8, located in the Valley of the Kings, was used for the burial of Pharaoh Merenptah of Ancient Egypt's Nineteenth Dynasty.
The burial chamber, located at the end of 160 metres of corridor, originally held a set of four nested sarcophagi. The outer one of these was so voluminous that parts of the corridor had to have their pillars demolished and rebuilt to allow it to be brought in.
Italy
an Ancient Roman christian sarcophagus dating from the 4th century. It is preserved beneath the pulpit of Sant'Ambrogio basilica in Milan, Italy. Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto, April 25 2007. The so-called "Sarcofago di Stilicone" ("Stilicho's sarcophagus") is an Ancient Roman paleochristian sarcophagus dating from around 385 C.E., sculpted for a high-rank military authority and his wife. It is preserved beneath the pulpit of Sant'Ambrogio basilica in Milan, Italy, in the same spot where it was originally placed (which makes it the only original part of the paleochristian original basilica still in place).
Gallery
Ariadne and Dionysos. Front panel of a marble sarcophagus, early 3rd century AD. Found in 1804 at Saint-Médard d'Eyrans, France
Mummy cartonnage bearing the name of dame Tacheretpaankh. Glued, stuccoed and gilded layers of canvas, 3rd-1st centuries B.C.E.
Nuremberg, Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach, Sarcophagus, from north-east
Sarcophagus of archbishop of Olomouc Leopold Prečan in the crypt in Sts. Cyril and Methodius's church in Olomouc (Czech Republic).
Top of a sarcophagi in Laon's cathedral, Aisne, France
the grave of the famous major Franz Adickes of Frankfurt/main/germany
Lid of an Etruscan sarcophagus. Museum Santa Maria della Scala, Siena
Sarcophagus (3rd Century), portico of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Roma.
Porphyry Sarcophagus of emperor Constance of Sicily (1154-1198), in the Cathedral of Palermo (Sicily). Picture by Giovanni Dall'Orto
Tomb of Marcellus II, "grotte vaticane", Basilica di San Pietro
Istanbul Archaeological Museum. The so called "Sarcophagus of the mourning women". From the Royal necropolis of Sidon, 4th century B.C.E.
Weddings of Dionysos and Ariadne. The Latin inscription identifies the girl for whom this sarcophagus was made as Maconiana Severiana, member of a wealthy senatorial family. Ariadne's face was probably left unfinished to be completed as a portrait of Maconiana
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Budge, E. A. Wallis. 2004. The Sarcophagus of Anchnesraneferab Queen of Ahmes II King of Egypt. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1417947608
- Grajetzki, Wolfram. 2003. Burial Customs in Ancient Egypt: Life in Death for Rich and Poor. Duckworth Publishers. ISBN 0715632175
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- ↑ The Cambridge Ancient History ed by Iorwerth Eiddon et al. 2nd ed. Vol. II pt.2, Cambridge University Press, 1975. ISBN 0521086914 Google Books, p 521.
- ↑ Archaeology and the Old Testament By James B. Pritchard Kessinger Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1425387330
- ↑ The Phoenecians By Sabatino Moscati I.B.Tauris, 2001 ISBN 1850435332
- ↑ "The Ahiram Inscription of Byblos" by Charles C. Torrey. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 45, 1925 (1925), pp. 269-279 JSTOR
- ↑ "On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1)" by Edward M. Cook. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Jan., 1994), pp. 33-36 JSTOR
- ↑ Encyclopedia Brittanica "sarcophagus"
- ↑ "The Sarcophagus of King Ahiram" Beirut National Museum (with photograph)(source of translation)
