Pliosaur

Pliosaur Fossil range: Late Triassic (Rhaetian) to Cretaceous
Peloneustes philarchus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Superorder: Sauropterygia Order: Plesiosauria Suborder: Pliosauroidea Welles, 1943
Families and genera
see text

Pliosaurs were carnivorous, aquatic (mostly marine) reptiles that lived from the Triassic to the Cretaceous periods.

Plesiosaurs (Greek: plesios meaning "near" or "close to" and sauros meaning "lizard") were carnivorous, aquatic (mostly marine) reptiles of the Mesozoic era comprising the suborder Pliosauroidea of the Plesiosauria order, generally characterized by a shorter neck and more elongated head than the closely related "true plesiosaurs" (suborder Plesiosauroidea of the Plesiosauria order). They lived from the Triassic to the Cretaceous periods, and along with the true plesiosaurs, were the largest aquatic animals of their time. They were not dinosaurs.

that lived from the Triassic to the Cretaceous periods, closely related to the . They were the largest aquatic animals of their time.

Mesozoic era (251 - 65 mya)
Triassic	Jurassic	Cretaceous

Overview and Description

251 million years ago (mya) to 65 my

were marine reptiles from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods.

They originally included members of the family Pliosauridae, of the Order Plesiosauria, but several other genera and families are now also included; the number and details of which vary according to the classification used. The name is derived from Greek: πλειω from the verb 'to sail' or πλειων meaning 'fin' and σαυρος meaning 'lizard'.  The pliosaurs, along with their relatives, the true plesiosaurs, and other members of Sauropterygia, were not dinosaurs.

This group was characterised by having a short neck and an elongated head, in contrast to the long-necked plesiosaurs. They were more crocodile-shaped. However, the four-paddle swimming action, using the large flipper-like limbs was shared with plesiosaurs and they were possibly better adapted to deeper waters. They were carnivorous and their long and powerful jaws carried many sharp, conical teeth. Pliosaurs range from 4 to 15 meters in length. Their prey may have included fish, ichthyosaurs and other plesiosaurs.

Typical genera include Macroplata, Kronosaurus, Liopleurodon, Pliosaurus and Peloneustes. Fossil specimens have been found in England, Mexico, South America, Australia and the Arctic region near Norway.

Many very early (from the Rhaetian (Latest Triassic) and Early Jurassic) primitive pliosaurs were very like plesiosaurs in appearance and indeed used to be included in the family Plesiosauridae.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy presented here is mainly based on the plesiosaur cladistic analysis proposed by O'Keefe in 2001.

Thalassiodracon

Rhomaleosaurus

Macroplata

Liopleurodon

Simolestes vorax

• Suborder: †Pliosauroidea Welles, 1943 sensu O'Keefe, 2001
  • ? †Bishanopliosaurus Dong, 1980
  • ? †Megalneusaurus Knight, 1898
  • ? †Pachycostasaurus Cruickshank, Martill & Noe, 1996
  • ? †Sinopliosaurus G. Young, 1820
  • †Thalassiodracon Storrs & Taylor, 1996
  • †Archaeonectrus Novozhilov, 1964
  • †Attenborosaurus Bakker, 1993
  • †Eurycleidus Andrews, 1922
  • Family: †Rhomaleosauridae (Nopsca, 1928) Kuhn, 1961 sensu O'Keefe,2001
    • †Umoonasaurus Kear, Schroeder & Lee, 2006
    • ? †Yuzhoupliosaurus Zhang, 1985
    • ? †Hexatarostinus
    • †Rhomaleosaurus Seeley, 1874
    • †Simolestes Andrews, 1909
  • Family: †Leptocleididae White, 1940
    • †Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922
  • Family: †Pliosauridae Seeley, 1874 sensu O'Keefe, 2001
    • ? †Plesiopleurodon Carpenter, 1996
    • ? †Polyptychodon Non Owen, 1841
    • ? †Maresaurus Gasparini, 1997
    • †Macroplata Swinton, 1930
    • †Hauffiosaurus O’Keefe, 2001
    • †Kronosaurus Longman, 1924
    • †Peloneustes Lydekker, 1889
    • †Liopleurodon Sauvage, 1873
    • †Brachauchenius Williston, 1903
    • †Pliosaurus Owen, 1841

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Carpenter, K. 1996. A review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior, North America. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie Abhandlungen (Stuttgart) 201(2): 259-287.
• Everhart, M. J. 2002. Where the elasmosaurs roam. Prehistoric Times 53: 24-27.
• O'Keefe, F. R. 2001. A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Acta Zoologica Fennica 213: 1-63.
• White, T. 1935. On the skull of Kronosaurus queenslandicus Longman. Occasional Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: 219-228

See also

• Plesiosaur

Further reading

• The Plesiosaur Directory - pliosaur page
• Possibly the first full skeleton of a pliosaur was found in October, 2006.
• The monster from the North

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