Menes
- This article is about the Pharaoh. For the H. P. Lovecraft character, see The_Cats_of_Ulthar#Menes.
Menes was an Egyptian pharaoh of the First dynasty, to some authors the founder of this dynasty, to others the Second. He lived ca. 3100-3000 B.C.E.
Ancient Egyptian legend credits a pharaoh by this name with uniting Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. Manetho, a 3rd century B.C.E. Egyptian historian, called him Menes; the 5th century B.C.E. Greek historian Herodotus referred to him as Min; and two native-king lists of the 19th dynasty (13th century B.C.E.) call him Meni.
However, the discovery of the Narmer Palette in the late 19th century showing the pharaoh Narmer, possibly pre-dating Menes, wielding the unified symbols of both Upper and Lower Egypt, cast doubt on the traditional account. Some Egyptologists hold that Narmer and Menes are in fact the same person; others hold that Menes inherited an already-unified kingdom from Narmer; still others hold that Menes completed a process of unification started either unsuccessfully or only partially successfully by Narmer. In either case, Menes is credited with the foundation of Memphis, which he established as the Egyptian capital. It should be noted that while there is extensive archeological evidence of there being a pharaoh named Narmer, the only indisputable evidence for Menes is an ostracon which contains his name under the Nebty symbols.[1] There is a general suspicion that Menes either was a name of Narmer, his predecessor, or of his successor, Hor-Aha.
Also spelled Hor Aka or Hor-Aka, the name can be translated as "Horus of the Reeds", possibly an allusion to the legend in which Isis hid Horus in the Nile Delta among papyri and reeds. In Ancient Egyptian legend, there was a battle between Horus (a patron deity of Upper Egypt) and Set (patron deity of Lower Egypt). In this mythological unification of the two Egypts, Set was defeated and the kingdom was unified under the rule of Horus, the first king of all Egypt. It is possible that this was a real war transformed over time into myth. A later parallel can be found leading to the establishment of the reign of Pharaoh Khasekhemwy several hundred years later; he may have crushed a civil war between the followers of Set and Horus.
According to Manetho, Menes reigned 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.
An image of Menes holding an ankh is depicted on the frieze on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building.[2]
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- James, T. G. H A Short History of Ancient Egypt: From From Predynastic to Roman Times, Baltimore,MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 1998 ISBN 978-0801859335
- Kinnaer, Jacques. What is Really Known About the Narmer Palette?, KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, Spring 2004.
- Payne, Elizabeth The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, NY: Random House, 1981 ISBN 978-0394846996
- Silverman, David Ancient Egypt, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997 ISBN 978-0195212709
- Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, London/New York: Routledge, 1999 ISBN 9780415186339 == External links ==
- Narmer: Titulary retrieved 04-04-2007
Notes
| Preceded by: Narmer |
Pharaoh of Egypt First Dynasty |
Succeeded by: Hor-Aha? |
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