Rudyard Kipling

Rudyard Kipling

Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865 – January 18, 1936) was a British author and poet, born in India, who was best known in his own time as a poet who wrote in a neat, clean style that made his poetry readily accessible at a time when most English poetry was turning towards dense symbolism and complexity. Kipling's fame as a poet was so great during his own time that he became the first Englishman to earn the Nobel Prize. Kipling's reputation as a poet, however, has suffered considerably since his death due in large part to his political views on imperialism and his racist attitudes towards minorities. Kipling, of course, was a man of his times, and his views were rather common for an Englishman at the turn of the century; nonetheless, Kipling was easily the most vocal and most talented artist of his generation to voice his support for imperial colonialism, and as a result his works have come to epitomize imperialism itself. Ironically, Kipling has become closely associated post-colonialist literay theory, which uses critical readings of Kipling's works as the groundwork for a critique of imperialism at large.

Despite the troubled history of Kipling's works as a poet, he has contributed a number of works which remain popular, and which are largely untarnished by his unfortunate political opinions. Among the most famous of these is his brief poem "If—", which is, arguably, the most widely anthologized poem in the English language. In addition to this, Kipling is best known today among general readers for his enduringly popular children's books, most notably, The Jungle Book. Kipling's children's books are written with an innocence and charm sadly lacking from some of his other works, and they remain some of the most enchanting works in children's literature.

Kipling's childhood

Kipling was born in Bombay, India; the house in which he was born still stands on the campus of the Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art in Bombay. His father was John Lockwood Kipling, a teacher at the local Jeejeebhoy School of Art, and his mother was Alice Macdonald. The couple had courted at Rudyard Lake in Staffordshire, England, hence Kipling's name. As a 6-year-old, he and his 3-year-old sister were sent to England and cared for by a woman named Mrs. Holloway. The poor treatment and neglect he experienced until he was rescued from Mrs. Holloway at the age of 12 may have influenced his writing, in particular his sympathy with children. His maternal aunt was married to the artist Edward Burne-Jones, and young Kipling and his sister spent Christmas holidays with the Burne-Joneses in England from the ages of 6 to 12, while his parents remained in India.

After a spell at a boarding school, the United Services College, which provided the setting for his schoolboy stories of Stalky & Co., Kipling returned to India in 1882, to Lahore, in modern-day Pakistan, where his parents were then working. He began working as a sub-editor for a small local newspaper, the Civil & Military Gazette, and continued tentative steps into the world of poetry; his first professional sales were in 1883.

Early travels

By the mid-1880s, he was traveling around India as a correspondent for the Allahabad Pioneer. His fiction sales also began to bloom, and he published six short books in 1888. One short story dating from this time is "The Man Who Would Be King."

The next year, Kipling began a long journey back to England, going through Burma, China, Japan, and California before crossing the United States and the Atlantic Ocean, and settling in London. His travel account From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel, is based upon newspaper articles he wrote at that time. From then on, his fame grew rapidly, and he cemented his reputation as the literary figure most closely associated with the culture of British imperialism. Kipling's sympathies for imperialism—and his racist attitudes towards indigenous peoples—have marred his reputation ever since, though more on this will be said later. His first novel, The Light that Failed, was published in 1890. The most famous of his poems of this time is "The Ballad of East and West"—a ballad about an Indian outlaw, Kamal, who finds himself in a fierce duel with an English Colonel—the poem famously begins, "O East is East and West is West and never the twain shall meet..."

Career as a writer

In 1892 Kipling married Caroline Balestier. Her brother Wolcott had been Kipling's friend, but had died of typhoid fever the previous year. They had initially met when Wolcott, a publisher, solicited Kipling for the American rights to his books. While the couple was on their honeymoon, Kipling's bank failed. Cashing in their travel tickets only allowed the couple to return as far as Vermont. Kipling and his new bride lived in the United States for the next four years. In Brattleboro, Vermont, they built themselves an enormous house (Kipling referred to it affectionately as his "ship") which still stands on Kipling Road. It was during this time that Kipling turned his hand to writing for children, and he published the works for which he is most remembered today — The Jungle Book and its sequel The Second Jungle Book — in 1894 and 1895.

Towards the turn of the century Kipling found himself embroiled in a lawsuit with his brother-in-law. The case weighed heavily on Kipling's mind, and he felt he had to leave Vermont. He and his wife returned to England, and in 1897, he published Captains Courageous. In 1899, Kipling published his novel Stalky & Co., a novel closely based on Kipling's own experiences at scholl and expressing his patriotic views for the British empire. The novel was quite popular in Kipling's day, and helped to secure his financial independence.

In 1898 Kipling began travelling to Africa for winter vacations almost every year. In Africa Kipling met and befriended Cecil Rhodes and began collecting material for another of his children's classics, Just So Stories for Little Children]]. Kipling published this work, along with his highly acclaimed novel Kim in 1902.

Kipling's poetry of the time included "Gunga Din" (1892) and "The White Man's Burden" (1899); in the non-fiction realm he also became involved in the debate over the British response to the rise in German naval power, publishing a series of articles collectively-entitled A Fleet in Being.

The first decade of the 20th century saw Kipling at the height of his popularity. In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Following on the heels of this achievement was the publication of two connected poetry and story collections: 1906's Puck of Pook's Hill and 1910's Rewards and Fairies. The latter contained the brief poem "If— " that is now universally considered to be Kipling's most famous achievement:

If

If you can keep your head when all about you

Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,

If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you

But make allowance for their doubting too,

If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,

Or being lied about, don't deal in lies,

Or being hated, don't give way to hating,

And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise:

If you can dream—and not make dreams your master,

If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim;

If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster

And treat those two impostors just the same;

If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken

Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,

Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,

And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools:

If you can make one heap of all your winnings

And risk it all on one turn of pitch-and-toss,

And lose, and start again at your beginnings

And never breath a word about your loss;

If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew

To serve your turn long after they are gone,

And so hold on when there is nothing in you

Except the Will which says to them: "Hold on!"

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,

Or walk with kings—nor lose the common touch,

If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;

If all men count with you, but none too much,

If you can fill the unforgiving minute

With sixty seconds' worth of distance run,

Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,

And—which is more—you'll be a Man, my son!

The Effects of World War I

Kipling was so closely associated with the expansive, confident attitude of late 19th century European civilization that it was inevitable that his reputation would suffer in the years during and after World War I. Kipling also knew personal tragedy at the time as his eldest son, John, died in 1915 at the Battle of Loos, after which he wrote, bitterly, "If any question why we died/Tell them, because our fathers lied".

Death and Legacy

Kipling kept writing until the early 1930s, but at a slower pace and with much less success than before. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage January 18, 1936 at the age of 70. (His death had in fact previously been incorrectly announced in a magazine, to which he wrote, "I've just read that I am dead. Don't forget to delete me from your list of subscribers.")

Following his death, Kipling's work continued to fall into critical eclipse. Fashions in poetry moved away from his rigid meters and rhymes. Also, as the European colonial empires collapsed in the mid-20th century, Kipling's works fell far out of step with the politics of the times. Many who condemn him feel that Kipling's writing was inseparable from his social and political views, despite Kipling's considerable artistry. Critics often point to Kipling's trasparently racist portrayals of Indian characters, which often supported the colonialist view that the Indians and other colonised peoples were incapable of surviving without the help of Europeans. The title of Kipling's poem "The White Man's Burden" has become a colloquialism; but the poem itself reveals how problematic Kipling's poetry can be for modern audiences to digest:

Take up the White Man's burden—

Send forth the best ye breed—

Go, bind your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need;

To wait, in heavy harness,

On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught sullen peoples,

Half devil and half child.

Take up the White Man's burden—

In patience to abide,

To veil the threat of terror

And check the show of pride;

By open speech and simple,

An hundred times made plain,

To seek another's profit

And work another's gain.

Take up the White Man's burden—

The savage wars of peace—

Fill full the mouth of Famine,

And bid the sickness cease;

And when your goal is nearest

(The end for others sought)

Watch sloth and heathen folly

Bring all your hope to nought.

Take up the White Man's burden—

No iron rule of kings,

But toil of serf and sweeper—

The tale of common things.

The ports ye shall not enter,

The roads ye shall not tread,

Go, make them with your living

And mark them with your dead.

Take up the White Man's burden,

And reap his old reward—

The blame of those ye better

The hate of those ye guard—

The cry of hosts ye humour

(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:—

"Why brought ye us from bondage,

Our loved Egyptian night?"

Take up the White Man's burden—

Ye dare not stoop to less—

Nor call too loud on Freedom

To cloak your weariness.

By all ye will or whisper,

By all ye leave or do,

The silent sullen peoples

Shall weigh your God and you.

Take up the White Man's burden!

Have done with childish days—

The lightly-proffered laurel,

The easy ungrudged praise:

Comes now, to search your manhood

Through all the thankless years,

Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,

The judgment of your peers.

In modern-day India, from where he drew much of material, his reputation remains decidedly negative, given the unabashedly imperialist tone of his writings, especially in the years before World War I. His books are conspicuously absent from the English Literature curricula of schools and universities in India, except his childrens' stories. Very few universities include Kipling on their reading lists, and deliberately so, though many other British writers remain very much in currency. Kipling's writings live on in universities, however, though for highly ironic reasons. Kipling's works are considered essential reading for historians and scholars studying imperialism itself, as Kipling is easily the most visible and talented literary figure to have lended his voice to the politics of imperialist Europe.

Despite changes in racial attitudes and literary standards for poetry, Kipling's poetry continues to be popular with those who see it as "igorous and adept—straight-forward and clear, during a time when much poetry was tending towards the obscure. Even T. S. Eliot, a very different poet, edited A Choice of Kipling's Verse (1943), although in doing so he commented that "[Kipling] could write poetry on occasions - even if only by accident!" Kipling's stories for adults also remain in print and have garnered high praise from writers as different as Poul Anderson and Jorge Luis Borges. Nonetheless, Kipling is most highly regarded for his children's books.

External links

• Works by Rudyard Kipling. Project Gutenberg
• Works by Kipling at the University of Newcastle
  • Note that as Kipling's writing is mostly in the public domain, a large number of individual websites contain parts of his work; these two sites are comprehensive, containing almost everything publicly available.
• Something of Myself, Kipling's autobiography
• The Kipling Society website
• Kipling Readers' Guide from the Kipling Society; annotated notes on stories and poems.
• Kipling's Imperialism by David Cody - a brief entry on The Victorian Web
• A collection of contemporaneous responses to White Man's Burden
• A Master Of Our Art: Rudyard Kipling and Modern Science Fiction
• Rudyard Kipling, by John Palmer, 1915 biography from Project Gutenberg

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