Wells, H. G.

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| image      = H G Wells pre 1922.jpg
 
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| birth_date  = [[September 21]], [[1866]]
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| birth_date  = September 21, 1866  
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| birth_place = [[Bromley]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
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| birth_place = Bromley, Kent, [[England]]
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| death_date  = [[August 13]], [[1946]]
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| death_date  = August 13, 1946
 
| death_place = [[London]], England
 
| death_place = [[London]], England
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| occupation  = Novelist, Teacher, Historian,<br>Journalist
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| occupation  = Novelist, Historian, Journalist
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| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
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| nationality = English
 
| genre      = [[Science Fiction]]
 
| genre      = [[Science Fiction]]
 
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| influences  = Politics, [[Darwinism|Darwinian Theory]],<br>History
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| website    =  
 
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'''Herbert George Wells''' ([[September 21]], [[1866]] &ndash; [[August 13]], [[1946]]), better known as '''H. G. Wells''', was an [[England|English]] [[writer]] best known for such [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s as ''[[The Time Machine]]'', ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'', ''[[The Invisible Man]]'' and ''[[The Island of Dr Moreau|The Island of Doctor Moreau]]''. He was a prolific writer of both fiction and non-fiction, and produced works in many different genres, including contemporary novels, history, and social commentary. He was also an outspoken [[socialism|socialist]]. His later works become increasingly political and didactic, and only his early science fiction novels are widely read today. Wells, along with [[Hugo Gernsback]] and [[Jules Verne]], is sometimes referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction".<ref>[[Adam Charles Roberts]](2000), [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415192056&id=IRw_MIPjnXwC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&ots=WBbd3Gvw1g&dq=father+of+science+fiction+H.+G.+Wells&sig=vOAavBXpeRWlJh11l2OCXlb2wvk "The History of Science Fiction": Page 48] in ''Science Fiction'', Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19204-8. Others who are popularly called the "Father of Science Fiction" include [[Hugo Gernsback]] and [[Jules Verne]], see the [[list of people known as father or mother of something]].</ref>
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'''Herbert George Wells''' (September 21, 1866 &ndash; August 13, 1946), better known as '''H. G. Wells''', was an [[England|English]] author of [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s such as ''The Time Machine,'' ''The War of the Worlds,'' ''The Invisible Man,'' and ''The Island of Doctor Moreau.'' H.G. Wells is often considered to be remarkable for his ability to accurately forecast a number of technological and scientific developments, including the invention of the [[atomic bomb]]. Wells was a master prose stylist, and his novels are well-regarded not only because they provide insights into science and society, but also because they are easy and entertaining to read.
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Wells was a prolific writer of both fiction and non-fiction, producing works in many different genres, including contemporary novels, history, and social commentary. He was also an outspoken [[socialism|socialist]]. His later works become increasingly political and didactic, and only his early science fiction novels are widely read today. Wells, along with [[Hugo Gernsback]] and [[Jules Verne]], is sometimes referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction," as it is almost impossible to imagine science fiction without Wells' contributions.
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==Biography==
 
==Biography==
 
===Early life===
 
===Early life===
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Herbert George Wells, the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells (a former domestic gardener, and at the time shopkeeper and [[cricket]]er) and his wife Sarah Neal (a former domestic servant), was born at Atlas House, 47 High Street, [[Bromley]], in the [[Historic counties of England|county]] of [[Kent]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Parrinder |first=Patrick |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth=|url= |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |date= |year=2004 |month= |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> The family was of the impoverished lower-middle-[[Social class|class]]. An inheritance had allowed them to purchase a china shop, though they quickly realized it would never be a prosperous concern: the stock was old and worn out, and the location was poor. They managed to earn a meagre income, but little of it came from the shop. Joseph sold cricket bats and balls and other equipment at the matches he played at, and received an unsteady amount of money from the matches, since at that time there were no professional cricketers, and payment for skilled bowlers and batters came from voluntary donations afterwards, or from small payments from the clubs where matches were played.  
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Herbert George Wells, was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells and his wife, Sarah Neal. The family was of the impoverished lower-middle-class. An inheritance had allowed them to purchase a china shop, but the shop never provided much income. To make ends meet, Joseph sold cricket bats and balls and other equipment at matches in which he played, but this was an unsteady amount of money, since at that time there were no professional cricketers, and payment for skilled bowlers and batters came from voluntary donations after the match, or from small payments from the clubs where matches were played.  
  
 
A defining incident of young Wells's life is said to be an accident he had in 1874, when he was seven years old, which left him bedridden with a broken leg. To pass the time he started reading, and soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access; they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morley's Commercial Academy, a private school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morley's earlier school. The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, on producing [[copperplate|copperplate handwriting]] and doing the sort of sums useful to tradesmen. Wells continued at Morley's Academy until 1880. In 1877 another accident had affected his life, when his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh. The accident effectively put an end to Joseph's career as a cricketer, and his earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss.
 
A defining incident of young Wells's life is said to be an accident he had in 1874, when he was seven years old, which left him bedridden with a broken leg. To pass the time he started reading, and soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access; they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morley's Commercial Academy, a private school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morley's earlier school. The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, on producing [[copperplate|copperplate handwriting]] and doing the sort of sums useful to tradesmen. Wells continued at Morley's Academy until 1880. In 1877 another accident had affected his life, when his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh. The accident effectively put an end to Joseph's career as a cricketer, and his earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss.
  
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No longer able to support themselves financially, the family instead sought to place their boys as [[apprentice]]s to various professions. From 1881 to 1883 Wells had an unhappy apprenticeship as a [[draper]] at the [[Southsea]] Drapery Emporium. His experiences were later used as inspiration for his novels ''[[The Wheels of Chance]]'' and ''[[Kipps]]'', which describe the life of a draper's apprentice as well as being a critique of the world's distribution of wealth.
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No longer able to support themselves financially, the family instead sought to place their boys as apprentices to various professions. From 1881 to 1883 Wells had an unhappy apprenticeship as a draper at the Southsea Drapery Emporium. His experiences were later used as inspiration for his novels ''The Wheels of Chance'' and ''Kipps,'' which describe the life of a draper's apprentice and serve as a critique of the world's distribution of wealth.
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Wells's mother and father had never got along with one another particularly well (she was a [[Protestant]], he a [[free thinker]]), and when she went back to work as a ladies maid (at [[Uppark]], a country house in [[Sussex]]) one of the conditions of work was that she would not have space for husband or children; thereafter, she and Joseph lived separate lives, though they never divorced and neither ever developed any other liaison. Wells not only failed at being a draper, he also failed as a chemist's assistant and had bad experiences as a teaching assistant, and each time he would arrive at Uppark - "the bad shilling back again!" as he said - and stay there until a fresh start could be arranged for him. Fortunately for Wells, Uppark had a magnificent library in which he immersed himself.
 
  
 
===Teacher===
 
===Teacher===
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[[Image:H G Wells - Sandgate - Project Gutenberg eText 13715.png|thumbnail|right|H. G. Wells in 1908 at the door of his house at Sandgate]]
 
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In 1883, Wells's employer dismissed him, claiming to be dissatisfied with him. The young man was reportedly not displeased with this ending to his apprenticeship. Later that year, he became an assistant teacher at [[Midhurst|Midhurst Grammar School]], in [[West Sussex]], until he won a scholarship to the [[Normal School of Science]] (later the [[Royal College of Science]], now part of [[Imperial College]], [[London]]) in London, studying [[biology]] under [[T. H. Huxley]]. As an alumnus, he later helped to set up the [[Royal College of Science Association]], of which he became the first president in 1909. Wells studied in his new school until 1887 with an allowance of twenty-one shillings a week thanks to his scholarship.
 
  
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He soon entered the Debating Society of the school. These years mark the beginning of his interest in a possible reformation of society. At first approaching the subject through studying ''[[Republic|The Republic]]'' by [[Plato]], he soon turned to contemporary ideas of [[socialism]] as expressed by the recently formed [[Fabian Society]] and free lectures delivered at [[Kelmscott House]], the home of [[William Morris]]. He was also among the founders of ''The Science School Journal'', a school magazine which allowed him to express his views on literature and society. The school year 1886-1887 was the last year of his studies. Having previously successfully passed his exams in both [[biology]] and [[physics]], his lack of interest in [[geology]] resulted in his failure to pass and the loss of his scholarship.
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In 1883, Wells's employer dismissed him, claiming to be dissatisfied with him. The young man was reportedly not displeased with this ending to his apprenticeship. Later that year, he became an assistant teacher at Midhurst Grammar School, in West Sussex, until he won a scholarship to the Normal School of Science in London, studying biology under [[T. H. Huxley]]. As an alumnus, he later helped to set up the Royal College of Science Association, of which he became the first president in 1909. Wells studied in his new school until 1887 with an allowance of 21 shillings a week thanks to his scholarship.
  
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Wells was left without a source of income. His aunt Mary, a cousin of his father, invited him to stay with her for a while, so at least he did not face the problem of housing. During his stay with his aunt, he grew interested in her daughter, Isabel.
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He soon entered the Debating Society of the school. These years mark the beginning of his interest in a possible reformation of society. At first approaching the subject through studying ''The Republic'' by [[Plato]], he soon turned to contemporary ideas of [[socialism]] as expressed by the recently-formed [[Fabian Society]] dedicated to socialism, and free lectures delivered at Kelmscott House, the home of [[William Morris]]. He was also among the founders of ''The Science School Journal,'' a school magazine that allowed him to express his views on literature and society. The school year 1886-1887 was the last year of his studies. Having previously successfully passed his exams in both [[biology]] and [[physics]], his lack of interest in [[geology]] resulted in his failure to pass and the loss of his scholarship.
  
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===Marriage and liaisons===
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In 1891 Wells married his cousin Isabel Mary Wells, who divorced him when she discovered the nature of his affair with one of his students, Amy Catherine Robbins, whom he married in 1895. He had two sons by Amy: George Philip in 1901 and Frank Richard in 1903.
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In 1891 Wells [[Cousin couple|married his cousin]] Isabel Mary Wells, but left her in 1894 for one of his students, Amy Catherine Robbins, whom he married in 1895. He had two sons by Amy: [[G. P. Wells|George Philip]] (known as 'Gip') in 1901 and Frank Richard in 1903.<ref name="ThinkQuest">[http://library.thinkquest.org/27864/data/wells/hgwbio.html ThinkQuest Library]. ''H.G. Wells Biography''.</ref>
 
  
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During his marriage to Amy, Wells had [[affair|liaisons]] with a number of women, including the [[United States|American]] [[birth control]] activist [[Margaret Sanger]].<ref>[http://www.news.uiuc.edu/news/01/1220wellsbook.html University of Illinois News Bureau, December 2001]. ''New biography on H.G. Wells focuses on late-life loves''.</ref> In 1909 he had a daughter, Anna-Jane, with the writer [[Amber Reeves]] <ref name="ThinkQuest" />, whose parents [[William Pember Reeves|William]] and [[Maud Pember Reeves]] he had met through the [[Fabian Society]], and in 1914, a son, [[Anthony West]], by the novelist and [[feminist]] [[Rebecca West]], twenty-six years his junior.<ref>[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hgwells.htm Pegasos - A Literature Related Resource Site]. ''H(erbert) G(eorge) Wells (1866-1946)''.</ref> In spite of Amy Catherine's knowledge of some of these affairs, she remained married to Wells until her death in 1927.<ref name="ThinkQuest" /> Wells also had liaisons with Odette Keun and [[Moura Budberg]].
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===Wells the writer===
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Wells' first bestseller was ''Anticipations'' (1901). When originally serialized in a magazine it was subtitled, "An Experiment in Prophecy," and it is still considered his most explicitly [[futuristic]] work. Anticipating what the world would be like in the year 2000, the book is interesting both for its accurate predictions &mdash; trains and cars resulting in the dispersion of population; moral restrictions declining as men and women seek greater sexual liberation; the defeat of [[Germany|German]] militarism, and the existence of a [[European Union]] &mdash; as well as for its less-than-accurate musings.
  
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"I was never a great amorist," Wells wrote in ''[[Experiment in Autobiography]]'' (1934), "though I have loved several people very deeply."
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Wells called his early novels, "scientific romances," inventing a number of themes now classic in [[science fiction]] in such works as ''The Time Machine,'' ''The Invisible Man,'' and ''The War of the Worlds.'' He also wrote other, non-fantastic novels which have received critical acclaim, including the satire on Edwardian advertising ''Tono-Bungay'' and ''Kipps.''
  
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===Artist===
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Though ''Tono-Bungay'' was not a science-fiction novel, radioactive decay plays a small but consequential role in it. Radioactive decay plays a much larger role in ''The World Set Free'' (1914). This book contains what is surely Wells' most striking prophecy of the future of science: Scientists of the Wells' day were well aware that the natural decay of radium releases energy at a slow rate over thousands of years. Although the rate of release is too slow to have practical utility, the total amount of energy released by the decay of radium is huge. ''The World Set Free'' revolves around an unspecified invention that accelerates the process of radioactive decay, producing bombs that explode with no more than the force of ordinary high explosive&mdash; but which "continue to explode" for days on end. "Nothing could have been more obvious to the people of the earlier twentieth century," he wrote, "than the rapidity with which war was becoming impossible… [but] they did not see it until the atomic bombs burst in their fumbling hands." [[Leó Szilárd]] acknowledged that the book inspired him to theorize the nuclear chain reaction &mdash; leading directly to the invention of the [[atomic bomb]].
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As one method of self-expression, Wells tended to sketch. One common location for these sketches was the endpapers and title pages of his own books, and they covered a wide variety of topics, from political commentary to his feelings toward his literary contemporaries and his current romantic interests. During his marriage to Amy Catherine, whom he nicknamed Jane, he sketched a considerable number of pictures, many of them being overt comments on their marriage. It was during this period, and this period only, that he called his sketches "picshuas." These picshuas have been the topic of study by Wells scholars for many years, and recently a book was published on the subject.<ref>Rinkel, Gene and Margaret.  ''The Picshuas of H.G. Wells : A burlesque diary''.  Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 2006.  ISBN 0-252-03045-1 (cloth : acid-free paper).</ref>
 
  
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===Game designer===
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Wells also wrote nonfiction. His bestselling two-volume work, ''The Outline of History'' (1920), began a new era of popularized world history. It received a mixed critical response from professional historians, but was praised by [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] as the best introductory history available.<ref>Geoffrey Doyle[http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~tdoyle/hgwells/outline_hist.shtml] Review of ''Outline of History.'' ''Clemson College''.Retrieved March 16, 2008. </ref> Many other authors followed with 'Outlines' of their own in other subjects. Wells reprised his ''Outline'' in 1922 with a much shorter popular work, ''A Short History of the World''<ref>Contents of ''A Short History of the World'' [http://www.bartleby.com/86/].''www.bartleby''. Retrieved March 16, 2008. </ref>, and two long efforts, ''The Science of Life'' (1930) and ''The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind'' (1931).
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Seeking a more structured way to play war games, Wells wrote ''[[Floor Games]]'' (1911) followed by ''[[Little Wars]]'' (1913). ''Little Wars'' is recognised today as the first [[Miniature wargaming|recreational wargame]] and Wells is regarded by gamers and hobbyists as "the Father of Miniature War gaming."<ref>[http://theminiaturespage.com/ref/minigide.html The Miniatures Page]. ''The World of Miniatures - An Overview''.</ref>
 
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===Writer===
 
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Wells' first [[bestseller]] was ''Anticipations'' (1901).<ref>[http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/Wells/ World Transhumanist Association]. ''Herbert George Wells''.</ref> When originally serialised in a magazine it was subtitled, "An Experiment in Prophecy", and is considered his most explicitly [[futuristic]] work. Anticipating what the world would be like in the year 2000, the book is interesting both for its hits (trains and cars resulting in the dispersion of population from cities to suburbs; moral restrictions declining as men and women seek greater sexual freedom; the defeat of [[Germany|German]] [[militarism]], and the existence of a [[European Union]]) and its misses (he did not expect successful [[aircraft]] before 1950, and averred that "my imagination refuses to see any sort of submarine doing anything but suffocate its crew and founder at sea").
 
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[[Image:Statue of Tripod.JPG|right|thumb|150px|Statue of a [[The War of the Worlds]] [[Tripod (The War of the Worlds)|tripod]], erected as a tribute to H. G. Wells in [[Woking]] town centre, [[UK]].]]
 
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His early novels, called "[[scientific romance]]s", invented a number of themes now classic in [[science fiction]] in such works as ''[[The Time Machine]]'', ''[[The Invisible Man]]'', and ''[[The War of the Worlds (novel)|The War of the Worlds]]'' (which have all been made into films). He also wrote other, non-fantastic novels which have received critical acclaim, including the satire on Edwardian advertising ''[[Tono-Bungay]]'' and ''[[Kipps]]''.
 
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Wells also wrote several dozen short stories and novellas, the best known of which is "[[The Country of the Blind]]" (1911). Besides being an important occurrence of blindness in literature, this is Wells's commentary on humanity's ability to overcome any inconvenience after a few generations and think that it is normal.
 
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Though ''[[Tono-Bungay]]'' was not a science-fiction novel, [[radioactive decay]] plays a small but consequential role in it. Radioactive decay plays a much larger role in ''[[The World Set Free]]'' (1914). This book contains what is surely his biggest prophetic "hit." Scientists of the day were well aware that the natural decay of [[radium]] releases energy at a slow rate over thousands of years. The ''rate'' of release is too slow to have practical utility, but the ''total amount'' released is huge. Wells' novel revolves around an (unspecified) invention that accelerates the process of radioactive decay, producing bombs that explode with no more than the force of ordinary high explosive&mdash; but which "continue to explode" for days on end. "Nothing could have been more obvious to the people of the earlier twentieth century," he wrote, "than the rapidity with which war was becoming impossible... [but] they did not see it until the atomic bombs burst in their fumbling hands." [[Leó Szilárd]] acknowledged that the book inspired him to theorise the [[nuclear chain reaction]].
 
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Wells also wrote nonfiction. His bestselling two-volume work, ''[[The Outline of History]]'' (1920), began a new era of popularized world history. It received a mixed critical response from professional historians, but was praised by [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] as the best introductory history available.[http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~tdoyle/hgwells/outline_hist.shtml] Many other authors followed with 'Outlines' of their own in other subjects. Wells reprised his ''Outline'' in 1922 with a much shorter popular work, ''[[A Short History of the World]]''[http://www.bartleby.com/86/], and two long efforts, ''[[The Science of Life]]'' (1930) and ''[[The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind]]'' (1931). The 'Outlines' became sufficiently common for [[James Thurber]] to parody the trend in his humorous essay, "An Outline of Scientists" — indeed, Wells' ''Outline of History'' remains in print with a new 2005 edition, while ''A Short History of the World'' has been recently reedited (2006).
 
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From quite early in his career, he sought a better way to organize society, and wrote a number of [[Utopia|Utopian]] novels. Usually starting with the world rushing to catastrophe, until people realise a better way of living: whether by mysterious gases from a [[comet]] causing people to behave rationally (''[[In the Days of the Comet]]''), or a world council of scientists taking over, as in ''[[The Shape of Things to Come]]'' (1933, which he later adapted for the 1936 [[Alexander Korda]] film, ''[[Things to Come]]''). This depicted, all too accurately, the impending [[World War II|World War]], with cities being destroyed by aerial bombs. He also portrayed social reconstruction through the rise of [[fascism|fascist]] dictators in ''[[The Autocracy of Mr Parham]]'' (1930) and ''[[The Holy Terror]]'' (1939).
 
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[[Image:Herbert George Wells in 1943.jpg|right|thumb|150px|H. G. Wells in [[1943]]]]
 
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Wells contemplates the ideas of [[nature vs. nurture]] and questions humanity in books like ''[[The Island of Dr. Moreau|The Island of Doctor Moreau]].'' Not all his scientific romances ended in a happy Utopia, as the [[Dystopia|dystopian]] ''[[The Sleeper Awakes|When the Sleeper Wakes]]'' (1899, rewritten as ''[[The Sleeper Awakes]]'', 1910) shows. ''The Island of Doctor Moreau'' is even darker. The narrator, having been trapped on an island of animals vivisected (unsuccessfully) into human beings, eventually returns to England; like [[Gullivers Travels|Gulliver]] on his return from the [[Houyhnhnm]]s, he finds himself unable to shake off the perceptions of his fellow humans as barely civilised beasts, slowly reverting back to their animal natures.
 
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Wells also wrote the preface for the first edition of [[W. N. P. Barbellion]]'s diaries, ''The Journal of a Disappointed Man'', published in 1919. Since "Barbellion" was the real author's [[pen-name]], many reviewers believed Wells to have been the true author of the ''Journal''; Wells always denied this, despite being full of praise for the diaries, but the rumours persisted until Barbellion's death later that year.
 
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In 1927, [[Florence Deeks]] sued Wells for [[plagiarism]], claiming that he had stolen much of the content of ''[[The Outline of History]]'' from a work, ''The Web'', she had submitted to the Canadian Macmillan Company, but who held onto the manuscript for eight months before rejecting it. Despite numerous similarities in phrasing and factual errors, the court found Wells not guilty.
 
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In 1938, he published a collection of essays on the future organisation of knowledge and education, ''[[World Brain]]'', including the essay, "The Idea of a Permanent World Encyclopaedia."
 
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Near the end of the Second World War, Allied forces discovered that the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] had compiled lists of intellectuals and politicians slated for immediate liquidation upon the invasion of England in the abandoned [[Operation Sea Lion]]. The name "H.G. Wells" appeared high on the list for the "crime" of being a [[socialist]]. Wells, as president of the International [[International PEN|PEN]] (Poets, Essayists, Novelists), had already angered the [[Nazism|Nazis]] by overseeing the expulsion of the German PEN club from the international body in 1934 following the German PEN's refusal to admit non-[[Aryan]] writers to its membership.
 
  
 
=== Political efforts ===
 
=== Political efforts ===
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Wells called his political views [[socialism|socialist]], but he occasionally found himself at odds with other socialists. He was for a time a member of the [[Fabian Society]], but broke with them as he intended them to be an organization far more radical than they wanted. He later grew staunchly critical of them as having a poor understanding of economics and educational reform. He also ran as a Labour Party candidate for [[London University]] in 1922 and 1923, but even at that point his faith in that party was weak or uncertain.
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Wells called his political views [[socialism|socialist]], but he occasionally found himself at odds with other socialists. He was for a time a member of the left-of-center [[Fabian Society]] associated with the Labour Party, but who "broke with the Fabians in 1909 on the issue of mass agitation (or rather lack of it)."<ref> ''The History of Economic Thought''.</ref>He broke with them because they were not sufficiently radical enough for his tastes. He became a staunch critic of their grasp of economics and educational reform. He also ran as a [[Labour Party]] candidate for London University in 1922 and 1923, but even at that point his faith in that party was flagging.
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His most consistent political ideal was the [[World Government|World State]]. He stated in his autobiography that from 1900 onward he considered a world-state inevitable. The details of this state varied but in general it would be a planned society that would advance science, end nationalism, and allow people to advance solely by merit rather than birth. He also was consistent that it must not be a democracy. He stated that in the same period he came to realize a world-state was inevitable he realized that parliamentary democracy as then practiced was insufficient. Wells remained fairly consistent in rejection of a world-state being a parliamentary democracy and therefore during his work on the [[United Nations Charter]] he opposed any mention of democracy. He feared that the average citizen could never be educated or aware enough to decide the major issues of the world. Therefore he favored the vote be limited to scientists, organizers, engineers, and others of merit. At the same time he strongly believed citizens should have as much freedom as they could without consequently restricting the freedom of others. These values came under increasing criticism from the 1920s and afterwards.<ref>''An Experiment in Autobiography'' 556. Also chapter four of ''Future as Nightmare: H. G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians'' by Mark Robert Hillegas.</ref>
 
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That said, he remained confident of the inevitability of a planned world state well into the 1930s. [[Lenin]]'s attempts at reconstructing the shattered [[Russia]]n economy, as his account of a visit (''[[Russia in the Shadows]]''; 1920) shows, also related towards that. This is because at first he believed Lenin might lead to the kind of planned world he envisioned. This despite the fact that he was a strongly anti-Marxist socialist who would later state that it would've been better if [[Karl Marx]] was never born. The leadership of [[Joseph Stalin]] led to a change in his view of the Soviet Union even though his initial impression of Stalin himself was mixed. He disliked what he saw as a narrow orthodoxy and obdurance to the facts in Stalin. However he did give him some praise saying, "I have never met a man more fair, candid, and honest" and making it clear that he felt the "sinister" image of Stalin was unfair or simply false. Nevertheless he judged Stalin's rule to be far too rigid, restrictive of independent thought, and blinkered to lead toward the Cosmopolis he hoped for.<ref>''An Experiment in Autobiography'' p. 215, 687-689</ref>
 
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In the end his contemporary political impact was limited. His efforts to help form the [[League of Nations]] became a disappointment as the organization turned out to be a weak one unable to prevent [[World War II]]. The war itself increased the pessimistic side of his nature. In his last book ''[[Mind at the End of its Tether]]'' (1945) he considered the idea that humanity being replaced by another species might not be a bad idea. He also came to call the era "The age of frustration." He spent his final years venting this frustration at various targets  which included a neighbour who erected a large sign to a servicemen's club. As he devoted his final decades toward causes which were largely rejected by contemporaries, this caused his literary reputation to decline. One critic complained: "He sold his birthright for a pot of message"<ref>[[Encyclopedia Americana]] vol. 28 p. 616 and ''The Scientific Romance in Britain: 1890-1950'' by [[Brian Stableford]]. Also The "pot of message" remark comes from a [[1948]] [[Theodore Sturgeon]] short story entitled ''Unite and Conquer'', a character in the story was quoting a "Dr. Pierce".</ref>
 
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Wells, like many in his time, believed in the theory of [[eugenics]]. In 1904 he discussed a survey paper by [[Francis Galton]], co-founder of eugenics, saying "I believe .. It is in the sterilization of failure, and not in the selection of successes for breeding, that the possibility of an improvement of the human stock lies." Some contemporary supporters even suggested connections between the "degenerate" man-creatures portrayed in ''The Time Machine'' and Wells' eugenic beliefs. For example, this is what [[Irving Fisher]], the economist, said in his 1912 presidential address to the Eugenics Research Association: "The Nordic race will... vanish or lose its dominance if, in fact, the whole human race does not sink so low as to become the prey, as H. G. Wells images, of some less degenerate animal!" <ref>David M. Levy and Sandra J. Peart. [http://www.reason.com/news/show/32537.html "Eugenics Rides a Time Machine: H.G. Wells' outline of genocide"]. ''Reason Magazine''. March 26, 2002</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==Legacy==
 
−
In his lifetime and after his death, Wells was considered a prominent socialist thinker. In later years, however, Wells's image has shifted and he is now thought of simply as one of the pioneers of science fiction; [[Newt Gingrich]], former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] and staunch [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], praised Wells in his book ''To Renew America'', writing "Our generation is still seeking its [[Jules Verne]] or H.G. Wells to dazzle our imaginations with hope and optimism".<ref>Gingrich, Newt. ''To Renew America''. New York: [[HarperCollins]], 1995. p. 189.</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
  
−
==Appearances in other contexts==
+
His most consistent political ideal was the concept of the World State. He stated in his autobiography that from 1900 onward he considered a world-state inevitable. The details of this state varied but in general it would be a planned society that would advance science, end nationalism, and allow people to advance solely by merit rather than birth. While supporting a meritocracy, he viewed parliamentary democracy as an insufficient foundation for a world-state. Wells remained fairly consistent in his rejection of parliamentary democracy as a basis for a world-state, opposing any mention of democracy during his work on the [[United Nations Charter]]. He feared that the average citizen could never be educated or aware enough to decide the major issues of the world. Therefore he favored the vote be limited to scientists, organizers, engineers, and others of merit. At the same time he strongly believed citizens should have as much freedom as they could without consequently restricting the freedom of others. These values came under increasing criticism from the 1920s and afterwards.<ref>H.G. Wells. ''An Experiment in Autobiography.'' (Macmillan Co. 1934. ASIN: B000GP0SWE556.)</ref> <ref>Mark Robert Hillegas. ''Future as Nightmare: H. G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians.'' (Southern Illinois University Press. 1974. Chapter Four. ISBN 080930676X) </ref>
−
H. G. Wells has been portrayed in a number of novels and films, including:
 
−
*The novel ''[[The Time Ships]]'', by British author [[Stephen Baxter]], was designated by the Wells estate as an authorised sequel to ''[[The Time Machine]]'', marking the centenary of its publication, and features characters, situations and [[technobabble]] from several of Wells' stories, as well as a representation of Wells (unnamed, and referred to as 'my friend, the Author').
 
−
*In [[C. S. Lewis]]' novel ''[[That Hideous Strength]]'', the character Jules is a caricature of Wells, and much of Lewis' science fiction was written both under the influence of Wells and as an antithesis to his work. The devoutly Christian Lewis was especially incensed at Wells' ''[[The Shape of Things to Come]]'' where a future [[world government]] systematically persecutes and completely obliterates Christianity (and all other religions), which the book presents as a positive and vitally necessary act.
 
−
*Wells' photo appears on a stairway wall of time traveller Alex Hartdegen's NY brownstone, in a 2002 version of ''[[The Time Machine (2002 film)|The Time Machine]]'', directed by Wells' great-grandson [[Simon Wells]]. {The 1960 movie version has a plate on the Time Machine telling that it had been manufactured by "H.George Wells"!}
 
−
* Arthur Sammler, the main character of [[Saul Bellow]]'s ''[[Mr. Sammler's Planet]]'', knew Wells, and is urged by other characters to use that fact as the basis for writing a biography of Wells, a project about which [[Holocaust]] survivor and a self-made philosopher Sammler has decidedly mixed feelings.
 
−
*Wells appears as the protagonist in the 1979 film ''[[Time After Time (1979 film)|Time After Time]]'', and in the novel [[The Martian War]] by [[Kevin J. Anderson]] (as "Gabriel Mesta"). Both works use the conceit that Wells' works were based upon actual adventures he had.
 
−
*In an episode of [[Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman]], entitled ''Tempus Fugitive'', a time-traveling H.G. Wells ([[Terry Kiser]]) seeks out Superman's help to stop a criminal from the future whom Wells had accidentally unleashed on the present. The concept of Wells' time machine being stolen and used for evil closely resembles the plot of ''Time After Time''.  Both H.G. Wells and the criminal Tempus returned for three later episodes.  
 
−
* In the [[Disney Channel]] series [[Phil of the Future]], the title character attends a fictional school named H.G. Wells Junior High, the name of the school possibly drawn from the show's science fiction manner.
 
−
* In [[Ben Bova]]'s short story "Inspiration",  the narrator gets Wells to meet a young [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Lord Kelvin]]. In the end of the story he (Wells) gave a tip to a 6 year old [[Adolf Hitler]].
 
−
*A young and excitable H.G. Wells appears in an episode of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', entitled ''Timelash'', though for most of the episode he is cast simply as Herbert.
 
−
*The movie ''Librarian:Quest for The Spear'', ends with the main character, Flynn Carsen, getting a mission to retrieve HG Wells' [[Time Machine]].
 
  
 
==Works==
 
==Works==
−
(Entries marked with an * are available at the [[Project Gutenberg]] website.)
+
(Entries marked with an * are available at the Project Gutenberg website.)
−
*"[[The Chronic Argonauts]]" (short story, 1888)
+
*"The Chronic Argonauts" (short story, 1888)
−
*''[[Textbook of Biology (Wells)|Textbook of Biology]]'' (1893) (revised in 1898 as ''[[Textbook of Zoology]]'')
+
*'' Textbook of Biology'' (1893) (revised in 1898 as ''Textbook of Zoology'')
−
*''[[Honours Physiography]]'', co-written with [[R. A. Gregory]], (1893)
+
*''Honours Physiography,'' co-written with R. A. Gregory, (1893)
−
*''[[Select Conversations with an Uncle (now extinct)]]'' (1895)
+
*''Select Conversations with an Uncle (now extinct)'' (1895)
−
*''[[The Time Machine]]: An Invention'' (1895)*
+
*''The Time Machine: An Invention'' (1895)*
−
*''[[The Wonderful Visit]]'' (1895)
+
*''The Wonderful Visit'' (1895)
−
*''[[The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents]]'' (1895)*
+
*''The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents'' (1895)*
−
*''[[The Argonauts of the Air]]'' (1895)
+
*''The Argonauts of the Air'' (1895)
−
*''[[Under the Knife]]'' (1896)
+
*''Under the Knife'' (1896)
−
*''[[In the Abyss (Wells)|In The Abyss]]'' (1896)
+
*'' In The Abyss'' (1896)
−
*''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'' (1896)*
+
*''The Island of Doctor Moreau'' (1896)*
−
*''[[The Red Room (Wells)|The Red Room]]'' (1896)*
+
*''The Red Room'' (1896)*
−
*''[[The Wheels of Chance]]: A Bicycling Idyll'' (1896)*
+
*''The Wheels of Chance: A Bicycling Idyll'' (1896)*
−
*''[[The Sea Raiders]]'' (1896)
+
*''The Sea Raiders'' (1896)
−
*''[[The Crystal Egg]]'' (1897)
+
*''The Crystal Egg'' (1897)
−
*''[[The Star (Wells)|The Star]]'' (1897)
+
*''The Star'' (1897)
−
*''[[A Story of the Stone Age]]'' (1897)
+
*''A Story of the Stone Age'' (1897)
−
*''[[The Plattner Story, and Others]]'' (1897)
+
*''The Plattner Story, and Others'' (1897)
−
*''[[The Invisible Man]]: A Grotesque Romance'' (1897)*
+
*''The Invisible Man: A Grotesque Romance'' (1897)*
−
*''[[Certain Personal Matters]]: A Collection of Material, Mainly Autobiographical'' (1898)
+
*''Certain Personal Matters: A Collection of Material, Mainly Autobiographical'' (1898)
−
*''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898)*
+
*''The War of the Worlds'' (1898)*
−
*''[[The Man Who Could Work Miracles (story)|The Man Who Could Work Miracles]]'' (1898)
+
*''The Man Who Could Work Miracles'' (1898)
−
*''[[When the Sleeper Wakes]]'' (1899) (later revised as ''[[The Sleeper Awakes]]'', 1910)*
+
*''When the Sleeper Wakes'' (1899) (later revised as ''The Sleeper Awakes'', 1910)*
−
*''[[Tales of Space and Time]]'' (1899)
+
*''Tales of Space and Time'' (1899)
−
*''[[A Story of the Days To Come]]'' (1899)
+
*''A Story of the Days To Come'' (1899)
−
*''[[Love and Mr Lewisham]]: The Story of a Very Young Couple'' (1900)*
+
*''Love and Mr Lewisham: The Story of a Very Young Couple'' (1900)*
−
*''[[A Dream of Armageddon]]'' (1901)
+
*''A Dream of Armageddon'' (1901)
−
*''[[The First Men in the Moon]]'' (1901)*
+
*''The First Men in the Moon'' (1901)*
−
*''[[Filmer]]'' (1901)
+
*''Filmer'' (1901)
−
*''[[The New Accelerator]]'' (1901)
+
*''The New Accelerator'' (1901)
−
*''[[Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought]]'' (1902)
+
*''Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought'' (1902)
−
*''[[The Discovery of the Future]]'' (1902)
+
*''The Discovery of the Future'' (1902)
−
*''[[The Sea Lady]]: A Tissue of Moonshine'' (1902)
+
*''The Sea Lady: A Tissue of Moonshine'' (1902)
−
*''[[Mankind in the Making]]'' (1903)*
+
*''Mankind in the Making'' (1903)*
−
*''[[The Magic Shop]]'' (1903)*
+
*''The Magic Shop'' (1903)*
−
*''[[Twelve Stories and a Dream]]'' (1903)
+
*''Twelve Stories and a Dream'' (1903)
−
*''[[The Truth About Pyecraft]]'' (1903)
+
*''The Truth About Pyecraft'' (1903)
−
*''[[The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth]]'' (1904)*
+
*''The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth'' (1904)*
−
*''[[The Land Ironclads]]'' (1904)
+
*''The Land Ironclads'' (1904)
−
*''[[Kipps|Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul]]'' (1905)
+
*''Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul'' (1905)
−
*''[[A Modern Utopia]]'' (1905)*
+
*''A Modern Utopia'' (1905)*
−
*''[[The Empire of the Ants]]'' (1905)
+
*''The Empire of the Ants'' (1905)
−
*''[[In the Days of the Comet]]'' (1906)*
+
*''In the Days of the Comet'' (1906)*
−
*''[[The Future in America]]: A Search After Realities'' (1906)
+
*''The Future in America: A Search After Realities'' (1906)
−
*''[[Faults of the Fabian]]'' (1906)
+
*''Faults of the Fabian'' (1906)
−
*''[[Socialism and the Family]]'' (1906)
+
*''Socialism and the Family'' (1906)
−
*''[[Reconstruction of the Fabian Society]]'' (1906)
+
*''Reconstruction of the Fabian Society'' (1906)
−
*''[[This Misery of Boots]]'' (1907), reprinted from the Independent Review, Dec. 1905.
+
*''This Misery of Boots'' (1907), reprinted from the Independent Review, Dec. 1905.
−
*''[[Will Socialism Destroy the Home?]]'' (paper, written in 1907)
+
*''Will Socialism Destroy the Home?'' (paper, written in 1907)
−
*''[[New Worlds for Old]]'' (1908)
+
*''New Worlds for Old'' (1908)
−
*''[[The War in the Air]]'' (1908)*
+
*''The War in the Air'' (1908)*
−
*''[[First and Last Things]]: A Confession of Faith and Rule of Life'' (1908)*
+
*''First and Last Things: A Confession of Faith and Rule of Life'' (1908)*
−
*''[[The Valley of Spiders]]'' (1909)
+
*''The Valley of Spiders'' (1909)
−
*''[[Ann Veronica]]'' (1909)*
+
*''Ann Veronica'' (1909)*
−
*''[[Tono-Bungay]]'' (1909)*
+
*''Tono-Bungay'' (1909)*
−
*''[[The History of Mr. Polly]]'' (1910)*
+
*''The History of Mr. Polly'' (1910)*
−
*''[[The Sleeper Awakes]]'' (1910)* - Revised edition of ''[[When the Sleeper Wakes]]'' [[1899]]
+
*''The Sleeper Awakes'' (1910)* - Revised edition of ''When the Sleeper Wakes'' 1899
−
*''[[The Late Mr Elvesham]]'' (1911)
+
*''The Late Mr Elvesham'' (1911)
−
*''[[The New Machiavelli]]'' (1911)*
+
*''The New Machiavelli'' (1911)*
−
*''[[The Country of the Blind and Other Stories]]'' (1911)*
+
*''The Country of the Blind and Other Stories'' (1911)*
−
*''[[The Door in the Wall and Other Stories]]'' (1911)
+
*''The Door in the Wall and Other Stories'' (1911)
−
*''[[Floor Games]]'' (1911)*
+
*''Floor Games'' (1911)*
−
*''[[The Great State]]: Essays in Construction (U.S. title: [[Socialism and the Great State]]: Essays in Construction)'' (edited by Wells, [[G. R. S. Taylor]] and [[Lady Warwick]] (1912)
+
*''The Great State: Essays in Construction (U.S. title: Socialism and the Great State: Essays in Construction)'' (edited by Wells, G. R. S. Taylor and Lady Warwick (1912)
−
*''[[The Labour Unrest]]'' (1912)
+
*''The Labour Unrest'' (1912)
−
*''[[Marriage (HG Wells Novel)|Marriage]]'' (1912)
+
*'' Marriage'' (1912)
−
*''[[War and Common Sense]]'' (1913)
+
*''War and Common Sense'' (1913)
−
*''[[Liberalism and Its Party]]: What Are the Liberals to Do?'' (1913)
+
*''Liberalism and Its Party: What Are the Liberals to Do?'' (1913)
−
*''[[Little Wars]]: A Game for Boys from Twelve Years of Age to One Hundred and Fifty and for that More Intelligent Sort of Girls who Like Boys' Games and Books'' (1913)
+
*''Little Wars: A Game for Boys from Twelve Years of Age to One Hundred and Fifty and for that More Intelligent Sort of Girls who Like Boys' Games and Books'' (1913)
−
*''[[The Passionate Friends]]: A Novel'' (1913)
+
*''The Passionate Friends: A Novel'' (1913)
−
*''[[An Englishman Looks at the World]]: Being A Series of Unrestrained Remarks upon Contemporary Matters'' (U.S. title: ''[[Social Forces in England and America]]'') (1914)
+
*''An Englishman Looks at the World: Being A Series of Unrestrained Remarks upon Contemporary Matters'' (U.S. title: ''Social Forces in England and America'') (1914)
−
*''[[The World Set Free]]: A Story of Mankind'' (1914)
+
*''The World Set Free: A Story of Mankind'' (1914)
−
*''[[The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman]]'' (1914)
+
*''The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman'' (1914)
−
*''[[The War That Will End War]]'' (1914)
+
*''The War That Will End War'' (1914)
−
*''[[The Peace of the World]]'' (1915)
+
*''The Peace of the World'' (1915)
−
*''[[Boon, The Mind of the Race, The Wild Asses of the Devil, and The Last Trump]]: Being a First Selection from the Literary Remains of George Boon, Appropriate to the Times'' (the first edition was published pseudonymously under the name 'Reginald Bliss') (1915)
+
*''Boon, The Mind of the Race, The Wild Asses of the Devil, and The Last Trump: Being a First Selection from the Literary Remains of George Boon, Appropriate to the Times'' (the first edition was published pseudonymously under the name 'Reginald Bliss') (1915)
−
*''[[Bealby]]: A Holiday'' (1915)
+
*''Bealby: A Holiday'' (1915)
−
*''[[Tidstänkar]]'' (1915)
+
*''Tidstänkar'' (1915)
−
*''[[The Research Magnificent]]'' (1915)
+
*''The Research Magnificent'' (1915)
−
*''[[What is Coming?]] A Forecast of Things After the War'' (1916)
+
*''What is Coming? A Forecast of Things After the War'' (1916)
−
*''[[Mr. Britling Sees It Through]]'' (1916)
+
*''Mr. Britling Sees It Through'' (1916)
−
*''[[The Elements of Reconstruction]]: A Series of Articles Contributed in July and August 1916 to The Times'' (the first edition was published pseudonymously under the initals 'D. P.') (1916)
+
*''The Elements of Reconstruction: A Series of Articles Contributed in July and August 1916 to The Times'' (the first edition was published pseudonymously under the initals 'D. P.') (1916)
−
*''[[God the Invisible King]]'' (1917)*
+
*''God the Invisible King'' (1917)*
−
*''[[War and the Future]]: Italy, France and Britain at War'' (US edition published as ''[[Italy, France and Britain at War]]'') (1917)*
+
*''War and the Future: Italy, France and Britain at War'' (US edition published as ''Italy, France and Britain at War'') (1917)*
−
*''[[The Soul of a Bishop]]'' (1917)*
+
*''The Soul of a Bishop'' (1917)*
−
*''[[A Reasonable Man's Peace]]'' (1917)
+
*''A Reasonable Man's Peace'' (1917)
−
*''[[Joan and Peter]]: The Story of an Education'' (1918)
+
*''Joan and Peter: The Story of an Education'' (1918)
−
*''[[In the Fourth Year]]: Anticipations of a World Peace'' (1918)
+
*''In the Fourth Year: Anticipations of a World Peace'' (1918)
−
*''[[The Undying Fire]]: A Contemporary Novel'' (1919)
+
*''The Undying Fire: A Contemporary Novel'' (1919)
−
*''[[The Idea of a League of Nations]]'' (with Viscount [[Edward Grey]], [[Lionel Curtis]], [[William Archer]], H. [[Wickham Steed]], [[A. E. Zimmern]], [[J. A. Spender]], [[Viscount Bryce]] and [[Gilbert Murray]]) (1919)
+
*''The Idea of a League of Nations'' (with Viscount Edward Grey, Lionel Curtis, William Archer, H. Wickham Steed, A. E. Zimmern, J. A. Spender, Viscount Bryce and Gilbert Murray) (1919)
−
*''[[The Way to a League of Nations]]'' (with Viscount [[Edward Grey]], [[Lionel Curtis]], [[William Archer]], H. [[Wickham Steed]], [[A. E. Zimmern]], [[J. A. Spender]], [[Viscount Bryce]] and [[Gilbert Murray]]) (1919)
+
*''The Way to a League of Nations'' (with Viscount Edward Grey, Lionel Curtis, William Archer, H. Wickham Steed, A. E. Zimmern, J. A. Spender, Viscount Bryce and Gilbert Murray) (1919)
−
*''[[History is One]]'' (1919)
+
*''History is One'' (1919)
−
*''[[The Outline of History]]: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind'', I, II ([[1920]], [[1931]], [[1940]]; posthumous revisions by [[Raymond Postgate]] [[1949]], [[1956]], [[1961]], [[1971]])
+
*''The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind'', I, II (1920, 1931, 1940; posthumous revisions by Raymond Postgate 1949, 1956, 1961, 1971)
−
*''[[Russia in the Shadows]]'' (1920)
+
*''Russia in the Shadows'' (1920)
−
*''[[The Salvaging of Civilization]]'' (1921)
+
*''The Salvaging of Civilization'' (1921)
−
*''[[The New Teaching of History]]. With a Reply to Some Criticisms of 'The Outline of History''' (1921)
+
*''The New Teaching of History. With a Reply to Some Criticisms of 'The Outline of History''' (1921)
−
*''[[Washington and the Hope of Peace]] ([[US]] title: [[Washington and the Riddle of Peace)]]'' (1922)
+
*''Washington and the Hope of Peace (US title: Washington and the Riddle of Peace)'' (1922)
−
*''[[What H.G. Wells Thinks about 'The Mind in the Making']]'' (1922)
+
*''What H.G. Wells Thinks about 'The Mind in the Making''' (1922)
−
*''[[University of London Election]]: An Electoral Letter'' (1922)
+
*''University of London Election: An Electoral Letter'' (1922)
−
*''[[The World, its Debts and the Rich Men]]'' (1922)
+
*''The World, its Debts and the Rich Men'' (1922)
−
*''[[A Short History of the World]]'' ([[1922]], [[1931]], [[1938]], [[1945]]; with several posthumous revisions by [[G. P. Wells]] and [[Raymond Postgate]])
+
*''A Short History of the World'' (1922, 1931, 1938, 1945; with several posthumous revisions by G. P. Wells and Raymond Postgate)
−
*''[[The Secret Places of the Heart]]'' (1922)*
+
*''The Secret Places of the Heart'' (1922)*
−
*''[[Men Like Gods]]: A Novel'' (1923)
+
*''Men Like Gods: A Novel'' (1923)
−
*''[[Socialism and the Scientific Motive]]'' (1923)
+
*''Socialism and the Scientific Motive'' (1923)
−
*''[[To the Electors of London University, University General Election, 1923, from H.G. Wells, B.Sc., London|To the Electors of London University, University General Election, 1923, from H.G. Wells, B.Sc.]], [[London]]'' (1923)
+
*''To the Electors of London University, University General Election, 1923, from H.G. Wells, B.Sc., London'' (1923)
−
*''[[The Labour Ideal of Education]]'' (1923)
+
*''The Labour Ideal of Education'' (1923)
−
*''[[A Walk Along the Thames Embankment]]'' (1923)
+
*''A Walk Along the Thames Embankment'' (1923)
−
*''[[The Story of a Great School Master]]'' (1924)
+
*''The Story of a Great School Master'' (1924)
−
*''[[The Dream]]: A Novel'' (1924)
+
*''The Dream: A Novel'' (1924)
−
*''[[The P.R. Parliament]]'' (1924)
+
*''The P.R. Parliament'' (1924)
−
*''[[A Year of Prophesying]]'' (1924)
+
*''A Year of Prophesying'' (1924)
−
*''[[Christina Alberta's Father]]'' (1925)
+
*''Christina Alberta's Father'' (1925)
−
*''[[A Forecast of the World's Affairs]]'' (1925)
+
*''A Forecast of the World's Affairs'' (1925)
−
*''[[The World of William Clissold]]: A Novel at a New Angle'', I, II, III (1926)
+
*''The World of William Clissold: A Novel at a New Angle'', I, II, III (1926)
−
*''[[Mr. Belloc Objects to the 'Outline of History']]'' (1926)
+
*''Mr. Belloc Objects to the 'Outline of History''' (1926)
−
*''[[Democracy Under Revision]]'' (1927)
+
*''Democracy Under Revision'' (1927)
−
*''[[Playing at Peace]]'' (1927)
+
*''Playing at Peace'' (1927)
−
*''[[Meanwhile]]: The Picture of a Lady'' (1927)
+
*''Meanwhile: The Picture of a Lady'' (1927)
−
*''[[The Stolen Body]]'' (1927)
+
*''The Stolen Body'' (1927)
−
*''[[The Short Stories of H. G. Wells]]'' (1927) (later retitled ''[[The Complete Short Stories of H. G. Wells]]'' and subsequently updated in 1998) - includes [[A Vision of Judgment]]
+
*''The Short Stories of H. G. Wells'' (1927) (later retitled ''The Complete Short Stories of H. G. Wells'' and subsequently updated in 1998) - includes A Vision of Judgment
−
*''[[The Way the World is Going]]: Guesses & Forecasts of the Years Ahead'' (1928)
+
*''The Way the World is Going: Guesses & Forecasts of the Years Ahead'' (1928)
−
*''[[The Open Conspiracy]]: Blue Prints for a World Revolution'' ([[1928]], [[1930]] [subtitled ''A Second Version of This Faith of a Modern Man Made More Explicit and Plain''], [[1933]] [no subtitle]), also published under the title ''[[What are We to do With our Lives?]]'' [1931])
+
*''The Open Conspiracy: Blue Prints for a World Revolution'' (1928, 1930 [subtitled ''A Second Version of This Faith of a Modern Man Made More Explicit and Plain''], 1933 [no subtitle]), also published under the title ''What are We to do With our Lives?'' [1931])
−
*''[[Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island]]: Being the Story of a Gentleman of Culture and Refinement who suffered Shipwreck and saw no Human Beings other than Cruel and Savage Cannibals for several years. How he beheld Megatheria alive and made some notes of their Habits. How he became a Sacred Lunatic. How he did at last escape in a Strange Manner from the Horror and Barbarities of Rampole Island in time to fight in the Great War, and how afterwards he came near returning to that Island for ever. With much Amusing and Edifying Matter concerning Manners, Customs, Beliefs, Warfare, Crime, and a Storm at Sea. Concluding with some Reflections upon Life in General and upon these Present Times in Particular'' (1928)
+
*''Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island: Being the Story of a Gentleman of Culture and Refinement who suffered Shipwreck and saw no Human Beings other than Cruel and Savage Cannibals for several years. How he beheld Megatheria alive and made some notes of their Habits. How he became a Sacred Lunatic. How he did at last escape in a Strange Manner from the Horror and Barbarities of Rampole Island in time to fight in the Great War, and how afterwards he came near returning to that Island for ever. With much Amusing and Edifying Matter concerning Manners, Customs, Beliefs, Warfare, Crime, and a Storm at Sea. Concluding with some Reflections upon Life in General and upon these Present Times in Particular'' (1928)
−
*''[[The Book of Catherine Wells]]'' (1928) (edited by Wells)
+
*''The Book of Catherine Wells'' (1928) (edited by Wells)
−
*''[[The King Who Was A King]]: The Book of a Film'' ([[US]] subtitle ''An Unconventional Novel'') (1929)
+
*''The King Who Was A King: The Book of a Film'' (US subtitle ''An Unconventional Novel'') (1929)
−
*''[[Common Sense of World Peace]]'' (1929)
+
*''Common Sense of World Peace'' (1929)
−
*''[[The Adventures of Tommy]]'' (1929)
+
*''The Adventures of Tommy'' (1929)
−
*''[[Imperialism and The Open Conspiracy]]'' (1929)
+
*''Imperialism and The Open Conspiracy'' (1929)
−
*''[[The Autocracy of Mr. Parham]]: His Remarkable Adventures in this Changing World'' (1930)
+
*''The Autocracy of Mr. Parham: His Remarkable Adventures in this Changing World'' (1930)
−
*''[[The Science of Life]]: A Summary of Contemporary Knowledge about Life and its Possibilities'', I, II, III (with [[Julian S. Huxley]] and [[G. P. Wells]]) (1930) (subsequently reissued in nine volumes, 1934-1937, under the general title ''[[The 'Science of Life' Series]]'')
+
*''The Science of Life: A Summary of Contemporary Knowledge about Life and its Possibilities,'' I, II, III (with Julian S. Huxley and G. P. Wells) (1930) (subsequently reissued in nine volumes, 1934-1937, under the general title ''The 'Science of Life' Series'')
−
*''[[The Way to World Peace]]'' (1930)
+
*''The Way to World Peace'' (1930)
−
*''[[The Problem of the Troublesome Collaborator]]: An Account of Certain Difficulties in an Attempt to Produce a Work in Collaboration and of the Intervention of the Society of Authors Therein'' (1930)
+
*''The Problem of the Troublesome Collaborator: An Account of Certain Difficulties in an Attempt to Produce a Work in Collaboration and of the Intervention of the Society of Authors Therein'' (1930)
−
*''[[Settlement of the Trouble between Mr. Thring and Mr. Wells]]: A Footnote to the Problem of the Troublesome Collaborator'' (1930)
+
*''Settlement of the Trouble between Mr. Thring and Mr. Wells: A Footnote to the Problem of the Troublesome Collaborator'' (1930)
−
*''[[What Are We To Do With Our Lives?]]'' (revision of ''[[The Open Conspiracy]]'') (1931)
+
*''What Are We To Do With Our Lives?'' (revision of ''The Open Conspiracy'') (1931)
−
*''[[The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind]]'' ([[USA]] 1931; first [[UK]] edition, 1932)
+
*''The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind'' (USA 1931; first UK edition, 1932)
−
*''[[After Democracy]]: Addresses and Papers on the Present World Situation'' (1932)
+
*''After Democracy: Addresses and Papers on the Present World Situation'' (1932)
−
*''[[The Bulpington of Blup]]: Adventures, Poses, Stresses, Conflicts, and Disaster in a Contemporary Brain'' (1932)
+
*''The Bulpington of Blup: Adventures, Poses, Stresses, Conflicts, and Disaster in a Contemporary Brain'' (1932)
−
*''[[What Should be Done Now?]]'' (1932)
+
*''What Should be Done Now?'' (1932)
−
*''[[The Shape of Things to Come]]: The Ultimate Revolution'' (1933)
+
*''The Shape of Things to Come: The Ultimate Revolution'' (1933)
−
*''[[Experiment in Autobiography]]: Discoveries and Conclusions of a Very Ordinary Brain (since 1866)'', I, II (1934) (a third volume, entitled ''[[H. G. Wells in Love]]'' was published posthumously in 1984)
+
*''Experiment in Autobiography: Discoveries and Conclusions of a Very Ordinary Brain (since 1866),'' I, II (1934) (a third volume, entitled ''H. G. Wells in Love'' was published posthumously in 1984)
−
*''[[Stalin-Wells Talk]]: The Verbatim Record and a Discussion'' (with [[Josef Stalin]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[J. M. Keynes]], [[Ernst Toller]] and [[Dora Russell]] (1934)
+
*''Stalin-Wells Talk: The Verbatim Record and a Discussion'' (with Josef Stalin, George Bernard Shaw, J. M. Keynes, Ernst Toller and Dora Russell (1934)
−
*''[[The New America: The New World]]'' (1935)
+
*''The New America: The New World'' (1935)
−
*''[[Things to Come]]: A Film Story'' (1935)
+
*''Things to Come: A Film Story'' (1935)
−
*''[[The Anatomy of Frustration]]: A Modern Synthesis'' (1936)
+
*''The Anatomy of Frustration: A Modern Synthesis'' (1936)
−
*''[[The Croquet Player]]'' (1936)
+
*''The Croquet Player'' (1936)
−
*''[[The Idea of a World Encyclopaedia]]'' (1936)
+
*''The Idea of a World Encyclopaedia'' (1936)
−
*''[[The Man Who Could Work Miracles]]: A Film'' (1936)
+
*''The Man Who Could Work Miracles: A Film'' (1936)
−
*''[[Star Begotten]]: A Biological Fantasia'' ([[US]] title, ''[[Star-Begotten]]'') (1937)
+
*''Star Begotten: A Biological Fantasia'' (US title, ''Star-Begotten'') (1937)
−
*''[[Brynhild, or the Show of Things]]'' (1937)
+
*''Brynhild, or the Show of Things'' (1937)
−
*''[[The Camford Visitation]]'' (1937)
+
*''The Camford Visitation'' (1937)
−
*''[[The Informative Content of Education]]'' (1937)
+
*''The Informative Content of Education'' (1937)
−
*''[[The Brothers: A Story]]'' (1938)
+
*''The Brothers: A Story'' (1938)
−
*''[[World Brain]]'' (1938)
+
*''World Brain'' (1938)
−
*''[[Apropos of Dolores]]'' (1938)
+
*''Apropos of Dolores'' (1938)
−
*''[[The Holy Terror (novel)|The Holy Terror]]'' (1939)
+
*'' The Holy Terror'' (1939)
−
*''[[Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water]]'' (1939)
+
*''Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water'' (1939)
−
*''[[The Fate of Homo Sapiens]]: An unemotional Statement of the Things that are happening to him now, and of the immediate Possibilities confronting him'' ([[US]] title: ''[[The Fate of Man]]'') (1939)
+
*''The Fate of Homo Sapiens: An unemotional Statement of the Things that are happening to him now, and of the immediate Possibilities confronting him'' (US title: ''The Fate of Man'') (1939)
−
*''[[The New World Order (Wells)|The New World Order]]: Whether it is attainable, how it can be attained, and what sort of world a world at peace will have to be'' (1939)
+
*''The New World Order: Whether it is attainable, how it can be attained, and what sort of world a world at peace will have to be'' (1939)
−
*''[[The Rights of Man, Or What Are We Fighting For?]]'' (1940)
+
*''The Rights of Man, Or What Are We Fighting For?'' (1940)
−
*''[[Babes in the Darkling Wood]]'' (1940)
+
*''Babes in the Darkling Wood'' (1940)
−
*''[[The Common Sense of War and Peace]]: World Revolution of War Unending'' (1940)
+
*''The Common Sense of War and Peace: World Revolution of War Unending'' (1940)
−
*''[[All Aboard for Ararat]]'' (1940)
+
*''All Aboard for Ararat'' (1940)
−
*''[[Guide to the New World]]: A Handbook of Constructive World Revolution'' (1941)
+
*''Guide to the New World: A Handbook of Constructive World Revolution'' (1941)
−
*''[[You Can't Be Too Careful]]'' (1941)
+
*''You Can't Be Too Careful'' (1941)
−
*''[[The Outlook for Homo Sapiens]]: An unemotional Statement of the Things that are happening to him now, and of the immediate Possibilities confrontinmg him'' (1942) (this is an amalgamation of ''[[The Fate of Homo Sapiens]]'' and ''[[The New World Order]]'')
+
*''The Outlook for Homo Sapiens: An unemotional Statement of the Things that are happening to him now, and of the immediate Possibilities confrontinmg him'' (1942) (this is an amalgamation of ''The Fate of Homo Sapiens'' and ''The New World Order'')
−
*''[[Science and the World-Mind]]'' (1942)
+
*''Science and the World-Mind'' (1942)
−
*''[[Phoenix: A Summary of the Inescapable Conditions of World Reorganization]]'' (1942)
+
*''Phoenix: A Summary of the Inescapable Conditions of World Reorganization'' (1942)
−
*''[[A Thesis on the Quality of Illusion in the Continuity of Individual Life of the Higher Metazoa, with Particular Reference to the Species Homo Sapiens]]'' (1942)
+
*''A Thesis on the Quality of Illusion in the Continuity of Individual Life of the Higher Metazoa, with Particular Reference to the Species Homo Sapiens'' (1942)
−
*''[[The Conquest of Time]]'' (1942)
+
*''The Conquest of Time'' (1942)
−
*''[[The New Rights of Man]]: Text of Letter to Wells from Soviet Writer, Who Pictures the Ordeal and Rescue of Humanistic Civilization - H. G. Wells' Reply and Program for Liberated Humanity'' (with [[Lev Uspensky]]) (1942)
+
*''The New Rights of Man: Text of Letter to Wells from Soviet Writer, Who Pictures the Ordeal and Rescue of Humanistic Civilization - H. G. Wells' Reply and Program for Liberated Humanity'' (with Lev Uspensky) (1942)
−
*''[[Crux Ansata: An Indictment of the Roman Catholic Church]]'' (1943)
+
*''Crux Ansata: An Indictment of the Roman Catholic Church'' (1943)
−
*''[[The Mosley Outrage]]'' (1943)
+
*''The Mosley Outrage'' (1943)
−
*''[[The Rights of Man: An Essay in Collective Definition]]'' (edited anonymously by Wells) (1943)
+
*''The Rights of Man: An Essay in Collective Definition'' (edited anonymously by Wells) (1943)
−
*''[['42 to '44]]: A Contemporary Memoir upon Human Behaviour during the Crisis of the World Revolution'' (1944)
+
*'''42 to '44: A Contemporary Memoir upon Human Behaviour during the Crisis of the World Revolution'' (1944)
−
*''[[The Illusion of Personality]]'' (1944)
+
*''The Illusion of Personality'' (1944)
−
*''[[The Happy Turning]]: A Dream of Life'' (1945)
+
*''The Happy Turning: A Dream of Life'' (1945)
−
*''[[Mind at the End of Its Tether]]'' (1945)
+
*''Mind at the End of Its Tether'' (1945)
−
*''[[The Desert Daisy]]'' (posthumous publication of a work written in c. 1878-1880) (1957)
+
*''The Desert Daisy'' (posthumous publication of a work written in c. 1878-1880) (1957)
−
*''[[The Wealth of Mr Waddy]]'' (posthumous publication of a work written in c. 1898-1905, which Wells revised and published as ''[[Kipps]]'', edited by [[Harris Wilson]]) (1969)
+
*''The Wealth of Mr Waddy'' (posthumous publication of a work written in c. 1898-1905, which Wells revised and published as ''Kipps,'' edited by Harris Wilson) (1969)
−
*''[[H. G. Wells in Love]]'' (posthumous third volume of his autobiography, edited by [[G. P. Wells]]) (1984)
+
*''H. G. Wells in Love'' (posthumous third volume of his autobiography, edited by G. P. Wells) (1984)
−
*''[[The Betterave Papers and Aesop's Quinine for Delphi]]'', edited by [[John Hammond]] ([[2001]])
+
*''The Betterave Papers and Aesop's Quinine for Delphi,'' edited by John Hammond (2001)
  
−
==Honours==
+
==Notes==
−
* [[H. G. Wells (crater)|H. G. Wells crater]] on the [[Far side (Moon)|far side]] of the [[Moon]] is named for him. 
 
−
* H. G. Wells was a honorary fellow of [[Imperial College|the Imperial College of Science and Technology]]
 
  
−
{{H. G. Wells}}
 
−
 
−
==Footnotes==
 
−
<div class="references-small">
 
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
−
</div>
 
  
−
==Further reading==
 
−
* Gilmour, David. ''The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002 (paperback, ISBN 0-374-18702-9); 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-374-52896-9).
 
−
* Gomme, A.W. ''Mr. Wells as Historian''. Glasgow: MacLehose, Jackson, and Co., 1921.
 
  
−
==See also==
+
==References==
−
* [[H. G. Wells Society]]
+
* Wagar, W. Warren, ''H.G. Wells: Traversing Time.'' Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2004. ISBN 0819567256
−
* [[Science Fiction]]
+
* Draper, Michael. ''H.G. Wells.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0312020902
−
* [[Invasion literature]]
+
* Hillegas, Mark R. ''Future as Nightmare: H. G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians.'' Southern Illinois University Press. 1974. Chapter Four. ISBN 080930676X
−
* [[Fabian Society]]
+
* Huntington, John. (ed.) ''Critical Essays on H.G. Wells.'' Boston: G.K. Hall, 1991. ISBN 0816188567
−
* [[List of Socialists]]
+
* Wells, H.G. ''An Experiment in Autobiography.'' Macmillan Co. 1934. {{ASIN|B000GP0SWE556}}
−
* [[Cosmotheism]]
 
−
* [[Noosphere]]
 
−
* [[Omega Point]]
 
−
* [[Bolesław Prus#References|Bolesław Prus]], regarding Prus' review of Wells' ''[[Anticipations]]''.
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
{{wikiquote}}
+
All links retrieved July 22, 2017.
−
{{Wikisource author}}
 
−
'''Sources - collections'''
 
−
* {{gutenberg author|id=H._G._Wells|name=H. G. Wells}}, pre-1923.
 
−
* [http://www.gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty.html#letterW Works by H. G. Wells] at [[Project Gutenberg Australia]], post-1923.
 
−
* {{isfdb name|id=H._G._Wells|name=H. G. Wells}}
 
−
 
 
−
'''Sources - letters, essays and interviews'''
 
−
*[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=719129302&textreg=3&query=h.+g.+wells&id=WelCran "Stephen Crane. From an English Standpoint"], by Wells, 1900.
 
−
* [http://www.schoolofwisdom.com/tagore-wells.html Rabindranath Tagore: In conversation with H. G. Wells]. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and Wells conversing in Geneva in 1930.
 
−
* [http://www.pseudopodium.org/barbellionblog/wells-intro.php "Introduction"], to [[W. N. P. Barbellion]]'s ''The Journal of a Disappointed Man'', by Wells, 1919.
 
−
* [http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/documents/wells2.htm "Woman and Primitive Culture"], by Wells, 1895.
 
−
* [http://alangullette.com/lit/shiel/letters/mps_wells.htm Letter], to [[M. P. Shiel]], by Wells, 1937.
 
  
−
'''Biography'''
+
* [http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/documents/wells2.htm "Woman and Primitive Culture"], by Wells, 1895.
−
* [http://www.geocities.com/originalroman/ H. G. Wells: The Man and the Author]. A biography of H.G. Wells by [[Roman Allemann]] (2000).
+
* [http://alangullette.com/lit/shiel/letters/mps_wells.htm Letter], to M. P. Shiel, by Wells, 1937.
−
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076509/H-G-Wells "H. G. Wells"]. In ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' Online. <!--Click "next page" for full article—>
+
* [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=CS%20Lewis%20and%20Public%20Life&id=516 "C. S. Lewis, H. G. Wells and the Evolutionary Myth"], by Michael W. Perry, 1998.
 +
* "Socialism and the Family" (1906) by Belfort Bax, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/bax/1906/11/family.htm Part 1], [http://www.marxists.org/archive/bax/1907/01/soc-family-26-1.htm Part 2].
 +
* [http://people.lis.uiuc.edu/~wrayward/Wellss_Idea_of_World_Brain.htm "H. G. Wells's Idea of a World Brain: A Critical Re-assessment"], by W. Boyd Rayward, in ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 50 (May 15, 1999): 557-579
 +
* [http://www.wnrf.org/cms/hgwells.shtml "H. G. Wells and the Genesis of Future Studies"], by W. Warren Wagar, 1983.
 +
* [http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~mward/gkc/books/heretics/ch5.html "Mr H. G. Wells and the Giants"], by G. K. Chesterton, from his book ''Heretics'' (1908).  
 +
* [http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=9391 "Science Fiction: The Shape of Things to Come"], by Mark Bould, in ''The Socialist Review'', May 2005.
 +
* [http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/74_2.pdf "Who needs Utopia? A dialogue with my utopian self (with apologies, and thanks, to H. G. Wells)"], by Gregory Claeys in ''Spaces of Utopia: An Electronic Journal'', no 1, Spring 2006.  
 +
* [http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/wells/english/e_whws "Wells, Hitler and the World State"], by George Orwell. First published: ''Horizon''.—GB, London.—August 1941.
 +
* [http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol02/no02/hart.htm "Wells' Autobiography"], by John Hart, from ''New International'', Vol.2 No.2, March 1935, pp.75-76.
  
−
'''Critical essays'''
+
[[Category:Writers and poets]]
−
*[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=AusWell.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=all "An Appreciation of H. G. Wells"], by [[Mary Austin]], 1911.
 
−
* [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=CS%20Lewis%20and%20Public%20Life&id=516 "C. S. Lewis, H. G. Wells and the Evolutionary Myth"], by [[Michael W. Perry]], 1998.
 
−
* "Socialism and the Family" (1906) by [[Ernest Belfort Bax|Belfort Bax]], [http://www.marxists.org/archive/bax/1906/11/family.htm Part 1], [http://www.marxists.org/archive/bax/1907/01/soc-family-26-1.htm Part 2].
 
−
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2005/07/24/do2402.xml&sSheet=/opinion/2005/07/24/ixop.html "H. G. Wells warned us how it would feel to fight a ''War of the Worlds''"], by [[Niall Ferguson]], in ''[[The Telegraph]]'', 24 June 2005.
 
−
* [http://people.lis.uiuc.edu/~wrayward/Wellss_Idea_of_World_Brain.htm "H. G. Wells's Idea of a World Brain: A Critical Re-assessment"], by [[W. Boyd Rayward]], in ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 50 (May 15, 1999): 557-579
 
−
* [http://www.wnrf.org/cms/hgwells.shtml "H. G. Wells and the Genesis of Future Studies"], by [[W. Warren Wagar]], 1983.
 
−
* [http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~mward/gkc/books/heretics/ch5.html "Mr H. G. Wells and the Giants"], by [[G. K. Chesterton]], from his book ''Heretics'' (1908). 
 
−
* [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_1_23/ai_53569321 "The Internet: a world brain?"], by [[Martin Gardner]], in ''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]'', Jan-Feb 1999.
 
−
* [http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=9391 "Science Fiction: The Shape of Things to Come"], by [[Mark Bould]], in ''[[The Socialist Review]]'', May 2005.
 
−
* [http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/74_2.pdf "Who needs Utopia? A dialogue with my utopian self (with apologies, and thanks, to H. G. Wells)"], by [[Gregory Claeys]] in ''Spaces of Utopia: An Electronic Journal'', no 1, Spring 2006. 
 
−
* [http://www.thenation.com/doc/19450818/wells "When H. G. Wells Split the Atom: A 1914 Preview of 1945"], by [[Freda Kirchwey]], in ''[[The Nation]]'', posted September 4, 2003 (original August 18, 1945 issue).
 
−
* [http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/wells/english/e_whws "Wells, Hitler and the World State"], by [[George Orwell]]. First published: ''Horizon''. — GB, London. — August 1941.
 
−
* [http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110006849 "War of the Worldviews"], by [[John J. Miller]], in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' Opinion Journal, June 21, 2005.  
 
−
* [http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol02/no02/hart.htm "Wells' Autobiography"], by [[John Hart]], from ''New International'', Vol.2 No.2, March 1935, pp.75-76
 
−
* [http://revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html?id=615 "History in the Science Fiction of H. G. Wells"], by [[Patrick Parrinder]], ''Cycnos'', 22.2 (2006).
 
−
* [http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=486 "FROM THE WORLD BRAIN TO THE WORLDWIDE WEB"], by [[Martin Campbell-Kelly]], Gresham College Lecture, 9 November 2006.
 
−
* [http://www.bostonreview.net/BR32.1/gornick.html "The Beginning of Wisdom: On Reading H.G. Wells"], by [[Vivian Gornick]], "[[Boston Review]]", 31.1 (2007).
 
−
'''Other'''
 
−
* [http://wiredforbooks.org/anthonywest/ 1984 audio interview of Anthony West, son of H. G. Wells], by Don Swaim of CBS Radio- RealAudio.
 
−
* [http://www.hycyber.com/SF/complete_wells.html John Hammond, The Complete List of Short Stories of H. G. Wells]
 
  
−
[[Category: Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 
 
{{credit|109560117}}
 
{{credit|109560117}}

Latest revision as of 16:38, 29 July 2023


Herbert George Wells
H G Wells pre 1922.jpg
Born: September 21, 1866
Bromley, Kent, England
Died: August 13, 1946
London, England
Occupation(s): Novelist, Historian, Journalist
Nationality: English
Literary genre: Science Fiction

Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 – August 13, 1946), better known as H. G. Wells, was an English author of science fiction novels such as The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, and The Island of Doctor Moreau. H.G. Wells is often considered to be remarkable for his ability to accurately forecast a number of technological and scientific developments, including the invention of the atomic bomb. Wells was a master prose stylist, and his novels are well-regarded not only because they provide insights into science and society, but also because they are easy and entertaining to read.

Wells was a prolific writer of both fiction and non-fiction, producing works in many different genres, including contemporary novels, history, and social commentary. He was also an outspoken socialist. His later works become increasingly political and didactic, and only his early science fiction novels are widely read today. Wells, along with Hugo Gernsback and Jules Verne, is sometimes referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction," as it is almost impossible to imagine science fiction without Wells' contributions.

Biography

Early life

Herbert George Wells, was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells and his wife, Sarah Neal. The family was of the impoverished lower-middle-class. An inheritance had allowed them to purchase a china shop, but the shop never provided much income. To make ends meet, Joseph sold cricket bats and balls and other equipment at matches in which he played, but this was an unsteady amount of money, since at that time there were no professional cricketers, and payment for skilled bowlers and batters came from voluntary donations after the match, or from small payments from the clubs where matches were played.

A defining incident of young Wells's life is said to be an accident he had in 1874, when he was seven years old, which left him bedridden with a broken leg. To pass the time he started reading, and soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access; they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morley's Commercial Academy, a private school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morley's earlier school. The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, on producing copperplate handwriting and doing the sort of sums useful to tradesmen. Wells continued at Morley's Academy until 1880. In 1877 another accident had affected his life, when his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh. The accident effectively put an end to Joseph's career as a cricketer, and his earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss.

No longer able to support themselves financially, the family instead sought to place their boys as apprentices to various professions. From 1881 to 1883 Wells had an unhappy apprenticeship as a draper at the Southsea Drapery Emporium. His experiences were later used as inspiration for his novels The Wheels of Chance and Kipps, which describe the life of a draper's apprentice and serve as a critique of the world's distribution of wealth.

Teacher

In 1883, Wells's employer dismissed him, claiming to be dissatisfied with him. The young man was reportedly not displeased with this ending to his apprenticeship. Later that year, he became an assistant teacher at Midhurst Grammar School, in West Sussex, until he won a scholarship to the Normal School of Science in London, studying biology under T. H. Huxley. As an alumnus, he later helped to set up the Royal College of Science Association, of which he became the first president in 1909. Wells studied in his new school until 1887 with an allowance of 21 shillings a week thanks to his scholarship.

He soon entered the Debating Society of the school. These years mark the beginning of his interest in a possible reformation of society. At first approaching the subject through studying The Republic by Plato, he soon turned to contemporary ideas of socialism as expressed by the recently-formed Fabian Society dedicated to socialism, and free lectures delivered at Kelmscott House, the home of William Morris. He was also among the founders of The Science School Journal, a school magazine that allowed him to express his views on literature and society. The school year 1886-1887 was the last year of his studies. Having previously successfully passed his exams in both biology and physics, his lack of interest in geology resulted in his failure to pass and the loss of his scholarship.

In 1891 Wells married his cousin Isabel Mary Wells, who divorced him when she discovered the nature of his affair with one of his students, Amy Catherine Robbins, whom he married in 1895. He had two sons by Amy: George Philip in 1901 and Frank Richard in 1903.

Wells the writer

Wells' first bestseller was Anticipations (1901). When originally serialized in a magazine it was subtitled, "An Experiment in Prophecy," and it is still considered his most explicitly futuristic work. Anticipating what the world would be like in the year 2000, the book is interesting both for its accurate predictions — trains and cars resulting in the dispersion of population; moral restrictions declining as men and women seek greater sexual liberation; the defeat of German militarism, and the existence of a European Union — as well as for its less-than-accurate musings.

Wells called his early novels, "scientific romances," inventing a number of themes now classic in science fiction in such works as The Time Machine, The Invisible Man, and The War of the Worlds. He also wrote other, non-fantastic novels which have received critical acclaim, including the satire on Edwardian advertising Tono-Bungay and Kipps.

Though Tono-Bungay was not a science-fiction novel, radioactive decay plays a small but consequential role in it. Radioactive decay plays a much larger role in The World Set Free (1914). This book contains what is surely Wells' most striking prophecy of the future of science: Scientists of the Wells' day were well aware that the natural decay of radium releases energy at a slow rate over thousands of years. Although the rate of release is too slow to have practical utility, the total amount of energy released by the decay of radium is huge. The World Set Free revolves around an unspecified invention that accelerates the process of radioactive decay, producing bombs that explode with no more than the force of ordinary high explosive— but which "continue to explode" for days on end. "Nothing could have been more obvious to the people of the earlier twentieth century," he wrote, "than the rapidity with which war was becoming impossible… [but] they did not see it until the atomic bombs burst in their fumbling hands." Leó Szilárd acknowledged that the book inspired him to theorize the nuclear chain reaction — leading directly to the invention of the atomic bomb.

Wells also wrote nonfiction. His bestselling two-volume work, The Outline of History (1920), began a new era of popularized world history. It received a mixed critical response from professional historians, but was praised by Arnold J. Toynbee as the best introductory history available.[1] Many other authors followed with 'Outlines' of their own in other subjects. Wells reprised his Outline in 1922 with a much shorter popular work, A Short History of the World[2], and two long efforts, The Science of Life (1930) and The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931).

Political efforts

Wells called his political views socialist, but he occasionally found himself at odds with other socialists. He was for a time a member of the left-of-center Fabian Society associated with the Labour Party, but who "broke with the Fabians in 1909 on the issue of mass agitation (or rather lack of it)."[3]He broke with them because they were not sufficiently radical enough for his tastes. He became a staunch critic of their grasp of economics and educational reform. He also ran as a Labour Party candidate for London University in 1922 and 1923, but even at that point his faith in that party was flagging.

His most consistent political ideal was the concept of the World State. He stated in his autobiography that from 1900 onward he considered a world-state inevitable. The details of this state varied but in general it would be a planned society that would advance science, end nationalism, and allow people to advance solely by merit rather than birth. While supporting a meritocracy, he viewed parliamentary democracy as an insufficient foundation for a world-state. Wells remained fairly consistent in his rejection of parliamentary democracy as a basis for a world-state, opposing any mention of democracy during his work on the United Nations Charter. He feared that the average citizen could never be educated or aware enough to decide the major issues of the world. Therefore he favored the vote be limited to scientists, organizers, engineers, and others of merit. At the same time he strongly believed citizens should have as much freedom as they could without consequently restricting the freedom of others. These values came under increasing criticism from the 1920s and afterwards.[4] [5]

Works

(Entries marked with an * are available at the Project Gutenberg website.)

  • "The Chronic Argonauts" (short story, 1888)
  • Textbook of Biology (1893) (revised in 1898 as Textbook of Zoology)
  • Honours Physiography, co-written with R. A. Gregory, (1893)
  • Select Conversations with an Uncle (now extinct) (1895)
  • The Time Machine: An Invention (1895)*
  • The Wonderful Visit (1895)
  • The Stolen Bacillus and Other Incidents (1895)*
  • The Argonauts of the Air (1895)
  • Under the Knife (1896)
  • In The Abyss (1896)
  • The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896)*
  • The Red Room (1896)*
  • The Wheels of Chance: A Bicycling Idyll (1896)*
  • The Sea Raiders (1896)
  • The Crystal Egg (1897)
  • The Star (1897)
  • A Story of the Stone Age (1897)
  • The Plattner Story, and Others (1897)
  • The Invisible Man: A Grotesque Romance (1897)*
  • Certain Personal Matters: A Collection of Material, Mainly Autobiographical (1898)
  • The War of the Worlds (1898)*
  • The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1898)
  • When the Sleeper Wakes (1899) (later revised as The Sleeper Awakes, 1910)*
  • Tales of Space and Time (1899)
  • A Story of the Days To Come (1899)
  • Love and Mr Lewisham: The Story of a Very Young Couple (1900)*
  • A Dream of Armageddon (1901)
  • The First Men in the Moon (1901)*
  • Filmer (1901)
  • The New Accelerator (1901)
  • Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought (1902)
  • The Discovery of the Future (1902)
  • The Sea Lady: A Tissue of Moonshine (1902)
  • Mankind in the Making (1903)*
  • The Magic Shop (1903)*
  • Twelve Stories and a Dream (1903)
  • The Truth About Pyecraft (1903)
  • The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth (1904)*
  • The Land Ironclads (1904)
  • Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul (1905)
  • A Modern Utopia (1905)*
  • The Empire of the Ants (1905)
  • In the Days of the Comet (1906)*
  • The Future in America: A Search After Realities (1906)
  • Faults of the Fabian (1906)
  • Socialism and the Family (1906)
  • Reconstruction of the Fabian Society (1906)
  • This Misery of Boots (1907), reprinted from the Independent Review, Dec. 1905.
  • Will Socialism Destroy the Home? (paper, written in 1907)
  • New Worlds for Old (1908)
  • The War in the Air (1908)*
  • First and Last Things: A Confession of Faith and Rule of Life (1908)*
  • The Valley of Spiders (1909)
  • Ann Veronica (1909)*
  • Tono-Bungay (1909)*
  • The History of Mr. Polly (1910)*
  • The Sleeper Awakes (1910)* - Revised edition of When the Sleeper Wakes 1899
  • The Late Mr Elvesham (1911)
  • The New Machiavelli (1911)*
  • The Country of the Blind and Other Stories (1911)*
  • The Door in the Wall and Other Stories (1911)
  • Floor Games (1911)*
  • The Great State: Essays in Construction (U.S. title: Socialism and the Great State: Essays in Construction) (edited by Wells, G. R. S. Taylor and Lady Warwick (1912)
  • The Labour Unrest (1912)
  • Marriage (1912)
  • War and Common Sense (1913)
  • Liberalism and Its Party: What Are the Liberals to Do? (1913)
  • Little Wars: A Game for Boys from Twelve Years of Age to One Hundred and Fifty and for that More Intelligent Sort of Girls who Like Boys' Games and Books (1913)
  • The Passionate Friends: A Novel (1913)
  • An Englishman Looks at the World: Being A Series of Unrestrained Remarks upon Contemporary Matters (U.S. title: Social Forces in England and America) (1914)
  • The World Set Free: A Story of Mankind (1914)
  • The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman (1914)
  • The War That Will End War (1914)
  • The Peace of the World (1915)
  • Boon, The Mind of the Race, The Wild Asses of the Devil, and The Last Trump: Being a First Selection from the Literary Remains of George Boon, Appropriate to the Times (the first edition was published pseudonymously under the name 'Reginald Bliss') (1915)
  • Bealby: A Holiday (1915)
  • Tidstänkar (1915)
  • The Research Magnificent (1915)
  • What is Coming? A Forecast of Things After the War (1916)
  • Mr. Britling Sees It Through (1916)
  • The Elements of Reconstruction: A Series of Articles Contributed in July and August 1916 to The Times (the first edition was published pseudonymously under the initals 'D. P.') (1916)
  • God the Invisible King (1917)*
  • War and the Future: Italy, France and Britain at War (US edition published as Italy, France and Britain at War) (1917)*
  • The Soul of a Bishop (1917)*
  • A Reasonable Man's Peace (1917)
  • Joan and Peter: The Story of an Education (1918)
  • In the Fourth Year: Anticipations of a World Peace (1918)
  • The Undying Fire: A Contemporary Novel (1919)
  • The Idea of a League of Nations (with Viscount Edward Grey, Lionel Curtis, William Archer, H. Wickham Steed, A. E. Zimmern, J. A. Spender, Viscount Bryce and Gilbert Murray) (1919)
  • The Way to a League of Nations (with Viscount Edward Grey, Lionel Curtis, William Archer, H. Wickham Steed, A. E. Zimmern, J. A. Spender, Viscount Bryce and Gilbert Murray) (1919)
  • History is One (1919)
  • The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind, I, II (1920, 1931, 1940; posthumous revisions by Raymond Postgate 1949, 1956, 1961, 1971)
  • Russia in the Shadows (1920)
  • The Salvaging of Civilization (1921)
  • The New Teaching of History. With a Reply to Some Criticisms of 'The Outline of History' (1921)
  • Washington and the Hope of Peace (US title: Washington and the Riddle of Peace) (1922)
  • What H.G. Wells Thinks about 'The Mind in the Making' (1922)
  • University of London Election: An Electoral Letter (1922)
  • The World, its Debts and the Rich Men (1922)
  • A Short History of the World (1922, 1931, 1938, 1945; with several posthumous revisions by G. P. Wells and Raymond Postgate)
  • The Secret Places of the Heart (1922)*
  • Men Like Gods: A Novel (1923)
  • Socialism and the Scientific Motive (1923)
  • To the Electors of London University, University General Election, 1923, from H.G. Wells, B.Sc., London (1923)
  • The Labour Ideal of Education (1923)
  • A Walk Along the Thames Embankment (1923)
  • The Story of a Great School Master (1924)
  • The Dream: A Novel (1924)
  • The P.R. Parliament (1924)
  • A Year of Prophesying (1924)
  • Christina Alberta's Father (1925)
  • A Forecast of the World's Affairs (1925)
  • The World of William Clissold: A Novel at a New Angle, I, II, III (1926)
  • Mr. Belloc Objects to the 'Outline of History' (1926)
  • Democracy Under Revision (1927)
  • Playing at Peace (1927)
  • Meanwhile: The Picture of a Lady (1927)
  • The Stolen Body (1927)
  • The Short Stories of H. G. Wells (1927) (later retitled The Complete Short Stories of H. G. Wells and subsequently updated in 1998) - includes A Vision of Judgment
  • The Way the World is Going: Guesses & Forecasts of the Years Ahead (1928)
  • The Open Conspiracy: Blue Prints for a World Revolution (1928, 1930 [subtitled A Second Version of This Faith of a Modern Man Made More Explicit and Plain], 1933 [no subtitle]), also published under the title What are We to do With our Lives? [1931])
  • Mr. Blettsworthy on Rampole Island: Being the Story of a Gentleman of Culture and Refinement who suffered Shipwreck and saw no Human Beings other than Cruel and Savage Cannibals for several years. How he beheld Megatheria alive and made some notes of their Habits. How he became a Sacred Lunatic. How he did at last escape in a Strange Manner from the Horror and Barbarities of Rampole Island in time to fight in the Great War, and how afterwards he came near returning to that Island for ever. With much Amusing and Edifying Matter concerning Manners, Customs, Beliefs, Warfare, Crime, and a Storm at Sea. Concluding with some Reflections upon Life in General and upon these Present Times in Particular (1928)
  • The Book of Catherine Wells (1928) (edited by Wells)
  • The King Who Was A King: The Book of a Film (US subtitle An Unconventional Novel) (1929)
  • Common Sense of World Peace (1929)
  • The Adventures of Tommy (1929)
  • Imperialism and The Open Conspiracy (1929)
  • The Autocracy of Mr. Parham: His Remarkable Adventures in this Changing World (1930)
  • The Science of Life: A Summary of Contemporary Knowledge about Life and its Possibilities, I, II, III (with Julian S. Huxley and G. P. Wells) (1930) (subsequently reissued in nine volumes, 1934-1937, under the general title The 'Science of Life' Series)
  • The Way to World Peace (1930)
  • The Problem of the Troublesome Collaborator: An Account of Certain Difficulties in an Attempt to Produce a Work in Collaboration and of the Intervention of the Society of Authors Therein (1930)
  • Settlement of the Trouble between Mr. Thring and Mr. Wells: A Footnote to the Problem of the Troublesome Collaborator (1930)
  • What Are We To Do With Our Lives? (revision of The Open Conspiracy) (1931)
  • The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (USA 1931; first UK edition, 1932)
  • After Democracy: Addresses and Papers on the Present World Situation (1932)
  • The Bulpington of Blup: Adventures, Poses, Stresses, Conflicts, and Disaster in a Contemporary Brain (1932)
  • What Should be Done Now? (1932)
  • The Shape of Things to Come: The Ultimate Revolution (1933)
  • Experiment in Autobiography: Discoveries and Conclusions of a Very Ordinary Brain (since 1866), I, II (1934) (a third volume, entitled H. G. Wells in Love was published posthumously in 1984)
  • Stalin-Wells Talk: The Verbatim Record and a Discussion (with Josef Stalin, George Bernard Shaw, J. M. Keynes, Ernst Toller and Dora Russell (1934)
  • The New America: The New World (1935)
  • Things to Come: A Film Story (1935)
  • The Anatomy of Frustration: A Modern Synthesis (1936)
  • The Croquet Player (1936)
  • The Idea of a World Encyclopaedia (1936)
  • The Man Who Could Work Miracles: A Film (1936)
  • Star Begotten: A Biological Fantasia (US title, Star-Begotten) (1937)
  • Brynhild, or the Show of Things (1937)
  • The Camford Visitation (1937)
  • The Informative Content of Education (1937)
  • The Brothers: A Story (1938)
  • World Brain (1938)
  • Apropos of Dolores (1938)
  • The Holy Terror (1939)
  • Travels of a Republican Radical in Search of Hot Water (1939)
  • The Fate of Homo Sapiens: An unemotional Statement of the Things that are happening to him now, and of the immediate Possibilities confronting him (US title: The Fate of Man) (1939)
  • The New World Order: Whether it is attainable, how it can be attained, and what sort of world a world at peace will have to be (1939)
  • The Rights of Man, Or What Are We Fighting For? (1940)
  • Babes in the Darkling Wood (1940)
  • The Common Sense of War and Peace: World Revolution of War Unending (1940)
  • All Aboard for Ararat (1940)
  • Guide to the New World: A Handbook of Constructive World Revolution (1941)
  • You Can't Be Too Careful (1941)
  • The Outlook for Homo Sapiens: An unemotional Statement of the Things that are happening to him now, and of the immediate Possibilities confrontinmg him (1942) (this is an amalgamation of The Fate of Homo Sapiens and The New World Order)
  • Science and the World-Mind (1942)
  • Phoenix: A Summary of the Inescapable Conditions of World Reorganization (1942)
  • A Thesis on the Quality of Illusion in the Continuity of Individual Life of the Higher Metazoa, with Particular Reference to the Species Homo Sapiens (1942)
  • The Conquest of Time (1942)
  • The New Rights of Man: Text of Letter to Wells from Soviet Writer, Who Pictures the Ordeal and Rescue of Humanistic Civilization - H. G. Wells' Reply and Program for Liberated Humanity (with Lev Uspensky) (1942)
  • Crux Ansata: An Indictment of the Roman Catholic Church (1943)
  • The Mosley Outrage (1943)
  • The Rights of Man: An Essay in Collective Definition (edited anonymously by Wells) (1943)
  • '42 to '44: A Contemporary Memoir upon Human Behaviour during the Crisis of the World Revolution (1944)
  • The Illusion of Personality (1944)
  • The Happy Turning: A Dream of Life (1945)
  • Mind at the End of Its Tether (1945)
  • The Desert Daisy (posthumous publication of a work written in c. 1878-1880) (1957)
  • The Wealth of Mr Waddy (posthumous publication of a work written in c. 1898-1905, which Wells revised and published as Kipps, edited by Harris Wilson) (1969)
  • H. G. Wells in Love (posthumous third volume of his autobiography, edited by G. P. Wells) (1984)
  • The Betterave Papers and Aesop's Quinine for Delphi, edited by John Hammond (2001)

Notes

  1. ↑ Geoffrey Doyle[1] Review of Outline of History. Clemson College.Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  2. ↑ Contents of A Short History of the World [2].www.bartleby. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  3. ↑ The History of Economic Thought.
  4. ↑ H.G. Wells. An Experiment in Autobiography. (Macmillan Co. 1934. ASIN: B000GP0SWE556.)
  5. ↑ Mark Robert Hillegas. Future as Nightmare: H. G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians. (Southern Illinois University Press. 1974. Chapter Four. ISBN 080930676X)


References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Wagar, W. Warren, H.G. Wells: Traversing Time. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2004. ISBN 0819567256
  • Draper, Michael. H.G. Wells. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0312020902
  • Hillegas, Mark R. Future as Nightmare: H. G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians. Southern Illinois University Press. 1974. Chapter Four. ISBN 080930676X
  • Huntington, John. (ed.) Critical Essays on H.G. Wells. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1991. ISBN 0816188567
  • Wells, H.G. An Experiment in Autobiography. Macmillan Co. 1934. ASIN B000GP0SWE556

External links

All links retrieved July 22, 2017.

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