Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Nicolai Hartmann" - New World

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'''Nicolai Hartmann''' ([[February 20]], [[1882]] – [[October 9]], [[1950]]) was a [[Germany|German]] [[philosophy|philosopher]].
 
'''Nicolai Hartmann''' ([[February 20]], [[1882]] – [[October 9]], [[1950]]) was a [[Germany|German]] [[philosophy|philosopher]].
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Originally a [[Neo-Kantian]], studying under [[Hermann Cohen]] and [[Paul Natorp]], Hartmann soon developed his own philosophy which has been variously described as a variety of [[existentialism]], critical [[realism]], etc. Hartmann suffered from the comparison with, and popularity of, his Marburg successor [[Martin Heidegger]], who was regarded as being much more radical and "cool".  
 
Originally a [[Neo-Kantian]], studying under [[Hermann Cohen]] and [[Paul Natorp]], Hartmann soon developed his own philosophy which has been variously described as a variety of [[existentialism]], critical [[realism]], etc. Hartmann suffered from the comparison with, and popularity of, his Marburg successor [[Martin Heidegger]], who was regarded as being much more radical and "cool".  
  
Among Hartmann's students were [[Boris Pasternak]] and [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]]. He is the true creator of [[General Systems Theory]] as recognized by [[Bertalanffy]]. He was probably the last true polymath having an encyclopedic knowledge about everything known in his time. He is the modern discoverer of [[emergence]] —orignially called by him "categorial novum"— His brilliant and encyclopedic work is basically forgotten today; although world famous during his heydays, he is a typical [[insider]]'s philosopher. Some exceptions may be his early work on the [[philosophy of biology]], which is currently regaining popularity due to its high relevance for the discussion about [[genomics]], [[cloning]], and the like and his views on consciousness and free will that are en vogue currently with the collaborators of the Journal of Consciousness Studies. His philosophy has been ransacked by people like Alwyn Scott (Stairway to the Mind is mainly a repetition of Hartmann's Ontology without giving him credit).
+
Among Hartmann's students were [[Boris Pasternak]] and [[Hans-Georg Gadamer]]. He is the modern discoverer of [[emergence]] —originally called by him "categorial novum"— His encyclopedic work is basically forgotten today, although world famous during his lifetime. Some exceptions to his present neglect are his early work on the [[philosophy of biology]], which is currently regaining popularity due to its high relevance for the discussion about [[genomics]] and [[cloning]], and his views on consciousness and free will that are currently in vogue with contributors to the [[Journal of Consciousness Studies]].
 +
 
 +
== The Laws about the Levels of Complexity ==
 +
 
 +
from Nicolai Hartmann "Construction of the Real World" (in German: "Der Aufbau der realen Welt") 1940; 3rd edition, 1964: p 432:
 +
 
 +
'''1 Law of Recurrence:''' Lower categories recur in the higher levels as a subaspects of higher categories, ... but never vice versa.
 +
 
 +
'''2 Law of Modification:''' The categorial elements modify during their recurrence in the higher levels (they are shaped by the characterstics of the higher levels). 
 +
 
 +
'''3 Law of the Novum:'''  ... [the] higher category  ... [is] composed of a diversity of  lower elements,  [it] contains a specific novum,  ...  which is  ...  [not]  ... included in the lower levels... . 
 +
 
 +
'''4 Law of Distance between Levels:''' The different levels do not develop continuously, but in leaps. With other words: The levels can be clearly differentiated.
 +
 
 +
The levels of Hartmann (cf. [[Aristotle]]): (1) inorganic (German: ''anorganische Schicht''), (2) organic (German: ''organische Schicht''), (3) emotional (German: ''seelische Schicht'') and (4) intellectual (German: ''geistige Schicht'') level. Very simply speaking higher level is genuinely superior to the one(s) below, but it requires the lower one(s) to rest and be based upon.
 +
 
 +
Today (according to [[Rupert Riedl]] 1984) these laws are also of relevanve for levels of complexity like: Atom, Molecule, Cell, Organ, Individual, Group (e.g.: bio-psycho-social model; [[Transdisciplinarity]], see also [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]).
  
 
==Works (in German)==
 
==Works (in German)==
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==Works about N. Hartmann==
 
==Works about N. Hartmann==
[[1949]], ''Autobiographie'' in W. Ziegenfuss, Philosohhen-Lexicon.
+
*[[1949]], ''Autobiographie'' in W. Ziegenfuss, Philosohhen-Lexicon.
[[1952]], H. Heimsoeth an others, ''N. Hartmann, der Denker und seine Werk.
+
*[[1952]], H. Heimsoeth an others, ''N. Hartmann, der Denker und seine Werk.
[[1959]], H. Hulsmann, ''Die methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns''.
+
*[[1959]], H. Hulsmann, ''Die methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns''.
[[1962]], K. Kanthack, ''N. Hartmann und das Ende der Ontologie''.
+
*[[1962]], K. Kanthack, ''N. Hartmann und das Ende der Ontologie''.
[[1965]], I. Wirth, ''Realismus und Apriorismus in N. Hartmanns Erkentnistheorie.
+
*[[1965]], I. Wirth, ''Realismus und Apriorismus in N. Hartmanns Erkentnistheorie.
[[1965]], J.B. Forsche, ''Zur Philosohie Nicoloai Hartmann
+
*[[1965]], J.B. Forsche, ''Zur Philosohie Nicoloai Hartmann
[[1971]], E. Hammerkraft, ''Frieheit und Dependenz im Schitdenken N. Hartmanns''
+
*[[1971]], E. Hammerkraft, ''Frieheit und Dependenz im Schitdenken N. Hartmanns''
[[1973]], R. Gamp, ''Die interkategoriale Relation und die dialektische Methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns.
+
*[[1973]], R. Gamp, ''Die interkategoriale Relation und die dialektische Methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns.
[[1974]], S.U. Kang, ''Nachtsenleibe und Frenstenliebe: eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit N. Hartmann.
+
*[[1974]], S.U. Kang, ''Nachtsenleibe und Frenstenliebe: eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit N. Hartmann.
[[1989]], Arnd. Grötz, ''Nicolai Hartmanns Lehre vom Menschen'', Lang, Frankfurt am Main.  
+
*[[1989]], Arnd. Grötz, ''Nicolai Hartmanns Lehre vom Menschen'', Lang, Frankfurt am Main.  
[[1990]], H. William H, ''Nicolai Hartmann's new ontology'', Florida State Univ. Press, Werkmeister, Tallahassee.   
+
*[[1990]], H. William H, ''Nicolai Hartmann's new ontology'', Florida State Univ. Press, Werkmeister, Tallahassee.   
[[1992]], Roland H. Feucht, ''Die Neoontologie Nicolai Hartmanns im Licht der evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie'', Roderer Regensburg.  
+
*[[1992]], Roland H. Feucht, ''Die Neoontologie Nicolai Hartmanns im Licht der evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie'', Roderer Regensburg.  
[[1994]], Abolghassem. Sakersadeh, ''Immanenz und Transzendenz als ungelöste Problematik in der Philosophie Nicolai Hartmanns'', Lit Münster.  
+
*[[1994]], Abolghassem. Sakersadeh, ''Immanenz und Transzendenz als ungelöste Problematik in der Philosophie Nicolai Hartmanns'', Lit Münster.  
[[1997]], Martin Morgenstern,''Nicolai Hartmann zur Einführung'', Junius, Hamburg.  
+
*[[1994]], Drechsler, Wolfgang and Rainer Kattel, "Nicolai Hartmann", ''Akadeemia'' 6, pp. 1579–1592 (key on his early studies).
[[2000]], Wolfgang. Harich, ''Nicolai Hartmann - Größe und Grenzen'', Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg.
+
*[[1997]], Martin Morgenstern,''Nicolai Hartmann zur Einführung'', Junius, Hamburg.  
[[2001]], Nebil. Reyhani, ''Hermann Weins Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann als sein Weg von der Ontologie zu einer philosophischen Kosmologie''.  
+
*[[2000]], Wolfgang. Harich, ''Nicolai Hartmann - Größe und Grenzen'', Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg.
[[2003]], Gerhard. Ehrl, ''Nicolai Hartmanns philosophische Anthropologie in systematischer Perspektive'', Junghans, Cuxhaven.  
+
*[[2001]], Nebil. Reyhani, ''Hermann Weins Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann als sein Weg von der Ontologie zu einer philosophischen Kosmologie''.  
 +
*[[2003]], Gerhard. Ehrl, ''Nicolai Hartmanns philosophische Anthropologie in systematischer Perspektive'', Junghans, Cuxhaven.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
 
* [http://www.formalontology.it/hartmannn.htm The New Ontology of Nicolai Hartmann]
 
* [http://www.formalontology.it/hartmannn.htm The New Ontology of Nicolai Hartmann]
  
{{credit|34494484}}
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[[Category:1882 births|Hartmann, Nicolai]]
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[[Category:1950 deaths|Hartmann, Nicolai]]
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[[Category:German philosophers|Hartmann, Nicolai]]
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[[Category:German-language philosophers|Hartmann, Nicolai]]
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[[Category:Baltic Germans|Hartmann, Nicolai]]
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[[Category:Philosophy and religion]]
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[[de:Nicolai Hartmann]]
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[[ka:ჰარტმანი, ნიკოლაი]]
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[[ja:ニコライ・ハルトマン]]
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[[pl:Nicolai Hartmann]]
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[[pt:Nicolai Hartmann]]
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[[ro:Nicolai Hartmann]]
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[[ru:Гартман, Николай]]
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[[sk:Nicolai Hartmann]]
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[[tr:Nicolai Hartmann]]
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Revision as of 20:01, 25 September 2006

Nicolai Hartmann (February 20, 1882 – October 9, 1950) was a German philosopher.

Biography

Hartmann was born, of German descent, in Riga, now Latvia and then capital of the Russian province of Livonia. He studied Medicine at the University of Tartu (then Jurjev), then Philosophy in St. Petersburg and, most importantly, at the University of Marburg in Germany, where he took his Ph.D. and Habilitation. He was professor of philosophy in Marburg (1922–25), Cologne (1925–31), Berlin (1931–45) and Göttingen (1945–50), where he died.

Originally a Neo-Kantian, studying under Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp, Hartmann soon developed his own philosophy which has been variously described as a variety of existentialism, critical realism, etc. Hartmann suffered from the comparison with, and popularity of, his Marburg successor Martin Heidegger, who was regarded as being much more radical and "cool".

Among Hartmann's students were Boris Pasternak and Hans-Georg Gadamer. He is the modern discoverer of emergence —originally called by him "categorial novum"— His encyclopedic work is basically forgotten today, although world famous during his lifetime. Some exceptions to his present neglect are his early work on the philosophy of biology, which is currently regaining popularity due to its high relevance for the discussion about genomics and cloning, and his views on consciousness and free will that are currently in vogue with contributors to the Journal of Consciousness Studies.

The Laws about the Levels of Complexity

from Nicolai Hartmann "Construction of the Real World" (in German: "Der Aufbau der realen Welt") 1940; 3rd edition, 1964: p 432:

1 Law of Recurrence: Lower categories recur in the higher levels as a subaspects of higher categories, ... but never vice versa.

2 Law of Modification: The categorial elements modify during their recurrence in the higher levels (they are shaped by the characterstics of the higher levels).

3 Law of the Novum: ... [the] higher category ... [is] composed of a diversity of lower elements, [it] contains a specific novum, ... which is ... [not] ... included in the lower levels... .

4 Law of Distance between Levels: The different levels do not develop continuously, but in leaps. With other words: The levels can be clearly differentiated.

The levels of Hartmann (cf. Aristotle): (1) inorganic (German: anorganische Schicht), (2) organic (German: organische Schicht), (3) emotional (German: seelische Schicht) and (4) intellectual (German: geistige Schicht) level. Very simply speaking higher level is genuinely superior to the one(s) below, but it requires the lower one(s) to rest and be based upon.

Today (according to Rupert Riedl 1984) these laws are also of relevanve for levels of complexity like: Atom, Molecule, Cell, Organ, Individual, Group (e.g.: bio-psycho-social model; Transdisciplinarity, see also Nikolaas Tinbergen).

Works (in German)

Books:

  • 1921, Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis, Vereinigung wissenschaftl. Verleger Berlin.
  • 1923-1929, Die Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus ; 1: Fichte, Schelling und die Romantik. - 1923. 2: Hegel. - 1929, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1925, Ethik, de Gruyter Berlin-Leipzig.
  • 1926, Aristoteles und Hegel, Stenger Erfurt.
  • 1927, Allgemeine Biologie, Jena.
  • 1931, Zum Problem der Realitätsgegebenheit, Philosophische Vorträge, Pan-Verlagsges, Berlin.
  • 1933, Das Problem des geistigen Seins : Untersuchgn zur Grundlegung d. Geschichtsphilosophie u. d. Geisteswissenschaften, de Gruyter Berlin-Leipzig.
  • 1935, Ontologie, 4 Volumes I: Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie, de Gruyter Berlin-Leipzig.
  • 1938, II: Möglichkeit und Wirklichkeit, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1940, III: Der Aufbau der realen Welt : Grundriß d. allg. Kategorienlehre , de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1950, IV: Philosophie der Natur : Abriss der speziellen Kategorienlehre, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1942, Neue Wege der Ontologie, Kohlhammer Stuttgart.
  • 1942, Systematische Philosophie, Kohlhammer Stuttgart Berlin.
  • 1946, Leibniz als Metaphysiker, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1949, Das Problem des geistigen Seins : Untersuchungen zur Grundlegung der Geschichtsphilosophie und der Geistewissenschaften, Walter de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1951, Teleologisches Denken, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1953, Asthetik, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1954, Philosophische Gespräche, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen.
  • 1955, Der philosophische Gedanke und seine Geschichte, Zeitlichkeit und Substantialität, Sinngebung und Sinnerfüllung, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1955, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 1*Abhandlungen zur systematischen Philosophie, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1957, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 2*Abhandlungen zur Philosophie-Geschichte, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1958, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 3*Vom Neukantianismus zur Ontologie, de Gruyter Berlin.

Some articles:

  • 1912, Philosophische Grundfragen der Biologie in: Wege zur Philosophie, 6,
  • 1924, Diesseits von Idealismus und Realismus : Ein Beitrag zur Scheidg d. Geschichtl. u. Übergeschichtl. in d. Kantischen Philosophie in: Sonderdrucke der Kantischen Studien, Pan Verlag R. Heise Berlin, p. 160-206
  • 1933, Systematische Selbstdarstellung in: Deutsche systematische Philosophie nach ihren Gestaltern, Ebda, Berlin : Junker & Dünnhaupt, p. 283-340
  • 1935, Das Problem des Apriorismus in der Platonischen Philosophie in: Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1935, 15, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1936, Der philosophische Gedanke und seine Geschichte, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1936, Nr 5, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1937, Der megarische und der Aristotelische Möglichkeitsbegriff : Ein Beitr. zur Geschichte d. ontolog. Modalitätsproblems, in; Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1937, 10, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1938, Heinrich Maiers Beitrag zum Problem der Kategorien, in: Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1938, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1939, Aristoteles und das Problem des Begriffs, in: Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg. 1939, Nr 5, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1941, “Zur Lehre vom Eidos bei Platon und Aristoteles”, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. Jg. 1941, Nr 8, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1942, Neue Wege der Ontologie, in: Systematische Philosophie, N. Hartmann, editor, Stuttgart 1942.
  • 1943, Die Anfänge des Schichtungsgedankens in der alten Philosophie, in: Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg. 1943, Nr 3, de Gruyter Berlin.

Works (in English):

  • 1932, Ethics, 3 vols.
  • 1952, New Ways of Ontology.

Works about N. Hartmann

  • 1949, Autobiographie in W. Ziegenfuss, Philosohhen-Lexicon.
  • 1952, H. Heimsoeth an others, N. Hartmann, der Denker und seine Werk.
  • 1959, H. Hulsmann, Die methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns.
  • 1962, K. Kanthack, N. Hartmann und das Ende der Ontologie.
  • 1965, I. Wirth, Realismus und Apriorismus in N. Hartmanns Erkentnistheorie.
  • 1965, J.B. Forsche, Zur Philosohie Nicoloai Hartmann
  • 1971, E. Hammerkraft, Frieheit und Dependenz im Schitdenken N. Hartmanns
  • 1973, R. Gamp, Die interkategoriale Relation und die dialektische Methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns.
  • 1974, S.U. Kang, Nachtsenleibe und Frenstenliebe: eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit N. Hartmann.
  • 1989, Arnd. Grötz, Nicolai Hartmanns Lehre vom Menschen, Lang, Frankfurt am Main.
  • 1990, H. William H, Nicolai Hartmann's new ontology, Florida State Univ. Press, Werkmeister, Tallahassee.
  • 1992, Roland H. Feucht, Die Neoontologie Nicolai Hartmanns im Licht der evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie, Roderer Regensburg.
  • 1994, Abolghassem. Sakersadeh, Immanenz und Transzendenz als ungelöste Problematik in der Philosophie Nicolai Hartmanns, Lit Münster.
  • 1994, Drechsler, Wolfgang and Rainer Kattel, "Nicolai Hartmann", Akadeemia 6, pp. 1579–1592 (key on his early studies).
  • 1997, Martin Morgenstern,Nicolai Hartmann zur Einführung, Junius, Hamburg.
  • 2000, Wolfgang. Harich, Nicolai Hartmann - Größe und Grenzen, Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg.
  • 2001, Nebil. Reyhani, Hermann Weins Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann als sein Weg von der Ontologie zu einer philosophischen Kosmologie.
  • 2003, Gerhard. Ehrl, Nicolai Hartmanns philosophische Anthropologie in systematischer Perspektive, Junghans, Cuxhaven.

External links

de:Nicolai Hartmann ka:ჰარტმანი, ნიკოლაი ja:ニコライ・ハルトマン pl:Nicolai Hartmann pt:Nicolai Hartmann ro:Nicolai Hartmann ru:Гартман, Николай sk:Nicolai Hartmann tr:Nicolai Hartmann

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