Difference between revisions of "Konstantin Chernenko" - New World Encyclopedia
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'''Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko''' ({{lang-ru|Константи́н Усти́нович Черне́нко}}; September 24, 1911 – March 10, 1985) was a Soviet Union politician and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of the who led the Soviet Union from February 13, 1984 until his death just thirteen months later. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from April 11, 1984, until his death. Chernenko, like his immediate predessor, held office for a very short period, belonging to the old guard for whom communism was still the only ideology. Chernenko perpetuated the same policies that had dominated during the longer leadership of [[Leonid Brezhnev]] but the USSR could not continue to spend as much of its revenue on military might, or sustain the war Afghanistan. Chernenko was a [[Cold War]] warrior when the war was effectively over, although he did not know this. His successor would introduce reforms aimed initially to enable the survival of the communist system by offering the people the ability to participate in the political process, a freedom that the existing system denied them. The system, like its leaders, was old and tired. However, once the Soviet people tasted freedom, the system itself, which was too repressive and too centralized to survive, imploded. As the Cold War ended, so did the Soviet Union; what US President [[Ronald Reagan]] once famously called the "Evil Empire" formed itself into the Commonwealth of Independent States in which democracy and free-maket capitalism replaced autocracy and the state controlled economy. | '''Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko''' ({{lang-ru|Константи́н Усти́нович Черне́нко}}; September 24, 1911 – March 10, 1985) was a Soviet Union politician and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of the who led the Soviet Union from February 13, 1984 until his death just thirteen months later. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from April 11, 1984, until his death. Chernenko, like his immediate predessor, held office for a very short period, belonging to the old guard for whom communism was still the only ideology. Chernenko perpetuated the same policies that had dominated during the longer leadership of [[Leonid Brezhnev]] but the USSR could not continue to spend as much of its revenue on military might, or sustain the war Afghanistan. Chernenko was a [[Cold War]] warrior when the war was effectively over, although he did not know this. His successor would introduce reforms aimed initially to enable the survival of the communist system by offering the people the ability to participate in the political process, a freedom that the existing system denied them. The system, like its leaders, was old and tired. However, once the Soviet people tasted freedom, the system itself, which was too repressive and too centralized to survive, imploded. As the Cold War ended, so did the Soviet Union; what US President [[Ronald Reagan]] once famously called the "Evil Empire" formed itself into the Commonwealth of Independent States in which democracy and free-maket capitalism replaced autocracy and the state controlled economy. | ||
== Rise to power == | == Rise to power == | ||
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Chernenko was born in Bolshaya Tes, Novosyolovsky District, Novosyolovsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, [[Siberia]]. He joined Komsomol in 1926 and the Communist Party in 1931. After a brief stint in the Frontier Guard, on the Sino-Soviet border, he was a career politician. After work in the regions and in the Moldavian SSR, he was called to [[Moscow]] in 1960, and promoted under the aegis of [[Leonid Brezhnev]], becoming a candidate member of the Central Committee in 1966 and a full member in 1971. He joined the Politburo]] as a candidate in October 1977, becoming a full member in November 1978. | Chernenko was born in Bolshaya Tes, Novosyolovsky District, Novosyolovsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, [[Siberia]]. He joined Komsomol in 1926 and the Communist Party in 1931. After a brief stint in the Frontier Guard, on the Sino-Soviet border, he was a career politician. After work in the regions and in the Moldavian SSR, he was called to [[Moscow]] in 1960, and promoted under the aegis of [[Leonid Brezhnev]], becoming a candidate member of the Central Committee in 1966 and a full member in 1971. He joined the Politburo]] as a candidate in October 1977, becoming a full member in November 1978. | ||
== Power struggle and election as General Secretary == | == Power struggle and election as General Secretary == | ||
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In 1965, Chernenko became Director of Personnel in the party's General Department. He continued his work as a clerk, but he now held a powerful position. He had knowledge about all the top people in the party and monitored wiretapping and surveillance devices in offices, but his main job was to sign hundreds of documents every day. He did this for 20 years. Even when he became General Secretary, he continued to sign papers, although thanks to Soviet bureaucracy, his signature meant little more than it did in his previous position. Eventually, when he became ill, he was no longer physically able to sign documents and a facsimile was used instead, further devaluing his signature. | In 1965, Chernenko became Director of Personnel in the party's General Department. He continued his work as a clerk, but he now held a powerful position. He had knowledge about all the top people in the party and monitored wiretapping and surveillance devices in offices, but his main job was to sign hundreds of documents every day. He did this for 20 years. Even when he became General Secretary, he continued to sign papers, although thanks to Soviet bureaucracy, his signature meant little more than it did in his previous position. Eventually, when he became ill, he was no longer physically able to sign documents and a facsimile was used instead, further devaluing his signature. | ||
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== Last months and death == | == Last months and death == | ||
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In what was almost universally regarded, even by his opponents, as a cruel act against Chernenko, Politburo member Viktor Grishin dragged the deathly ill Chernenko from his hospital bed to a ballot box to vote in the elections in early 1985. | In what was almost universally regarded, even by his opponents, as a cruel act against Chernenko, Politburo member Viktor Grishin dragged the deathly ill Chernenko from his hospital bed to a ballot box to vote in the elections in early 1985. | ||
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He had a son by his first wife (whom he divorced) who became a propagandist in Tomsk. His second wife, Anna Dmitrevna Lyubimova, bore him two daughters, Yelena (who worked at the Institute of Party History) and Vera (who worked at the Soviet Embassy in [[Washington, DC]]), and a son, Vladimir, who was a Goskino editorialist. | He had a son by his first wife (whom he divorced) who became a propagandist in Tomsk. His second wife, Anna Dmitrevna Lyubimova, bore him two daughters, Yelena (who worked at the Institute of Party History) and Vera (who worked at the Soviet Embassy in [[Washington, DC]]), and a son, Vladimir, who was a Goskino editorialist. | ||
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[[Category:History and biography]] | [[Category:History and biography]] | ||
[[Category:Biography]] | [[Category:Biography]] | ||
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Revision as of 16:52, 23 November 2006
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (Russian: Константи́н Усти́нович Черне́нко; September 24, 1911 – March 10, 1985) was a Soviet Union politician and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of the who led the Soviet Union from February 13, 1984 until his death just thirteen months later. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from April 11, 1984, until his death. Chernenko, like his immediate predessor, held office for a very short period, belonging to the old guard for whom communism was still the only ideology. Chernenko perpetuated the same policies that had dominated during the longer leadership of Leonid Brezhnev but the USSR could not continue to spend as much of its revenue on military might, or sustain the war Afghanistan. Chernenko was a Cold War warrior when the war was effectively over, although he did not know this. His successor would introduce reforms aimed initially to enable the survival of the communist system by offering the people the ability to participate in the political process, a freedom that the existing system denied them. The system, like its leaders, was old and tired. However, once the Soviet people tasted freedom, the system itself, which was too repressive and too centralized to survive, imploded. As the Cold War ended, so did the Soviet Union; what US President Ronald Reagan once famously called the "Evil Empire" formed itself into the Commonwealth of Independent States in which democracy and free-maket capitalism replaced autocracy and the state controlled economy.
Rise to power
Chernenko was born in Bolshaya Tes, Novosyolovsky District, Novosyolovsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Siberia. He joined Komsomol in 1926 and the Communist Party in 1931. After a brief stint in the Frontier Guard, on the Sino-Soviet border, he was a career politician. After work in the regions and in the Moldavian SSR, he was called to Moscow in 1960, and promoted under the aegis of Leonid Brezhnev, becoming a candidate member of the Central Committee in 1966 and a full member in 1971. He joined the Politburo]] as a candidate in October 1977, becoming a full member in November 1978.
Power struggle and election as General Secretary
In 1965, Chernenko became Director of Personnel in the party's General Department. He continued his work as a clerk, but he now held a powerful position. He had knowledge about all the top people in the party and monitored wiretapping and surveillance devices in offices, but his main job was to sign hundreds of documents every day. He did this for 20 years. Even when he became General Secretary, he continued to sign papers, although thanks to Soviet bureaucracy, his signature meant little more than it did in his previous position. Eventually, when he became ill, he was no longer physically able to sign documents and a facsimile was used instead, further devaluing his signature.
Following the death of Brezhnev in 1982, Chernenko lost the power struggle due to anti-Brezhnev forces, including the KGB and the Red Army, and instead Yuri Andropov, the former head of the KGB, was nominated as General Secretary. When Andropov died in February 1984, after 13 months in office, Chernenko was elected to replace him, despite concerns over his health.
Chernenko in office
Chernenko represented a return to the policies of the late Brezhnev era. Nevertheless, he supported a greater role for the labour unions, reform in education, and trimming of bureaucracy. In foreign policy, he negotiated a trade pact with the People's Republic of China. Despite calls for renewed détente, Chernenko did little to prevent the escalation of the Cold War with the United States. For example, in 1984, the USSR prevented a visit to West Germany by East German leader Erich Honecker. However, in the late autumn of 1984, the U.S. and the Soviet Union did agree to resume arms control talks in early 1985.
Chernenko's poor health made him unable to govern effectively. His frequent absences from office left little doubt that his reign had only been an interim measure in a longer struggle between conservatives and reformers.
Last months and death
In what was almost universally regarded, even by his opponents, as a cruel act against Chernenko, Politburo member Viktor Grishin dragged the deathly ill Chernenko from his hospital bed to a ballot box to vote in the elections in early 1985.
After the death of a Soviet leader, it was customary for his successor to open and review the objects contained in his personal safe. When Gorbachev had the safe opened, they found a small folder of personal papers and large bundles of money stuffed into the safe. Even more money was discovered in his desk. No one has ever discovered what he had wanted with all the money.
Due to Chernenko's short time in office, very few photos exist of him. The majority of the photos that were taken are in black and white.
He was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
Additional information
Chernenko worked in different places and held different positions during his lifetime:
Border Guard, Party Secretary of Border Guard Unit, Agitprop director in Krasnoyarsk and other regions, Party functionary (apparatchik), Central Committee member and secretary, Politburo member, Supreme Soviet Presidium member, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, General Secretary of the CPSU.
He had a son by his first wife (whom he divorced) who became a propagandist in Tomsk. His second wife, Anna Dmitrevna Lyubimova, bore him two daughters, Yelena (who worked at the Institute of Party History) and Vera (who worked at the Soviet Embassy in Washington, DC), and a son, Vladimir, who was a Goskino editorialist.
| Preceded by: Yuri Andropov |
General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party 1984–1985 |
Succeeded by: Mikhail Gorbachev |
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