Hunter-gatherer

In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by all human societies before the Neolithic Era, and by an ever declining number of populations after the Neolithic revolution. It is based on the exploitation (or one could say living with and in harmony with the natural state of the world) of wild plants and animals. Consequently, hunter-gatherers are relatively mobile, and groups of hunter-gatherers have fluid boundaries and composition. Typically, men hunt and women gather and hunt small game. Hunter-gatherers use materials available in the wild to construct shelters, but they prefer overhangs which only need little or no additions to become shelters. Their shelters give them protection from predators and the elements.

Older Terms

An older term commonly used is hunter-trappers or farmer-trappers instead of "gatherer". The reason was presumably and foremost an earlier usage of the term in Scandinavian countries, and secondly to signify a paleolithic economy since there are many holes in the ground making complex trap systems to catch elks, reindeer, etc. However, this usage is beginning to be replaced with gatherer.

History

All archeological evidence to date suggests that prior to twelve thousand years ago, all human beings were hunter-gatherers. The vast majority of hunter-gatherer societies are nomadic, as the resources of one region will usually be quickly exhausted. There are exceptions, however. The Haida of what is now British Columbia lived in such a rich environment that they could remain sedentary. Other groups that live in the Northwest coast can remain sedentary for a majority of the year.

The line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies is not clear cut. Many hunter-gatherers would consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning unuseful plants while encouraging those they could consume. Most agricultural people continued to do some hunting and gathering. Some would farm during the temperate months and then hunt during the winter. Still today many in developed countries will go hunting for food and for amusement.

Structure of Hunter-gatherer Societies

Hunter-gatherers tend to have very low population densities. In climates that can support agriculture, farmland can support population densities 60–100 times greater than land left uncultivated.

Hunter-gatherer societies also tend to have non-hierarchical social structures, but this is not always the case. As many are nomadic, they generally do not have the possibility to store any surplus food. Thus full-time leaders, bureaucrats, or artisans are rarely supported by hunter-gatherer societies.

As egalitarian societies, many hunter-gatherer units have gender-based social stuctures dissimiliar from higher order horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies. For example, gender structures seem, albeit not universally, more fair. Although disputed as to why, many anthropologists claim the egalitarianism stems from the lack of control over food production, lack of food surplus (control), and an equal gender contribution to kin and cultural survival.

Types of Hunter-gatherer Groups

One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is in their return systems. James Woodburn describes this as immediate return hunter-gatherers (egalitarian) and delayed return (nonegalitarian). Immediate return foragers consume their food in a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food.

Modern Hunter-gatherers

Today hunter-gatherer groups are found in the Arctic, tropical rainforests, and deserts where other forms of subsistence production are impossible or too costly. In most cases these groups do not have a continuous history of hunting and gathering; in many cases their ancestors were farmers who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations and wars. It is estimated that in only a few decades there will be no more such communities.

There are some modern social movements related to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle:

• freeganism involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment
• gleaning involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields
• sport hunting and sport fishing are recreational activities practiced by people who get the majority of their food by modern means (see also: fox hunt, safari)
• anarcho-primitivism, which strives for the abolishment of civilization and the return to a life in the wild

See also

• Bushmen
• Neolithic Revolution
• Wikipedia:Hunter-gatherer

External links

• Baka Pygmies Culture and photos of these African hunter-gatherers

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Comments

This is currently an unfinished work in progress. —Jennifer Tanabe 10:02, 13 Sep 2005 (CDT)