Difference between revisions of "Jang Yeong-sil" - New World Encyclopedia
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'''Jang Yeong-sil''' was a fifteenth century [[Korea]]n [[scientist]] and [[astronomer]] during the [[Joseon Dynasty]] (1392-1910). Although Jang was born into the servant or slave class, Cheonmin, [[King Sejong the Great|King Sejong]]'s new policy of breaking class barriers allowed Jang to be recruited into the [[national civil service]] and to work at the royal palace. Jang's inventions, such as the [[rain gauge]] and the [[Irrigation#History of irrigation|water gauge]], highlighted the technological advancements of the Joseon Dynasty. | '''Jang Yeong-sil''' was a fifteenth century [[Korea]]n [[scientist]] and [[astronomer]] during the [[Joseon Dynasty]] (1392-1910). Although Jang was born into the servant or slave class, Cheonmin, [[King Sejong the Great|King Sejong]]'s new policy of breaking class barriers allowed Jang to be recruited into the [[national civil service]] and to work at the royal palace. Jang's inventions, such as the [[rain gauge]] and the [[Irrigation#History of irrigation|water gauge]], highlighted the technological advancements of the Joseon Dynasty. | ||
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | Twenty-first century | + | Twenty-first century Koreans are justifiably proud of Jang's legacy and have honored his memory by creating science awards and scholarships in his name. The IR52 Jang Young Sil Award is Korea's loftiest industrial award. Beginning in 1991 and sponsored by the Ministry of Science & Technology, the award is co-managed by the Korea Industrial Technology Association and the Maeil Economy Paper. Jang Young Sil Science High School <ref>Jang Young Sil Science High School [http://jyss.hs.kr/]Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref> offers a gifted science curriculum and is located in Busan. Seonggyungwan University in Seoul and Suwon offers an undergraduate Jang Young Sil Scholarship. <ref>[http://www.skku.edu/eng/].Retrieved January 4, 2008. </ref> The Celestial Globe invented by Jang appears on the back of each Korean 10,000 won banknote, Sookmyung Times]<ref> [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ko&u=http://smtimes.sookmyung.ac.kr/news/articleView.html%3Fidxno%3D15&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=2&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522Jang%2Byoung%2Bsil%2522%2Bmoney%2Bwon%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7ADBR].Retrieved January 4, 2008.</ref> Jang's fame now reaches the stars Asteroid 68719 is named Jang Yeongsil. <ref>[http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_asteroid_names_(68001-69000)].Retrieved January 4, 2008. </ref> |
==Early years== | ==Early years== | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
==National civil service== | ==National civil service== | ||
| − | King [[Sejong the Great of Joseon|Sejong the Great]] instituted a policy of selecting officials based on their talent, not by their wealth or social class. | + | King [[Sejong the Great of Joseon|Sejong the Great]] instituted a policy of selecting officials based on their talent, not by their wealth or social class. Jang's fame gained him entry into the royal court at [[Hanseong]] (present day [[Seoul]]), where selected commoners displayed their talents before the king and his advisers. Jang met Sejong's expectations in crafts and engineering and was allowed to work as a government official in the palace.<ref> Ibid., 46-49</ref> The talented scientists recruited under King Sejong's new program worked at the [[Hall of Worthies or Jiphyeonjeon]] (집현전; 集賢殿).<ref>Korean History Project Korean History Project.</ref> |
===Astronomical Instruments=== | ===Astronomical Instruments=== | ||
[[Image:Korean celestial globe.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Korean celestial globe first made by the scientist Jang Yeongsil during the [[Joseon Dynasty]] under the reign of [[King Sejong]].]] | [[Image:Korean celestial globe.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Korean celestial globe first made by the scientist Jang Yeongsil during the [[Joseon Dynasty]] under the reign of [[King Sejong]].]] | ||
| − | Sejong's first assignment to Jang was to build a [[celestial globe]] to measure astronomical objects. | + | Sejong's first assignment to Jang was to build a [[celestial globe]] to measure astronomical objects. Books obtained from Arabian and Chinese scholars were not complete in their instructions, because these devices could also be used for military purposes. After two months of study, he made a spherical device that could perform with mediocre accuracy. One year after his first attempt, in 1433, Jang made the ''honcheonui'' (혼천의, 渾天儀). The Honcheonui depended on a [[waterwheel]] to rotate the internal globe to indicate time.<ref>Baek, 55</ref> Whether day or night, this allowed the instrument to be updated on the positions of the sun, moon, and the stars.<ref>Ibid., 56</ref> Later celestial globes (i.e., ''gyupyo'' (규표) could measure time changes according to the seasonal variations.<ref>Ibid., 77</ref> These instruments, along with sundials and water clocks, were stationed around the Kyonghoeru Pond in [[Kyongbok Palace]] and were used by the court astrologers.<ref>Park Seong-rae [http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/korea_slides/science/9-1.htm Indiana University Resources] The History of Science in Korea. Retrieved January 4, 2008. </ref> The success of Jang Yeong-sil's astronomical machines was marked in 1442 C.E. when the Korean astronomers compiled their computations on the courses of the seven heavenly objects (five visible planets, the sun, and moon) in ''Chiljeongsan'' (칠정산).<ref>National Folk Museum. [http://www.nfm.go.kr:8080/english/hall_1/iframe_hall1_menu8_2.jsp Introduction to the Folk Museum]. Retrieved January 4, 2008. </ref> |
===Iron printing press=== | ===Iron printing press=== | ||
| − | Although [[Chae Yun-ui]] (채윤의) invented the world's first metal [[printing]] press in 1234 during the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty, <ref>ChinaCultureMall | + | Although [[Chae Yun-ui]] (채윤의) invented the world's first metal [[printing]] press in 1234 during the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty, <ref>ChinaCultureMall History of Typography in East Asia.</ref> [[Johann Gutenberg]] is recognized worldwide as the first to pioneer this technology. In general, metal movable type printing blocks surpassed the wooden counterparts in durability, clarity, and longevity.<ref> Julian Rubin[http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/gutenbergmovable.html The Invention of Movable Type]. Following the path of discovery: Johann Gutenberg. Retrieved January 4, 2008. </ref> King Sejong asked the scientists at Jiphyeonjeon to build a better printing press. In 1434, <ref> Academy of Korean Studies Glossary of Korean Studies</ref> scientists accomplished building the ''Gabinja'' (갑인자, 甲寅字),<ref>Baek, 63</ref> the third set of metal type face characters since the founding of the Jujaso, the separate type casting office which was founded under King Taejo in 1403. The Gabinja set was made of copper-zinc and lead-tin alloys. The Gabinja type face set was said to be able to print twice as many copies as the previous Gyeongjaja type face set and could print [[Chinese character]]s in astounding beauty and clarity. The Joseon court reproduced the ''Gabinja'' set six times during the next 370 years. <ref>fobst Federation of Busan and Technology.</ref> |
===Water clock=== | ===Water clock=== | ||
[[Image:Korean Waterclock.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Scaled model of Jang Yeong-sil's Self-striking water clock.]] | [[Image:Korean Waterclock.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Scaled model of Jang Yeong-sil's Self-striking water clock.]] | ||
| − | Self-striking water clocks had already been invented by the Arabians and the Chinese (in 1091),<ref>Baek, 68</ref> and a more primitive form was in use by the Koreans. | + | Self-striking water clocks had already been invented by the Arabians and the Chinese (in 1091),<ref>Baek, 68</ref> and a more primitive form was in use by the Koreans. Although there is no archaeological evidence, ''[[Samguk Sagi]]'' records that an office overlooking the use of water clocks had been established during the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms Period]]. The Korean version consisted of two stacked jars of water, with water dropping from the top to the bottom at a measured rate. The level of the water indicated the time of the day. This was very inconvenient because a person had to be always be on guard, so that at each hour he or she could bang a drum to inform the public. |
| − | Upon hearing about the usage of self-striking water clocks in foreign countries, Sejong assigned Jang and other scientists to build a clock emulating such automatic devices. They failed in developing an operational water clock. Therefore, Jang went to China to study the various designs of water clocks. | + | Upon hearing about the usage of self-striking water clocks in foreign countries, Sejong assigned Jang and other scientists to build a clock emulating such automatic devices. They failed in developing an operational water clock. Therefore, Jang went to China to study the various designs of water clocks. When he returned in 1434, Jang created Korea's first water clock, ''Jagyeokru'' (자격루).<ref>Ibid., 71</ref> This water clock did not survive; however, reconstructions of the ''Jagyeokru'' based on text descriptions have been made. |
| − | Circling the clock were 12 wooden figures that served as indicator of time. There were four water containers, | + | Circling the clock were 12 wooden figures that served as indicator of time. There were four water containers, two jars that received the water, and 12 arrows floating inside the lower container. As the water from the upper containers seeped down the pipe to the lower container, one of the arrows would tilt a board filled with small iron balls; a ball would roll down a pipe to a container of larger iron balls. The collision would cause the larger balls to travel down a lower pipe and hit a giant cymbal, announcing the time to the community. Then, the ball would land on another container, which was part of a complex of levers and pulleys that activated the motions of the wooden figures to indicate time visually.<ref>Ibid., 72-73</ref> |
===Sundial=== | ===Sundial=== | ||
[[Image:Korean sundial.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Model of a Korean sundial first made by Jang Yeongsil during the [[Joseon Dynasty]].]] | [[Image:Korean sundial.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Model of a Korean sundial first made by Jang Yeongsil during the [[Joseon Dynasty]].]] | ||
| − | The use of Jang's water clock grew throughout the country. However, water clocks were very costly, and the cheaper and more manageable alternative was the sundial. Jang, Ichun, Kimjo, and other scientists made Korea's first sundial, ''Yangbu Ilgu'' (양부일구) (仰釜日晷),<ref> | + | The use of Jang's water clock grew throughout the country. However, water clocks were very costly, and the cheaper and more manageable alternative was the sundial. Jang, Ichun, Kimjo, and other scientists made Korea's first sundial, ''Yangbu Ilgu'' (양부일구) (仰釜日晷),<ref>Ibid., 75 </ref> which meant "pot-shaped sun clock staring at the sky".<ref>kaeri [http://www.kaeri.re.kr/~wonwoo/w02_3/munwhajae.htm Kaeri Web Magazine]Retrieved January 4, 2008. </ref> Yangbu Ilgu was bronze in composition, and consisted of a bowl marked with 13 meters to indicate time and four legs jointed by a cross at the base. Seven lines crossed the 13 meters in different curves to compensate for the seasonal changes of the course of the [[sun]].<ref>Ibid.</ref> Yangbu Ilgu and other variants, such as the ''Hyunjoo Ilgu'' and the ''Chunpyung Ilgu,'' were implemented in strategic spots, such as the main streets with heavy traffic, so that the people could be well informed of the time. To compensate for the high illiteracy rate among the commoners, 12 shapes of animals, such as mouse, tiger, and cow, were engraved in juxtaposition with the meters.<ref>Ibid.</ref> No [[Choson Dynasty]] sundials that were made during King Sejong's reign have survived. All are thought to have been destroyed during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)]] (임진왜란). |
| − | |||
===Research on weaponry=== | ===Research on weaponry=== | ||
| − | From a discussion with his generals, Sejong learned that Korean melee weapons were duller and somewhat heavier than those of the neighboring countries; therefore, he sent Jang to [[Gyeongsang]] province, where he had spent his earlier life, to develop metal alloys for various weapons and tools. Since Jang used to be a gwan-no, he had already acquired much knowledge about metal working, and knew the geography of the area. Jang surveyed the available metals and their characteristics, and presented his research to king and the generals, contributing to the development of Korean weaponry.<ref> | + | From a discussion with his generals, Sejong learned that Korean melee weapons were duller and somewhat heavier than those of the neighboring countries; therefore, he sent Jang to [[Gyeongsang]] province, where he had spent his earlier life, to develop metal alloys for various weapons and tools. Since Jang used to be a gwan-no, he had already acquired much knowledge about metal working, and knew the geography of the area. Jang surveyed the available metals and their characteristics, and presented his research to king and the generals, contributing to the development of Korean weaponry.<ref>Baek, 87-91 </ref> |
===Rain gauge=== | ===Rain gauge=== | ||
| − | Korean economy during the [[Choson Dynasty]] was agriculturally based, and its economy was vulnerable to elongated or consecutively occurring droughts. Therefore, there was need for ways to better manage water. | + | Korean economy during the [[Choson Dynasty]] was agriculturally based, and its economy was vulnerable to elongated or consecutively occurring droughts. Therefore, there was need for ways to better manage water. Although rain gauges had been used in ancient Greece and India, Jang invented Korea's first [[rain gauge]] in 1441, called the ''cheokugye.'' (측우기),<ref>[http://visit.busan.kr/kor/child/busan3/3_1.htm Visit Busan Museum Guide] (in Korean) </ref><ref>S.S. Kim, "Comments on the Chinese claim for the invention of Chugugi" ''J. Korean Meteor. Soc'' 24 (1988): 1–13. </ref> By 1442, a standardized rain gauge with dimensions of 42.5 cm (height) and 17 cm (diameter) was introduced throughout the country to gather data on the yearly averages of precipitation throughout the different regions of the country. |
===Water gauge=== | ===Water gauge=== | ||
| − | To allow better water management, the king asked the scientists to figure out some ways to inform the farmers of the available amount of water. In 1441, Jang invented the world's first [[Irrigation#History of irrigation|water gauge]], called ''Supyo'' (수표). It was a calibrated stone column placed in the middle of a body of water, connected by a stone bridge.<ref> | + | To allow better water management, the king asked the scientists to figure out some ways to inform the farmers of the available amount of water. In 1441, Jang invented the world's first [[Irrigation#History of irrigation|water gauge]], called ''Supyo'' (수표). It was a calibrated stone column placed in the middle of a body of water, connected by a stone bridge.<ref>Baek, 101 </ref> |
==Expulsion== | ==Expulsion== | ||
| Line 58: | Line 57: | ||
Jang's extraordinary accomplishments earned him much trust of the king. Some government officials were very jealous of Jang, especially when he had achieved so much regardless of his common origin. Furthermore, as Korea's society was rooted in [[Confucianism]], scientists and engineers were held in low esteem in parallel with craftsmen. | Jang's extraordinary accomplishments earned him much trust of the king. Some government officials were very jealous of Jang, especially when he had achieved so much regardless of his common origin. Furthermore, as Korea's society was rooted in [[Confucianism]], scientists and engineers were held in low esteem in parallel with craftsmen. | ||
| − | In 1442, King Sejong ordered Jang to build a [[Litter (vehicle)#Korea|gama]], an elaborately decorated Korean [[litter (vehicle)|sedan chair]]. The ''gama'' broke while the king was traveling, and Jang was held responsible. Although the king was against the decree, Jang was jailed for a long time, and was expelled from the royal palace. Later events of his life, including the date of his death, were not recorded.<ref> | + | In 1442, King Sejong ordered Jang to build a [[Litter (vehicle)#Korea|gama]], an elaborately decorated Korean [[litter (vehicle)|sedan chair]]. The ''gama'' broke while the king was traveling, and Jang was held responsible. Although the king was against the decree, Jang was jailed for a long time, and was expelled from the royal palace. Later events of his life, including the date of his death, were not recorded.<ref>Ibid., 108-111</ref> |
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 86: | Line 85: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| + | All links retrieved March 21, 2018. | ||
| − | + | *[http://seer.snu.ac.kr/trip/anc-1.html Seoul National University profile (in Korean)]. | |
| − | |||
| − | *[http://seer.snu.ac.kr/trip/anc-1.html Seoul National University profile (in Korean)] | ||
[[Category:Physical sciences]] | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:10, 8 February 2023
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Jang Yeong-sil was a fifteenth century Korean scientist and astronomer during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). Although Jang was born into the servant or slave class, Cheonmin, King Sejong's new policy of breaking class barriers allowed Jang to be recruited into the national civil service and to work at the royal palace. Jang's inventions, such as the rain gauge and the water gauge, highlighted the technological advancements of the Joseon Dynasty.
Twenty-first century Koreans are justifiably proud of Jang's legacy and have honored his memory by creating science awards and scholarships in his name. The IR52 Jang Young Sil Award is Korea's loftiest industrial award. Beginning in 1991 and sponsored by the Ministry of Science & Technology, the award is co-managed by the Korea Industrial Technology Association and the Maeil Economy Paper. Jang Young Sil Science High School [1] offers a gifted science curriculum and is located in Busan. Seonggyungwan University in Seoul and Suwon offers an undergraduate Jang Young Sil Scholarship. [2] The Celestial Globe invented by Jang appears on the back of each Korean 10,000 won banknote, Sookmyung Times][3] Jang's fame now reaches the stars Asteroid 68719 is named Jang Yeongsil. [4]
Early years
The date of Jang's birth is unknown, primarily due to Jang's low birth status as a gwan-no.[5] East Asian literature is inconclusive about the obligations and freedoms of Korean commoners because of complexities with social classification.[6] At the age of 10, Jang was separated from his mother, a gwan-gi, (kisaeng), and he was sent to a civil court in Dongnae-hyeon [7] There, he displayed talents in crafts and engineering by building machines to make the lives of his fellow workers easier. He also built aqueducts made out of bamboo shoots and canals for water irrigation.[8] By floating a wooden dish upside down in the opening, Jang prevented spillage from jars during transit [9] Jang also fixed instruments in disrepair.
National civil service
King Sejong the Great instituted a policy of selecting officials based on their talent, not by their wealth or social class. Jang's fame gained him entry into the royal court at Hanseong (present day Seoul), where selected commoners displayed their talents before the king and his advisers. Jang met Sejong's expectations in crafts and engineering and was allowed to work as a government official in the palace.[10] The talented scientists recruited under King Sejong's new program worked at the Hall of Worthies or Jiphyeonjeon (집현전; 集賢殿).[11]
Astronomical Instruments
Sejong's first assignment to Jang was to build a celestial globe to measure astronomical objects. Books obtained from Arabian and Chinese scholars were not complete in their instructions, because these devices could also be used for military purposes. After two months of study, he made a spherical device that could perform with mediocre accuracy. One year after his first attempt, in 1433, Jang made the honcheonui (혼천의, 渾天儀). The Honcheonui depended on a waterwheel to rotate the internal globe to indicate time.[12] Whether day or night, this allowed the instrument to be updated on the positions of the sun, moon, and the stars.[13] Later celestial globes (i.e., gyupyo (규표) could measure time changes according to the seasonal variations.[14] These instruments, along with sundials and water clocks, were stationed around the Kyonghoeru Pond in Kyongbok Palace and were used by the court astrologers.[15] The success of Jang Yeong-sil's astronomical machines was marked in 1442 C.E. when the Korean astronomers compiled their computations on the courses of the seven heavenly objects (five visible planets, the sun, and moon) in Chiljeongsan (칠정산).[16]
Iron printing press
Although Chae Yun-ui (채윤의) invented the world's first metal printing press in 1234 during the Goryeo Dynasty, [17] Johann Gutenberg is recognized worldwide as the first to pioneer this technology. In general, metal movable type printing blocks surpassed the wooden counterparts in durability, clarity, and longevity.[18] King Sejong asked the scientists at Jiphyeonjeon to build a better printing press. In 1434, [19] scientists accomplished building the Gabinja (갑인자, 甲寅字),[20] the third set of metal type face characters since the founding of the Jujaso, the separate type casting office which was founded under King Taejo in 1403. The Gabinja set was made of copper-zinc and lead-tin alloys. The Gabinja type face set was said to be able to print twice as many copies as the previous Gyeongjaja type face set and could print Chinese characters in astounding beauty and clarity. The Joseon court reproduced the Gabinja set six times during the next 370 years. [21]
Water clock
Self-striking water clocks had already been invented by the Arabians and the Chinese (in 1091),[22] and a more primitive form was in use by the Koreans. Although there is no archaeological evidence, Samguk Sagi records that an office overlooking the use of water clocks had been established during the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean version consisted of two stacked jars of water, with water dropping from the top to the bottom at a measured rate. The level of the water indicated the time of the day. This was very inconvenient because a person had to be always be on guard, so that at each hour he or she could bang a drum to inform the public.
Upon hearing about the usage of self-striking water clocks in foreign countries, Sejong assigned Jang and other scientists to build a clock emulating such automatic devices. They failed in developing an operational water clock. Therefore, Jang went to China to study the various designs of water clocks. When he returned in 1434, Jang created Korea's first water clock, Jagyeokru (자격루).[23] This water clock did not survive; however, reconstructions of the Jagyeokru based on text descriptions have been made.
Circling the clock were 12 wooden figures that served as indicator of time. There were four water containers, two jars that received the water, and 12 arrows floating inside the lower container. As the water from the upper containers seeped down the pipe to the lower container, one of the arrows would tilt a board filled with small iron balls; a ball would roll down a pipe to a container of larger iron balls. The collision would cause the larger balls to travel down a lower pipe and hit a giant cymbal, announcing the time to the community. Then, the ball would land on another container, which was part of a complex of levers and pulleys that activated the motions of the wooden figures to indicate time visually.[24]
Sundial
The use of Jang's water clock grew throughout the country. However, water clocks were very costly, and the cheaper and more manageable alternative was the sundial. Jang, Ichun, Kimjo, and other scientists made Korea's first sundial, Yangbu Ilgu (양부일구) (仰釜日晷),[25] which meant "pot-shaped sun clock staring at the sky".[26] Yangbu Ilgu was bronze in composition, and consisted of a bowl marked with 13 meters to indicate time and four legs jointed by a cross at the base. Seven lines crossed the 13 meters in different curves to compensate for the seasonal changes of the course of the sun.[27] Yangbu Ilgu and other variants, such as the Hyunjoo Ilgu and the Chunpyung Ilgu, were implemented in strategic spots, such as the main streets with heavy traffic, so that the people could be well informed of the time. To compensate for the high illiteracy rate among the commoners, 12 shapes of animals, such as mouse, tiger, and cow, were engraved in juxtaposition with the meters.[28] No Choson Dynasty sundials that were made during King Sejong's reign have survived. All are thought to have been destroyed during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) (임진왜란).
Research on weaponry
From a discussion with his generals, Sejong learned that Korean melee weapons were duller and somewhat heavier than those of the neighboring countries; therefore, he sent Jang to Gyeongsang province, where he had spent his earlier life, to develop metal alloys for various weapons and tools. Since Jang used to be a gwan-no, he had already acquired much knowledge about metal working, and knew the geography of the area. Jang surveyed the available metals and their characteristics, and presented his research to king and the generals, contributing to the development of Korean weaponry.[29]
Rain gauge
Korean economy during the Choson Dynasty was agriculturally based, and its economy was vulnerable to elongated or consecutively occurring droughts. Therefore, there was need for ways to better manage water. Although rain gauges had been used in ancient Greece and India, Jang invented Korea's first rain gauge in 1441, called the cheokugye. (측우기),[30][31] By 1442, a standardized rain gauge with dimensions of 42.5 cm (height) and 17 cm (diameter) was introduced throughout the country to gather data on the yearly averages of precipitation throughout the different regions of the country.
Water gauge
To allow better water management, the king asked the scientists to figure out some ways to inform the farmers of the available amount of water. In 1441, Jang invented the world's first water gauge, called Supyo (수표). It was a calibrated stone column placed in the middle of a body of water, connected by a stone bridge.[32]
Expulsion
Jang's extraordinary accomplishments earned him much trust of the king. Some government officials were very jealous of Jang, especially when he had achieved so much regardless of his common origin. Furthermore, as Korea's society was rooted in Confucianism, scientists and engineers were held in low esteem in parallel with craftsmen.
In 1442, King Sejong ordered Jang to build a gama, an elaborately decorated Korean sedan chair. The gama broke while the king was traveling, and Jang was held responsible. Although the king was against the decree, Jang was jailed for a long time, and was expelled from the royal palace. Later events of his life, including the date of his death, were not recorded.[33]
See also
- Printing
- King Sejong
- Joseon Dynasty
- Water Clock
- Sundial
- Hwacha
- Woo Jang-choon
Notes
- ↑ Jang Young Sil Science High School [1]Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ↑ [2].Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ↑ [3].Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ↑ [4].Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ↑ Baek Seokgi. Woongjin Wi-in Jeon-gi #11 Jang Yeong-sil. (Seoul: Woongjin Publishing, 1987), 17.
- ↑ McKay John P., Bennett D. Hill and John Buckler. A History of World Societies, Fifth Edition. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 106
- ↑ Baek, 24
- ↑ Ibid., 37
- ↑ Ibid., 27
- ↑ Ibid., 46-49
- ↑ Korean History Project Korean History Project.
- ↑ Baek, 55
- ↑ Ibid., 56
- ↑ Ibid., 77
- ↑ Park Seong-rae Indiana University Resources The History of Science in Korea. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ↑ National Folk Museum. Introduction to the Folk Museum. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ↑ ChinaCultureMall History of Typography in East Asia.
- ↑ Julian RubinThe Invention of Movable Type. Following the path of discovery: Johann Gutenberg. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ↑ Academy of Korean Studies Glossary of Korean Studies
- ↑ Baek, 63
- ↑ fobst Federation of Busan and Technology.
- ↑ Baek, 68
- ↑ Ibid., 71
- ↑ Ibid., 72-73
- ↑ Ibid., 75
- ↑ kaeri Kaeri Web MagazineRetrieved January 4, 2008.
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ Baek, 87-91
- ↑ Visit Busan Museum Guide (in Korean)
- ↑ S.S. Kim, "Comments on the Chinese claim for the invention of Chugugi" J. Korean Meteor. Soc 24 (1988): 1–13.
- ↑ Baek, 101
- ↑ Ibid., 108-111
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Baek Seokgi. 1987. Woongjin Wi-in Jeon-gi #11 Jang Yeong-sil. Seoul: Woongjin Publishing, (in Korean)
- Chŏn, Sang-un, and Sang-un Chŏn. 1998. A history of science in Korea. Seoul, Korea: Jimoondang Pub. Co. ISBN 9788988095119
- Chŏn, Sang-un. 1974. Science and technology in Korea; traditional instruments and techniques. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 9780262100144
- McKay, John P., Bennett D. Hill and John Buckler. A History Of World Societies: To 1715, Sixth ed. (original 1992) 2003. Houghton Mifflin Col, 2003. ISBN 0618301968
- Nam, Mun-hyŏn. 2002. Chang Yŏng-sil kwa Chagyŏngnu Chosŏn sidae sigan chʻŭkchŏng yŏksa pogwŏn. Hanʼguk ŭi tʻamgu, 21. Sŏul: Sŏul Taehakkyo Chʻulpʻanbu. ISBN 9788952103611 (in Korean)
- Wŏn, Yu-sun, and Kyŏng-ŭn Kim. 2000. Chang Yŏng-sil. Chʻŏŭm mannanŭn kŭrim tonghwa, 42. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Samsŏng Chʻulpʻansa. ISBN 9788915022232 (in Korean)
External links
All links retrieved March 21, 2018.
Credits
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