Morgan, Henry

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Sir Henry Morgan
	c. 1635 - August 25, 1688
	; Sir Henry Morgan, in a popular woodcut, 18th century
Type:	Privateer
Place of birth:	Llanrhymny, Glamorgan
Place of death:	Lawrencefield, Jamaica ?
Allegiance:	England
Years of service:	1663 - 1674
Later work:	Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica

Latest revision as of 15:41, 25 January 2023

Sir Henry Morgan (Hari Morgan in Welsh), (ca. 1635 – August 25, 1688) was a Welsh privateer, who made a name in the Caribbean as a leader of buccaneers. He considered himself a patriot to his home country, England. His actions changed the face of history in the Americas. He was among England's most notorious and successful privateers. His exploits, which had the unofficial support of the British authorities, were sanctioned to help persuade Spain to limit her activities to the South, leaving most of the Caribbean and North America, where Britain had established her first overseas colonies, to the British. Spain suffered both a loss of prestige, and of income, as less gold and silver reached home. Britain, as had the Dutch, was developing a trading empire, which by definition involves the exchange of goods, not only a process of plundering. Trade has a two way benefit, even if the benefit is not equal. Britain's pioneer settler colonies in North America were intended to grow crops needed at home, which also represents a type of development of the land, not only its exploitation. Morgan, who finished his career as a knight and deputy-governor of Jamaica, pirate or not, was an important player in the Battle of the Empires.

Early life

Henry Morgan was the eldest son of Robert Morgan, a squire of Llanrhymny in Glamorgan, Wales; there is no record of Morgan himself before 1665. He said later that he left school early, and was "more used to the pike than the book." Exquemelin says that he was indentured in Barbados, but he was forced to retract and subsequent editions were amended after Morgan sued the publishers for libel and was awarded £200 against the publishers.^[1] Richard Browne, his surgeon at Panama, said that Morgan came to Jamaica in 1658, as a young man, and raised himself to "fame and fortune by his valor". Jamaica had been conquered by the English Commonwealth in May, 1655.

In the autumn of 1665, Morgan commanded a ship in the old privateer Edward Mansfield's^[2] expedition sent by Sir Thomas Modyford, the governor of Jamaica, which seized the islands of Providence and Santa Catalina. When Mansfield was captured and killed by the Spanish shortly afterwards, Morgan was chosen by the buccaneers as their admiral. He was an incredible leader of men (and on one occasion a woman). He managed to hold together typically very loose and uncontrollable groups of pirates. Often in incredible circumstances, he held together groups of people who under any other leader would have split and probably been captured or killed.

England had no navy in the region and so it was the privateers, Morgan prominently, who distressed the Spanish. It was also Morgan who attacked huge cities that were not normally attacked by pirates. It was essentially he who forced the Spanish into finally surrendering.

Governor's commission, privateering career

In 1667, he was commissioned by Modyford to capture some Spanish prisoners in Cuba, in order to discover details of the threatened attack on Jamaica. Collecting ten ships with five hundred men, Morgan landed on the island and captured and sacked Puerto Principe, then went on to take the fortified and well-garrisoned town of Portobelo, Panama. It is said that Morgan's men used captured Jesuits as human shields in taking the third, most difficult fortress.

The governor of Panama, astonished at this daring adventure, attempted in vain to drive out the invaders, and finally Morgan consented to evacuate the place on the payment of a large ransom. These exploits had considerably exceeded the terms of Morgan's commission and had been accompanied by frightful cruelties and excesses, but the governor of Jamaica endeavored to cover the whole under the necessity of allowing the English a free hand to attack the Spanish whenever possible. In London the Admiralty publicly claimed ignorance about this, whilst Morgan and his crew returned to their base at Port Royal, Jamaica, to celebrate.

Modyford almost immediately entrusted Morgan with another expedition against the Spaniards, and he proceeded to ravage the coast of Cuba. In January 1669, the largest of his ships was blown up accidentally in the course of a carousal on board, with Morgan and his officers narrowly escaping death. In March, he sacked Maracaibo, Venezuela, which had emptied out when his fleet was first spied, and afterwards spent a few weeks at the Venezuelan settlement of Gibraltar on Lake Maracaibo, torturing the wealthy residents to discover hidden treasure.

Returning to Maracaibo, Morgan found three Spanish ships waiting at the inlet to the Caribbean; these he destroyed or captured, recovered a considerable amount of treasure from one which had run aground and exacted a heavy ransom as the price of his evacuating the place. Finally, by an ingenious stratagem, he faked a landward attack on the fort, which convinced the governor to shift his cannon. In doing so, he eluded the enemy's guns altogether and escaped in safety. On his return to Jamaica he was again reproved, but not punished, by Modyford.

The Spaniards on their side were moreover acting in the same way, and a new commission was given to Morgan as commander-in-chief of all the ships of war in Jamaica, to levy war on the Spaniards and destroy their ships and stores—the booty gained in the expedition being the only pay. Thus, Morgan and his crew were privateers, not pirates. Accordingly, after ravaging the coasts of Cuba and the mainland, Morgan determined on an expedition to Panama.

He recaptured the island of Santa Catalina on December 15, 1670, and on December 27, he gained possession of the castle of Chagres, killing three hundred of the garrison. Then with one thousand four hundred men he ascended the Chagres River, some of the worst swampland in the area. When his force finally appeared outside of Panama they were very weakened and tired.

Burning of Panama and loss of English support

On January 18, 1671, Morgan discovered that Panama had roughly fifteen hundred infantry and cavalry. He split his forces in two, using one to march through the forest and flank the enemy. The Spaniards were untrained and rushed Morgan's line, where he cut them down with gunfire, only to have his flankers emerge and finish off the rest of the Spanish soldiers. After looting and taking booty that exceeded a hundred thousand pounds, Morgan had his men burn the city and massacre all its inhabitants, an action considered, to this date, the most barbarous atrocity ever perpetrated by a British pirate against Spanish colonies in America.

However, because the sack of Panama violated a peace treaty between England and Spain, Morgan was arrested and remanded to England in 1672. He was able to prove he had no knowledge of the treaty, and in 1674, Morgan was knighted before returning to Jamaica the following year to take up the post of Lieutenant Governor.

By 1681, then acting governor Morgan had fallen out of favor with the British king, who was intent on weakening the semi-autonomous Jamaican Council, and was replaced by long-time political rival Thomas Lynch.

Later life and legacy

In 1683, Morgan was suspended from the Jamaican Council by the machinations of Governor Lynch. Also during this time, an account of Morgan's disreputable exploits was published by Alexandre Exquemelin, who once had been his confidante, probably as a barber-surgeon, in a Dutch volume entitled De Americaensche Zee-Roovers (History of the Bouccaneers of America). Morgan took steps to discredit the book and successfully brought a libel suit against the book's publisher, securing a retraction and damages of two hundred English pounds (Campbell, 2003). The book nonetheless contributed much to Morgan's ill-reputed fame as a bloodthirsty pirate.

When Thomas Lynch died in 1684, his friend Christopher Monck was appointed to the governorship and arranged the dismissal of Morgan's suspension from the Jamaican Council in 1688. Morgan's health had steadily declined since 1681. He was diagnosed with "dropsie," but may have contracted tuberculosis in London, and died August 25, 1688. It is also possible that he may have had liver failure due to his heavy drinking. He is buried in Palisadoes cemetery.

Morgan had lived in an opportune time for pirates. He was successfully able to use the conflicts between England and her enemies both to support England and to enrich himself and his crews. With his death, the pirates that would follow would also use this same ploy, but with less successful results. He also was one of the few pirates who was able to retire from his piracy, having had great success, and with little legal retribution.

Notes

↑ David Cordingly, Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates (New York: Random House 1996). ISBN 9780679425601
↑ Clarence Henry Haring, The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century (Hamden, Conn: Archon Books 1966).

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Allen, Hubert Raymond. Buccaneer Admiral Sir Henry Morgan. London: Barker 1976. ISBN 9780213165697
Pope, Dudley. The Buccaneer King: The Biography of Sir Henry Morgan, 1635-1688. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1978. ISBN 9780396075660
Steinbeck, John. Cup of Gold: A Life of Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer, with Occasional Reference to History. New York: Penguin Books, 1995. ISBN 9780140187434

External links

All links retrieved December 18, 2017.

Credits

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[1] David Cordingly, Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates (New York: Random House 1996). ISBN 9780679425601

[2] Clarence Henry Haring, The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century (Hamden, Conn: Archon Books 1966).

[1]

[2]

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-'''Sir Henry Morgan''' (Hari Morgan in [[Welsh language|Welsh]]), ([[circa|ca.]] 1635 &ndash; August 25, 1688) was a Welsh privateer, who made a name in the [[Caribbean]] as a leader of [[buccaneer]]s. He was among England's most notorious and successful privateers.
+'''Sir Henry Morgan''' (Hari Morgan in [[Welsh language|Welsh]]), ([[circa|ca.]] 1635 &ndash; August 25, 1688) was a Welsh privateer, who made a name in the [[Caribbean]] as a leader of [[buccaneer]]s. He considered himself a [[patriot]] to his home country, [[England]]. His actions changed the face of history in the [[United States|Americas]]. He was among England's most notorious and successful privateers.  His exploits, which had the unofficial support of the British authorities, were sanctioned to help persuade Spain to limit her activities to the South, leaving most of the Caribbean and North America, where Britain had established her first overseas colonies, to the British.  [[Spain]] suffered both a loss of prestige, and of income, as less gold and silver reached home. Britain, as had the [[Netherlands|Dutch]], was developing a trading empire, which by definition involves the exchange of goods, not only a process of plundering.  Trade has a two way benefit, even if the benefit is not equal. Britain's pioneer settler colonies in North America were intended to grow crops needed at home, which also represents a type of development of the land, not only its exploitation.  Morgan, who finished his career as a knight and deputy-governor of Jamaica, pirate or not, was an important player in the Battle of the Empires.
+{{toc}}
 ==Early life==
+Henry Morgan was the eldest son of Robert Morgan, a [[squire]] of [[Llanrhymny]] in [[Glamorgan]], [[Wales]]; there is no record of Morgan himself before 1665. He said later that he left school early, and was "more used to the pike than the book." [[Exquemelin]] says that he was [[indentured servitude|indentured]] in [[Barbados]], but he was forced to retract and subsequent editions were amended after Morgan sued the publishers for libel and was awarded £200 against the publishers.<ref>David Cordingly, ''Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates'' (New York: Random House 1996). ISBN 9780679425601</ref> [[Richard Browne (pirate)|Richard Browne]], his surgeon at Panama, said that Morgan came to [[Jamaica]] in 1658, as a young man, and raised himself to "fame and fortune by his valor". Jamaica had been conquered by the [[English Commonwealth]] in May, 1655.
-Henry Morgan was the eldest son of Robert Morgan, a [[squire]] of [[Llanrhymny]] in [[Glamorgan]], [[Wales]]; there is no record of Morgan himself before 1665. He said later that he left school early, and was "more used to the pike than the book." [[Exquemelin]] says that he was [[indentured servitude|indentured]] in [[Barbados]] but he was forced to retract and subsequent editions were amended after Morgan sued the publishers for libel and was awarded £200 against the publishers <ref>Cordingley, David (1995). Life Among the Pirates. London: Abacus. ISBN-10:0-349-11314-9 </ref>; [[Richard Browne (pirate)|Richard Browne]], his surgeon at Panama, said that Morgan came to [[Jamaica]] in 1658, as a young man, and raised himself to "fame and fortune by his valor".<ref>''[[ODNB]]'': "Sir Henry Morgan";  mentions a third undocumented  conjecture that he came as one of [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s soldiers. Exquemelin from p.62, online reproduction of 1984 English edition. </ref> Jamaica had been conquered by the [[English Commonwealth]] in May, 1655.
+In the autumn of 1665, Morgan commanded a ship in the old privateer Edward Mansfield's<ref>Clarence Henry Haring, ''The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century'' (Hamden, Conn: Archon Books 1966).</ref> expedition sent by Sir [[Thomas Modyford]], the governor of [[Jamaica]], which seized the islands of [[San Andrés y Providencia Department|Providence]] and [[Santa Catalina Island, Colombia|Santa Catalina]]. When Mansfield was captured and killed by the Spanish shortly afterwards, Morgan was chosen by the buccaneers as their admiral. He was an incredible leader of men (and on one occasion a woman). He managed to hold together typically very loose and uncontrollable groups of pirates. Often in incredible circumstances, he held together groups of people who under any other leader would have split and probably been captured or killed.
-His uncle [[Edward Morgan (governor)|Edward Morgan]] was [[Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica]] after the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] of [[Charles II of England]] in 1660, and Henry Morgan married his uncle's daughter Mary. Therefore it is more likely that he  was the "Captain Morgan" who joined the fleet of [[Christopher Myngs]] in 1663 and accompanied the expedition of John Morris and Jackman when the Spanish settlements at Vildemos, [[Trujillo]] and [[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]] were taken.
-In the autumn of 1665, Morgan commanded a ship in the old privateer Edward Mansfield's<ref>Mansfield was disguised as "Mansvelt" in Exquemelin's account, according to Clarence Henry Haring, ''The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the
-XVII Century,'' (London: Methuen) 1910, note 242, noting Beeston's journal.</ref> expedition sent by Sir [[Thomas Modyford]], the governor of [[Jamaica]], which seized the islands of [[San Andrés y Providencia Department|Providence]] and [[Santa Catalina Island, Colombia|Santa Catalina]]. When Mansfield was captured and killed by the Spanish shortly afterwards, Morgan was chosen by the buccaneers as their admiral.
-Henry Morgan himself considered himself a patriot to his home country England. And his actions changed the face of history in the Americas. To start with the Spanish had long since been a huge world power and were feeling like they were chosen by God to rule the world, or at least a large part of it. And the Carribean was completely under their influence as they reaped in the incredible wealth that it provided their country. The English wanted greatly to stop the Spanish's incredible influence in the Carribean. Long story short, they sent over a fleet that Henry was on, their were to Admirals running it and they disagreed, the mission failed, most men ended up dying hideously on the beaches. Henry survived, and became a privateer. He grew up the ranks and did all that is mentioned in the rest of this article and more.
+England had no navy in the region and so it was the privateers, Morgan prominently, who distressed the Spanish. It was also Morgan who attacked huge cities that were not normally attacked by pirates. It was essentially he who forced the Spanish into finally surrendering.
-He was not a very good naval officer. He used boats as if they did not matter at all and often crashed them into corral, ruining them. He was though an incredible leader of men (and on one occasion a woman). He managed to hold together typically very loose and uncontrollable groups of pirates.  Often in incredible circumstances he held together groups of people who under any other leader would have split and probably been captured or killed.
-England had no navy in the region and so it was the privateers, Morgan prominently who distressed the Spanish so much. It was also Morgan who attacked huge cities that were not normally attacked by pirates. It was essentially he who forced the Spanish into finally surrendering.
 {{pirates}}
 == Governor's commission, privateering career ==
-<!--This section linked to by Buccaneer—>
+In 1667, he was commissioned by Modyford to capture some Spanish prisoners in [[Cuba]], in order to discover details of the threatened attack on Jamaica.  Collecting ten ships with five hundred men, Morgan landed on the island and captured and sacked [[Puerto Principe]], then went on to take the fortified and well-garrisoned town of [[Portobelo]], [[Panama]]. It is said that Morgan's men used captured [[Jesuits]] as human shields in taking the third, most difficult fortress.
-In 1667, he was commissioned by Modyford to capture some Spanish prisoners in [[Cuba]] in order to discover details of the threatened attack on Jamaica.  Collecting ten ships with five hundred men, Morgan landed on the island and captured and sacked [[Puerto Principe]], then went on to take the fortified and well-garrisoned town of [[Portobelo]], [[Panama]]. It is said that Morgan's men used captured [[Jesuits]] as human shields in taking the third, most difficult fortress.
-The governor of Panama, astonished at this daring adventure, attempted in vain to drive out the invaders, and finally Morgan consented to evacuate the place on the payment of a large ransom. These exploits had considerably exceeded the terms of Morgan's commission and had been accompanied by frightful cruelties and excesses, but the governor of [[Jamaica]] endeavoured to cover the whole under the necessity of allowing the English a free hand to attack the Spanish whenever possible. In [[London]] the Admiralty publicly claimed ignorance about this, whilst Morgan and his crew returned to their base at [[Port Royal]], Jamaica, to celebrate.
+The governor of Panama, astonished at this daring adventure, attempted in vain to drive out the invaders, and finally Morgan consented to evacuate the place on the payment of a large ransom. These exploits had considerably exceeded the terms of Morgan's commission and had been accompanied by frightful cruelties and excesses, but the governor of [[Jamaica]] endeavored to cover the whole under the necessity of allowing the English a free hand to attack the Spanish whenever possible. In [[London]] the Admiralty publicly claimed ignorance about this, whilst Morgan and his crew returned to their base at [[Port Royal]], Jamaica, to celebrate.
-Modyford almost immediately entrusted Morgan with another expedition against the Spaniards, and he proceeded to ravage the coast of [[Cuba]]. In January 1669, the largest of his ships was blown up accidentally in the course of a carousal on board, with Morgan and his officers narrowly escaping death. In March he sacked [[Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] which had emptied out when his fleet was first spied, and afterwards spent a few weeks at the Venezuelan settlement of Gibraltar on [[Lake Maracaibo]], torturing the wealthy residents to discover hidden treasure.
+Modyford almost immediately entrusted Morgan with another expedition against the Spaniards, and he proceeded to ravage the coast of [[Cuba]]. In January 1669, the largest of his ships was blown up accidentally in the course of a carousal on board, with Morgan and his officers narrowly escaping death. In March, he sacked [[Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]], which had emptied out when his fleet was first spied, and afterwards spent a few weeks at the Venezuelan settlement of Gibraltar on [[Lake Maracaibo]], torturing the wealthy residents to discover hidden treasure.
-Returning to Maracaibo, Morgan found three Spanish ships waiting at the inlet to the [[Caribbean]]; these he destroyed or captured, recovered a considerable amount of treasure from one which had run aground and exacted a heavy ransom as the price of his evacuating the place. Finally, by an ingenious stratagem, he faked a landward attack on the fort which convinced the governor to shift his cannon. In doing so, he eluded the enemy's guns altogether and escaped in safety. On his return to [[Jamaica]] he was again reproved, but not punished by Modyford.
+Returning to Maracaibo, Morgan found three Spanish ships waiting at the inlet to the [[Caribbean]]; these he destroyed or captured, recovered a considerable amount of treasure from one which had run aground and exacted a heavy ransom as the price of his evacuating the place. Finally, by an ingenious stratagem, he faked a landward attack on the fort, which convinced the governor to shift his cannon. In doing so, he eluded the enemy's guns altogether and escaped in safety. On his return to [[Jamaica]] he was again reproved, but not punished, by Modyford.
-The Spaniards on their side were moreover acting in the same way, and a new commission was given to Morgan as commander-in-chief of all the ships of war in Jamaica, to levy war on the Spaniards and destroy their ships and stores - the booty gained in the expedition being the only pay. Thus Morgan and his crew were [[privateer]]s, not [[pirate]]s. Accordingly, after ravaging the coasts of Cuba and the mainland, Morgan determined on an expedition to [[Panama]].
+The Spaniards on their side were moreover acting in the same way, and a new commission was given to Morgan as commander-in-chief of all the ships of war in Jamaica, to levy war on the Spaniards and destroy their ships and stores--the booty gained in the expedition being the only pay. Thus, Morgan and his crew were [[privateer]]s, not [[pirate]]s. Accordingly, after ravaging the coasts of Cuba and the mainland, Morgan determined on an expedition to [[Panama]].
 He recaptured the island of [[Santa Catalina Island, Colombia|Santa Catalina]] on December 15, 1670, and on December 27, he gained possession of the castle of Chagres, killing three hundred of the garrison. Then with one thousand four hundred men he ascended the [[Chagres River]], some of the worst swampland in the area. When his force finally appeared outside of Panama they were very weakened and tired.
 == Burning of Panama and loss of English support ==
+On January 18, 1671, Morgan discovered that [[Panama]] had roughly fifteen hundred infantry and cavalry. He split his forces in two, using one to march through the forest and flank the enemy. The Spaniards were untrained and rushed Morgan's line, where he cut them down with gunfire, only to have his flankers emerge and finish off the rest of the Spanish soldiers. After looting and taking booty that exceeded a hundred thousand pounds, Morgan had his men burn the city and massacre all its inhabitants, an action considered, to this date, the most barbarous atrocity ever perpetrated by a British pirate against Spanish colonies in America.
-On January 18, 1671, Morgan discovered that [[Panama]] had roughly fifteen hundred infantry and cavalry. He split his forces in two, using one to march through the forest and flank the enemy. The Spaniards were untrained and rushed Morgan's line where he cut them down with gunfire, only to have his flankers emerge and finish off the rest of the Spanish soldiers.  After looting and taking booty that exceeded a hundred thousand pounds, Morgan had his men burn the city and massacre all its inhabitants, an action considered, to this date, the most barbarous atrocity ever perpretated by a British pirate against Spanish colonies in America.
+However, because the sack of Panama violated a peace treaty between [[England]] and [[Spain]], Morgan was arrested and remanded to England in 1672. He was able to prove he had no knowledge of the treaty, and in 1674, Morgan was knighted before returning to [[Jamaica]] the following year to take up the post of Lieutenant Governor.
-However, because the sack of Panama violated a peace treaty between [[England]] and [[Spain]], Morgan was arrested and conducted to England in 1672. He was able to prove he had no knowledge of the treaty, and in 1674 Morgan was knighted before returning to [[Jamaica]] the following year to take up the post of Lieutenant Governor.
+By 1681, then acting governor Morgan had fallen out of favor with the British king, who was intent on weakening the semi-autonomous Jamaican Council, and was replaced by long-time political rival [[Thomas Lynch (governor)|Thomas Lynch]].
-By 1681, then acting governor Morgan had fallen out of favor with the British king, who was intent on weakening the semi-autonomous Jamaican Council, and was replaced by long-time political rival [[Thomas Lynch (governor)|Thomas Lynch]]. He gained considerable weight and a reputation for rowdy drunkenness.
+== Later life and legacy ==
+In 1683, Morgan was suspended from the Jamaican Council by the machinations of Governor Lynch. Also during this time, an account of Morgan's disreputable exploits was published by [[Alexandre Exquemelin]], who once had been his confidante, probably as a barber-surgeon, in a Dutch volume entitled ''De Americaensche Zee-Roovers'' ''(History of the Bouccaneers of America)''.  Morgan took steps to discredit the book and successfully brought a [[libel]] suit against the book's publisher, securing a retraction and damages of two hundred English pounds (Campbell, 2003). The book nonetheless contributed much to Morgan's ill-reputed fame as a bloodthirsty pirate.
-== Retirement ==
+When Thomas Lynch died in 1684, his friend [[Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle|Christopher Monck]] was appointed to the governorship and arranged the dismissal of Morgan's suspension from the Jamaican Council in 1688. Morgan's health had steadily declined since 1681. He was diagnosed with "[[dropsy|dropsie]]," but may have contracted [[tuberculosis]] in [[London]], and died August 25, 1688.  It is also possible that he may have had liver failure due to his heavy drinking.  He is buried in [[Palisadoes]] cemetery.
-In 1683, Morgan was suspended from the Jamaican Council by the machinations of Governor Lynch. Also during this time, an account of Morgan's disreputable exploits was published by [[Alexandre Exquemelin]], who once had been his confidante, probably as a barber-surgeon, in a Dutch volume entitled ''De Americaensche Zee-Roovers'' ''(History of the Bouccaneers of America)''.  Morgan took steps to discredit the book and successfully brought a [[libel]] suit against the book's publisher, securing a retraction and damages of two hundred English pounds (Campbell, 2003). The book nonetheless contributed much to Morgan's ill-reputed fame as a bloodthirsty pirate over time.
+Morgan had lived in an opportune time for pirates. He was successfully able to use the conflicts between England and her enemies both to support England and to enrich himself and his crews. With his death, the pirates that would follow would also use this same ploy, but with less successful results. He also was one of the few pirates who was able to ''retire'' from his piracy, having had great success, and with little legal retribution.
-When Thomas Lynch died in 1684, his friend [[Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle|Christopher Monck]] was appointed to the governorship and arranged the dismissal of Morgan's suspension from the Jamaican Council in 1688. Morgan's health had steadily declined since 1681. He was diagnosed with "[[dropsy|dropsie]]," but may have contracted [[tuberculosis]] in [[London]], and died August 25, 1688.  It is also possible that he may have had liver failure due to his heavy drinking.  He is buried in [[Palisadoes]] cemetery.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
+==Notes==
+<references/>
-Morgan had lived in an opportune time for pirates. He was successfully able to use the conflicts between England and her enemies both to support England and to enrich himself and his crews.  With his death, the pirates that would follow would also use this same ploy, but with less successful results. He also was one of the few pirates who was able to ''retire'' from his piracy, having had great success, and with little legal retribution.
+==References==
+* Allen, Hubert Raymond. ''Buccaneer Admiral Sir Henry Morgan''. London: Barker 1976. ISBN 9780213165697
+* Pope, Dudley. ''The Buccaneer King: The Biography of Sir Henry Morgan, 1635-1688. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1978. ISBN 9780396075660
+* Steinbeck, John. ''Cup of Gold: A Life of Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer, with Occasional Reference to History.'' New York: Penguin Books, 1995. ISBN 9780140187434
-==Appearances in popular culture==
+==External links==
-===Film===
+All links retrieved December 18, 2017.
-*The 1935 film ''[[Captain Blood (1935 film)|Captain Blood]]'', starring [[Errol Flynn]], based on Sabatini's novel (see below), is loosely based on Morgan's life.  This film was Flynn's star-making role.
-* The 1942 film, ''[[The Black Swan (film)|The Black Swan]]'', based on the novel of the same name by [[Rafael Sabatini]], contains a fictionalized account of Henry Morgan after becoming the governor of Jamaica. Morgan is portrayed by [[Laird Cregar]] in the film.
-* The pirate code from the movie trilogy ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' was said to be created by the pirates Morgan and Bartholomew. "Morgan" clearly refers to Henry Morgan.  However, Morgan's actual articles as reported by Exquemelin bear not the slightest resemblance to this code. Furthermore, Barthlomew Roberts (the only person to whom 'Bartholomew' could refer to) was only born 6 years before Morgan died.
-* In 2006, [[The History Channel]] premiered the documentary ''True Caribbean Pirates'', which retells the known facts of Henry Morgan's life and death through re-enactments. The Morgan segment takes place in the first half hour of this two hour special that highlights the true exploits of the most famous pirates from the golden age of piracy.  Morgan is portrayed by Lance J. Holt.
-===Literature===
+*[http://www.piratesinfo.com/cpi_The_King_of_All_Pirates_915.asp The King of All Pirates]
-*[[John Steinbeck]]'s first novel, ''[[Cup of Gold]]'', written in 1926, is about Henry Morgan's life.  It is a historical fiction with Henry Morgan as the main character.
+*[http://www.global-travel.co.uk/morgan.htm Sir Henry Morgan]
-*In the third episode of Book 1 of [[Nicholas Monsarrat]]'s ''The Master Mariner'' anti-hero Matthew Lawe sails with Morgan as Mate.
-* ''[[Captain Blood]]'', a novel about piracy by [[Rafael Sabatini]], features a character, Peter Blood, whose adventures are reportedly based on the piratical exploits of Henry Morgan.  Blood's attack on Maracaibo duplicates Morgan's in all essentials.
-*In the [[manga]]/[[anime]] ''[[One Piece]]'', there is a villain called [[Axe-Hand Morgan]], that [[Eiichiro Oda]] admitted was based on a real-life pirate. Although Axe-Hand Morgan was never a pirate and was originally a Captain from the Navy, now that he is an outlaw he may become a pirate.
-*[[Josephine Tey]]'s 1952 novel ''The Privateer'' dramatizes Morgan's life.
-*[[Ian Fleming]]'s 1954 novel ''Live and Let Die'' centres round events which follow from  the discovery of treasure hidden by Morgan.
-*[[Kage Baker]]'s short novel "The Maid on the Shore," published in the short story collection ''[[Dark Mondays]]'', features Henry Morgan during his expedition to Panama.
-*[[Berton Braley]]'s 1934 poem:
-''This is the ballad of Henry Morgan /
-''Who troubled the sleep of the King of Spain /
-''With a frowsy, blowsy, lousy pack /
-''Of the water rats of the Spanish Main, /
-''Rakes and rogues and mad rapscallions /
-''Broken gentlemen, tattermedallions /
-''Scum and scourge of the hemisphere, /
-''Who looted the loot of the stately galleons, /
-''Led by Morgan, the Buccaneer.''
-*[[Albert Marrin]]'s explanatory history for children ''Terror of the Spanish Main'' 1999. ISBN 0-525-45942-1
-*[[Stephan Talty]]'s ''[[Empire of Blue Water]]'', written in 2007 is a biography and history of Morgan and the conflict between the [[buccaneer]]s and the [[Spanish Empire]].
-===Music===
-*[[Bob Marley]] and the Wailers have included Morgan in the song "You Can't Blame The Youth."  Peter Tosh states, "You teach the kids about the pirate Morgan, and you say he was a very good man."
-* Jimmy Cliff mentioned "Henry Morgan" in his song "Oh, Jamaica."
-*[[Amadan]], an Oregon-based Irish music band told of the night of Sir Henry Morgan's death in a song titled "August 24th, 1688" on their album "Hell-Bent 4 Victory."
-*Celtic rock band [[Tempest (band)|Tempest]] immortalized Henry Morgan in their song "Captain Morgan" which is featured on their albums ''Bootleg'' and ''The 10th Anniversary Compilation''.
-* The song 'El Capitan' on [[OPM (band)|OPM]]'s album [[Menace to Sobriety (OPM album)|Menace to Sobriety]] mentions Captain Morgan
-* The album ''[[Good 'N' Cheap]]'' by [[Eggs Over Easy]] featured a song titled "Henry Morgan" written and performed by Brien Bohn Hopkins and inspired by the Novel [[Cup of Gold]] by [[John Steinbeck]].
-===Other products===
-[[Image:Captain morgan.gif|thumb|right|''Captain Morgan'', as pictured on the product packaging of [[Captain Morgan]]'s [[Rum]].]]
-*Sir Henry is immortalised now by [[Captain Morgan]]'s Spiced [[Rum]], though it is produced in both [[Puerto Rico]] and Jamaica, and he is also preserved as a World Stars action figure.
-* In the video game ''[[Sid Meier's Pirates!]]'', Henry Morgan is the most notorious pirate with whom the player competes.
-* ''[http://www.channelcraft.com/morgans.htm Morgan's Revenge]'' is the name of a popular game of chance manufactured in the USA by Channel Craft based on Sir Henry Morgan's travels and exploits.
-* The Hotel Henry Morgan, located in [[Roatan]], the largest of [[Honduras]]' [[Bay Islands]], bears the name of the notorious pirate.
-* In ''[[Legends of the Hidden Temple]]'', one of the artifacts was the Golden Earring of Henry Morgan.
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-*{{1911}}
-* Campbell, Russ. "Sir Henry Morgan." 2003. [http://www.it4biz.com/omnibus/PortOfCall/sirharry.htm]
-==External links==
-*[http://www.bc-alter.net/dfriesen/pirate.htm Pirate Treasure on Roatan Island]
-*[http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0038.htm Dr Rebecca Tortello, "Henry Morgan, the pirate king"]
-*[http://www.piratesinfo.com/biography/biography.php?article_id=35 Henry Morgan entry at Piratesinfo.com]
-*[http://www.global-travel.co.uk/morgan.htm Henry Morgan entry at www.global-travel.co.uk]
-*[http://www.data-wales.co.uk/morgan.htm Henry Morgan entry at www.data-wales.co.uk]
 [[Category:Biography]]
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Sir Henry Morgan
c. 1635 - August 25, 1688
Sir Henry Morgan, in a popular woodcut, 18th century
Type:	Privateer
Place of birth:	Llanrhymny, Glamorgan
Place of death:	Lawrencefield, Jamaica ?
Allegiance:	England
Years of service:	1663 - 1674
Later work:	Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica