Difference between revisions of "Saint Adomnán" - New World Encyclopedia
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==Life== | ==Life== | ||
| − | Adomnán, who was born circa 627 C.E., was the son of Rónán mac Tinne and Ronat, both of whom were members of relatively prominent clans. On his father's side, the Cenél Conaill, he was related to [[Saint Columba]], the founder of the monastery in Iona where he would would eventually serve as abbot. Though Adomnán's birthplace is not known, it is presumed that he was born in the territory of his kin-group, which is located in modern [[County Donegal]]. Little information survives on the saint's early life, but two explanations exist for his entry into the religious life: some (such as Butler) state that his father's clan required one member of each generation to become ordained into the Columban order;<ref>Butler, 211.</ref> others, following Bede, suggest that Adomnán had committed some sin in his youth and that he joined the religious order as an expiation for that transgression.<ref>See Bede's [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book4.html ''Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation''] (Book IV: Chapter XXV).</ref> As per Bede's chronicle, | + | Adomnán, who was born circa 627 C.E., was the son of Rónán mac Tinne and Ronat, both of whom were members of relatively prominent clans. On his father's side, the Cenél Conaill, he was related to [[Saint Columba]], the founder of the monastery in Iona where he would would eventually serve as abbot.<ref>Melia, 37-38; Butler, 211.</ref> Though Adomnán's birthplace is not known, it is presumed that he was born in the territory of his kin-group, which is located in modern [[County Donegal]]. Little information survives on the saint's early life, but two explanations exist for his entry into the religious life: some (such as Butler) state that his father's clan required one member of each generation to become ordained into the Columban order;<ref>Butler, 211.</ref> others, following Bede, suggest that Adomnán had committed some sin in his youth and that he joined the religious order as an expiation for that transgression.<ref>See Bede's [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book4.html ''Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation''] (Book IV: Chapter XXV).</ref> As per Bede's chronicle, |
:this austerity of life he had first adopted from necessity to correct his evil propensities, but in process of time the necessity became a Custom. For in his youth he had been guilty of some wicked action, for which, when he came to himself, he conceived extraordinary horror, and dreaded lest he should be punished for the same by the upright judge. Repairing, therefore, to a priest, who he hoped might show him the way of salvation, he confessed his guilt, and desired to be advised how he might avoid the future wrath of God. The priest having heard his offence, said, "A great sore requires much attention in the cure; and, therefore, give yourself up as far as you are able to fasting, reading of Psalms, and prayer, to the end, that thus preventing the wrath of our Lord, in confession, you may find Him merciful." Being highly affected with the grief of a guilty conscience, and desiring, as soon as possible, to be loosed from the inward fetters of sin, which lay heavy upon him, he answered, " I am young in years, and strong of body, and shall, therefore, easily bear whatever you shall enjoin me to do, so that I may be saved in the day Of our Lord; though you should command me to spend the whole night in prayer standing, and to pass the whole week in abstinence." ... [H]e ever after observed that same abstinence, according to his direction; and as he had begun that course through the fear of God, in penitence for his guilt, so he still continued the same unremittingly for the Divine love, and in hope of his reward.<ref>''ibid''.</ref> | :this austerity of life he had first adopted from necessity to correct his evil propensities, but in process of time the necessity became a Custom. For in his youth he had been guilty of some wicked action, for which, when he came to himself, he conceived extraordinary horror, and dreaded lest he should be punished for the same by the upright judge. Repairing, therefore, to a priest, who he hoped might show him the way of salvation, he confessed his guilt, and desired to be advised how he might avoid the future wrath of God. The priest having heard his offence, said, "A great sore requires much attention in the cure; and, therefore, give yourself up as far as you are able to fasting, reading of Psalms, and prayer, to the end, that thus preventing the wrath of our Lord, in confession, you may find Him merciful." Being highly affected with the grief of a guilty conscience, and desiring, as soon as possible, to be loosed from the inward fetters of sin, which lay heavy upon him, he answered, " I am young in years, and strong of body, and shall, therefore, easily bear whatever you shall enjoin me to do, so that I may be saved in the day Of our Lord; though you should command me to spend the whole night in prayer standing, and to pass the whole week in abstinence." ... [H]e ever after observed that same abstinence, according to his direction; and as he had begun that course through the fear of God, in penitence for his guilt, so he still continued the same unremittingly for the Divine love, and in hope of his reward.<ref>''ibid''.</ref> | ||
| − | + | Regardless of his motives for devotion to religious life, Adomnán may have begun his monastic career at a Columban monastery called [[Druim Tuamma]], but any Columban foundation in northern [[Ireland]] or [[Dál Riata]] is a possibility, although [[Durrow]] is a stronger possibility than most. He probably joined the Columban ''familia'' (i.e. the federation of monasteries under the leadership of [[Iona Abbey]]) after but around the year 640. Some modern commentators believe that he could not have come to Iona until sometime after the year 669, the year of the accession of Abbot [[Failbe of Iona|Failbe]], the first abbot of whom Adomnán gives any information. However, Richard Sharpe argues that he probably came to Iona during the abbacy of [[Ségéne of Iona|Ségéne]] (d. 652). Whenever or wherever Adomnán received his education, Adomnán attained a level of learning rare in [[Early Middle Ages|Early Medieval]] northern Europe. It has been suggested by Alfred Smyth that Adomnán spent some years teaching and studying at [[Durrow]], and while this is not accepted by all scholars, remains a strong possibility. | |
In 679, Adomnán became the ninth abbot of Iona after Columba. Abbot Adomnán enjoyed a friendship with King [[Aldfrith of Northumbria]]. In 684, Aldfrith had been staying with Adomnán in Iona. In 686, after the death of Aldfrith's brother King [[Ecgfrith of Northumbria]] and Aldfrith's succession to the kingship, Adomnán was in [[Northumbria]] on the request of King [[Fínnecta Fledach]] of [[Brega]], in order to gain the freedom of sixty [[Gaels]] who had been captured in a Northumbrian raid two years before. This Adomnán achieved. Adomnán, in keeping with Ionan tradition, made several more trips to the lands of the English during his abbacy, including one the following year. It is sometimes thought, after the account given by Bede, that it was during his visits to Northumbria, under the influence of Abbot [[Ceolfrid|Ceolfrith of Jarrow]], that Adomnán decided to adopt the Roman dating of [[Easter]] that had been agreed some years before at the [[Synod of Whitby]]. Bede implies that this led to a schism at Iona, whereby Adomnán became alienated from the Iona brethren, and went to Ireland to convince the Irish of the Roman dating. Bede's account is however rarely believed by historians working in the area, although it is clear that Adomnán did adopt that Roman dating, and moreover, probably did argue the case for it in Ireland. | In 679, Adomnán became the ninth abbot of Iona after Columba. Abbot Adomnán enjoyed a friendship with King [[Aldfrith of Northumbria]]. In 684, Aldfrith had been staying with Adomnán in Iona. In 686, after the death of Aldfrith's brother King [[Ecgfrith of Northumbria]] and Aldfrith's succession to the kingship, Adomnán was in [[Northumbria]] on the request of King [[Fínnecta Fledach]] of [[Brega]], in order to gain the freedom of sixty [[Gaels]] who had been captured in a Northumbrian raid two years before. This Adomnán achieved. Adomnán, in keeping with Ionan tradition, made several more trips to the lands of the English during his abbacy, including one the following year. It is sometimes thought, after the account given by Bede, that it was during his visits to Northumbria, under the influence of Abbot [[Ceolfrid|Ceolfrith of Jarrow]], that Adomnán decided to adopt the Roman dating of [[Easter]] that had been agreed some years before at the [[Synod of Whitby]]. Bede implies that this led to a schism at Iona, whereby Adomnán became alienated from the Iona brethren, and went to Ireland to convince the Irish of the Roman dating. Bede's account is however rarely believed by historians working in the area, although it is clear that Adomnán did adopt that Roman dating, and moreover, probably did argue the case for it in Ireland. | ||
Revision as of 21:18, 18 September 2007
| Adomnán of Iona | |
|---|---|
| Born | 627/628 in Probably County Donegal, Ireland |
| Died | 704 in Iona, Scotland |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Canonized | N/A |
| Feast | 23 September |
| Patronage | Diocese of Raphoe |
Saint Adomnán of Iona (627/628-704) was ninth abbot of Iona (679-704), hagiographer, statesman and clerical lawyer; he was the author of the most important Vita of Saint Columba and promulgator of the "Law of Innocents", lex innocentium, also called Cáin Adomnáin, "Law of Adomnán". In Ireland, a popular anglicised form of his name is Saint Eunan from the Gaelic Naomh Adhamhnán.
Life
Adomnán, who was born circa 627 C.E., was the son of Rónán mac Tinne and Ronat, both of whom were members of relatively prominent clans. On his father's side, the Cenél Conaill, he was related to Saint Columba, the founder of the monastery in Iona where he would would eventually serve as abbot.[1] Though Adomnán's birthplace is not known, it is presumed that he was born in the territory of his kin-group, which is located in modern County Donegal. Little information survives on the saint's early life, but two explanations exist for his entry into the religious life: some (such as Butler) state that his father's clan required one member of each generation to become ordained into the Columban order;[2] others, following Bede, suggest that Adomnán had committed some sin in his youth and that he joined the religious order as an expiation for that transgression.[3] As per Bede's chronicle,
- this austerity of life he had first adopted from necessity to correct his evil propensities, but in process of time the necessity became a Custom. For in his youth he had been guilty of some wicked action, for which, when he came to himself, he conceived extraordinary horror, and dreaded lest he should be punished for the same by the upright judge. Repairing, therefore, to a priest, who he hoped might show him the way of salvation, he confessed his guilt, and desired to be advised how he might avoid the future wrath of God. The priest having heard his offence, said, "A great sore requires much attention in the cure; and, therefore, give yourself up as far as you are able to fasting, reading of Psalms, and prayer, to the end, that thus preventing the wrath of our Lord, in confession, you may find Him merciful." Being highly affected with the grief of a guilty conscience, and desiring, as soon as possible, to be loosed from the inward fetters of sin, which lay heavy upon him, he answered, " I am young in years, and strong of body, and shall, therefore, easily bear whatever you shall enjoin me to do, so that I may be saved in the day Of our Lord; though you should command me to spend the whole night in prayer standing, and to pass the whole week in abstinence." ... [H]e ever after observed that same abstinence, according to his direction; and as he had begun that course through the fear of God, in penitence for his guilt, so he still continued the same unremittingly for the Divine love, and in hope of his reward.[4]
Regardless of his motives for devotion to religious life, Adomnán may have begun his monastic career at a Columban monastery called Druim Tuamma, but any Columban foundation in northern Ireland or Dál Riata is a possibility, although Durrow is a stronger possibility than most. He probably joined the Columban familia (i.e. the federation of monasteries under the leadership of Iona Abbey) after but around the year 640. Some modern commentators believe that he could not have come to Iona until sometime after the year 669, the year of the accession of Abbot Failbe, the first abbot of whom Adomnán gives any information. However, Richard Sharpe argues that he probably came to Iona during the abbacy of Ségéne (d. 652). Whenever or wherever Adomnán received his education, Adomnán attained a level of learning rare in Early Medieval northern Europe. It has been suggested by Alfred Smyth that Adomnán spent some years teaching and studying at Durrow, and while this is not accepted by all scholars, remains a strong possibility.
In 679, Adomnán became the ninth abbot of Iona after Columba. Abbot Adomnán enjoyed a friendship with King Aldfrith of Northumbria. In 684, Aldfrith had been staying with Adomnán in Iona. In 686, after the death of Aldfrith's brother King Ecgfrith of Northumbria and Aldfrith's succession to the kingship, Adomnán was in Northumbria on the request of King Fínnecta Fledach of Brega, in order to gain the freedom of sixty Gaels who had been captured in a Northumbrian raid two years before. This Adomnán achieved. Adomnán, in keeping with Ionan tradition, made several more trips to the lands of the English during his abbacy, including one the following year. It is sometimes thought, after the account given by Bede, that it was during his visits to Northumbria, under the influence of Abbot Ceolfrith of Jarrow, that Adomnán decided to adopt the Roman dating of Easter that had been agreed some years before at the Synod of Whitby. Bede implies that this led to a schism at Iona, whereby Adomnán became alienated from the Iona brethren, and went to Ireland to convince the Irish of the Roman dating. Bede's account is however rarely believed by historians working in the area, although it is clear that Adomnán did adopt that Roman dating, and moreover, probably did argue the case for it in Ireland.
In 697, it is generally believed that Adomnán promulgated the Cáin Adomnáin, meaning literally the "Canons" or "Law of Adomnán". The Cáin Adomnáin was promulgated amongst a gathering of Irish, Dal Ríatan and Pictish notables at a location known as Birr. It is a set of laws designed, among other things, to guarantee the safety and immunity of various types of non-combatant in warfare. For this reason it is also known as the "Law of Innocents". It is the earliest initiative of this kind recorded from Europe, and as such is often regarded, however dubiously, as a proto-type for the Geneva Convention and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Adomnán died in 704, and became a saint in Scottish and Irish tradition, as well as one of the most important figures in either Scottish or Irish history. His death and feast day are commemorated on September 23. Along with St. Columba, he is joint patron of the Diocese of Raphoe, which encompasses the bulk of County Donegal in the north west of Ireland.
Works
Adomnán's most important work, and the one for which he is best known, is the Vita Columbae (i.e. "Life of Columba"), a hagiography of Iona's founder, Saint Columba. The source is by far the most important surviving work written in early medieval Scotland, and is a vital source for our knowledge of the Picts, as well as a great insight into the life of Iona and the early medieval Gaelic monk. However, the Vita was not his only work. Adomnán also wrote the treatise De Locis Sanctis (i.e. "On Holy Places"), an account of the great Christian holy places and centres of pilgrimage. Adomnán got much of his information from a Frankish bishop called Arculf, who had personally visited the Egypt, Rome, Constantinople and the Holy Land, and visited Iona afterwards. Adomnán thought the work so important that he gave a copy to the scholar-king Aldfrith of Northumbria (685-704). Also attributed to him is a good deal of Gaelic poetry, including a celebration of the Pictish King Bridei's (671-93) victory of the Northumbrians at the Battle of Dunnichen (685).
Notes
- ↑ Melia, 37-38; Butler, 211.
- ↑ Butler, 211.
- ↑ See Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Book IV: Chapter XXV).
- ↑ ibid.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba. Translated and Edited by Richard Sharpe. London: Penguin, 1995. ISBN 0-14-044462-9. Also accessible online at: Fordham University's Medieval Sourcebook.
- The Venerable Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation. Translated by L.C. Jane. London: J.M. Dent; New York E.P. Dutton, 1910. Accessed online at: Fordham University's Medieval Sourcebook.
- Boswell, C. S. An Irish Precursor of Dante: A Study of the Vision of Heaven and Hell ascribed to the 8th century Irish Saint Adamnan with Translation of the Irish Text. Nutt, 1908.
- Butler, Alban. Lives of the Saints. Revised by Sarah Fawcett Thomas. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 2000. ISBN 0814623859.
- Farmer, David Hugh. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0192800582.
- Grattan-Flood, W.H. "Saint Adamnan" in the Catholic Encyclopedia. 1907.
- Melia, Daniel Frederick. "The Irish Saint as Shaman." Pacific Coast Philology. Vol. 18, No. 1/2 (November 1983). 37-42.
- Sharpe, Richard. Adomnán of Iona: Life of St. Columba. London: Penguin Classics, 1995. ISBN 0140444629.
- Smyth, Alfred. Warlords and Holymen: Scotland AD 80-1000. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003. ISBN 0748601007.
External links
All links retrieved September 18, 2007
| Preceded by: Failbe |
Abbot of Iona 679-704 |
Succeeded by: Conamail |
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