Difference between revisions of "Gilbert Ryle" - New World Encyclopedia
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'''Gilbert Ryle''' (Aug. 19, 1900, Brighton, Sussex, Eng. — Oct. 6, 1976, Whitby, North Yorkshire), was a [[philosopher]] and a representative of the generation of Oxford-based British [[ordinary language philosopher]]s influenced by [[Wittgenstein]]'s insights into [[language]]. He is principally known for his critique of [[Cartesian dualism]], for which he coined the phrase "the [[ghost in the machine]]". He referred to some of his ideas as "behaviourism" (not to be confused with the [[psychology|psychological]] [[Behaviorism|behaviourism]] of [[B. F. Skinner]] and [[John B. Watson]]). | '''Gilbert Ryle''' (Aug. 19, 1900, Brighton, Sussex, Eng. — Oct. 6, 1976, Whitby, North Yorkshire), was a [[philosopher]] and a representative of the generation of Oxford-based British [[ordinary language philosopher]]s influenced by [[Wittgenstein]]'s insights into [[language]]. He is principally known for his critique of [[Cartesian dualism]], for which he coined the phrase "the [[ghost in the machine]]". He referred to some of his ideas as "behaviourism" (not to be confused with the [[psychology|psychological]] [[Behaviorism|behaviourism]] of [[B. F. Skinner]] and [[John B. Watson]]). | ||
| − | Ryle was educated at [[Brighton College]], like his brothers John and George (In later life, Gilbert was a governor of [[Brighton College]] and the school named a dayboy house in his honour). A capable linguist, he was recruited to [[military intelligence|intelligence]] work during [[World War II]], after which he became [[Wayneflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy]] at Oxford. He was editor of the philosophy journal ''Mind'' from 1947 to 1971, nearly twenty five years. Daniel Dennett reports that "He edited the journal autocratically, reading all the submissions and making most decisions regarding publication without consulting anybody." (From http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/2002/RyleLett.html) | + | Ryle was educated at [[Brighton College]], like his brothers John and George (In later life, Gilbert was a governor of [[Brighton College]] and the school named a dayboy house in his honour). A capable linguist, he was recruited to [[military intelligence|intelligence]] work during [[World War II]], after which he became [[Wayneflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy]] at Oxford. He was editor of the highly-respected philosophy journal ''Mind'' from 1947 to 1971, nearly twenty five years. Daniel Dennett reports that "He edited the journal autocratically, reading all the submissions and making most decisions regarding publication without consulting anybody." (From http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/2002/RyleLett.html) |
| − | Ryle had a large influence on Oxford ordinary language philosophy. In his article "Systematically Misleading Expressions" (1932), Ryle proposed a method, using ordinary language, of dissolving philosophical problems through showing that incorrect abstract inferences have been drawn from certain expressions. In "Categories" (1938), Ryle showed that misapplying an ordinary term can result in a seriously misleading category mistake. | + | Ryle had a large influence on Oxford ordinary language philosophy. Moreover, because of his position and prominence, he had a large influence on Anglo-American analytic philosophy altogether. His best known work, ''The Concept of Mind'', exercised a large effect, at least for a time, on philosophy of mind. |
| + | |||
| + | ==Ryle's Works== | ||
| + | In his article "Systematically Misleading Expressions" (1932), Ryle proposed a method, using ordinary language, of dissolving philosophical problems through showing that incorrect abstract inferences have been drawn from certain expressions. In "Categories" (1938), Ryle showed that misapplying an ordinary term can result in a seriously misleading category mistake. | ||
==''The Concept of Mind''== | ==''The Concept of Mind''== | ||
Revision as of 02:42, 11 January 2007
| Western Philosophers 20th-century philosophy | |
|---|---|
| 200px | |
| Name: Gilbert Ryle | |
| Birth: August 19, 1900 | |
| Death: October 6, 1976 | |
| School/tradition: Analytic | |
| Main interests | |
| Language, Ordinary language philosophy, Philosophy of mind, Behaviourism, Meaning, Cognition | |
| Notable ideas | |
| Ryle's Regress, Ordinary language philosophy, The Ghost In The Machine | |
| Influences | Influenced |
| Descartes, Wittgenstein | J. L. Austin, A. J. Ayer, R.M. Hare, Wilfrid Sellars, Daniel Dennett |
Gilbert Ryle (Aug. 19, 1900, Brighton, Sussex, Eng. — Oct. 6, 1976, Whitby, North Yorkshire), was a philosopher and a representative of the generation of Oxford-based British ordinary language philosophers influenced by Wittgenstein's insights into language. He is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "the ghost in the machine". He referred to some of his ideas as "behaviourism" (not to be confused with the psychological behaviourism of B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson).
Ryle was educated at Brighton College, like his brothers John and George (In later life, Gilbert was a governor of Brighton College and the school named a dayboy house in his honour). A capable linguist, he was recruited to intelligence work during World War II, after which he became Wayneflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at Oxford. He was editor of the highly-respected philosophy journal Mind from 1947 to 1971, nearly twenty five years. Daniel Dennett reports that "He edited the journal autocratically, reading all the submissions and making most decisions regarding publication without consulting anybody." (From http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/2002/RyleLett.html)
Ryle had a large influence on Oxford ordinary language philosophy. Moreover, because of his position and prominence, he had a large influence on Anglo-American analytic philosophy altogether. His best known work, The Concept of Mind, exercised a large effect, at least for a time, on philosophy of mind.
Ryle's Works
In his article "Systematically Misleading Expressions" (1932), Ryle proposed a method, using ordinary language, of dissolving philosophical problems through showing that incorrect abstract inferences have been drawn from certain expressions. In "Categories" (1938), Ryle showed that misapplying an ordinary term can result in a seriously misleading category mistake.
The Concept of Mind
In his principal and best-known work, The Concept of Mind (1949), Ryle admits to having been taken in by the body-mind dualism which permeates Western philosophy, and claims that the idea of Mind as an independent entity, inhabiting and governing the body, should be rejected as a redundant piece of literalism carried over from the era before the biological sciences became established. The proper function of Mind-body language, he suggests, is to describe how higher organisms such as humans demonstrate resourcefulness, strategy, the ability to abstract and hypothesize and so on from the evidences of their behaviour.
He attacks the idea of 17th and 18th century thinkers (such as Descartes and La Mettrie) that nature is a complex machine, and that human nature is a smaller machine with a "ghost" in it to account for intelligence, spontaneity and other such human qualities. While mental vocabulary plays an important role in describing and explaining human behavior, neither are humans analogous to machines nor do philosophers need a "hidden" principle to explain their super-mechanical capacities.
Novelists, historians and journalists, Ryle points out, have no trouble in ascribing motives, moral values and individuality to people's actions. It is only when philosophers try to attribute these qualities to a separate realm of mind or soul that the problem arises. Ryle also created the classic argument against cognitivist theories of explanation, Ryle's Regress.
Legacy and influence
The Concept of Mind was recognized on its appearance as an important contribution to philosophical psychology, and an important work in the ordinary language philosophy movement. However, in the 1960s and 1970s the rising influence of the cognitivist theories of Noam Chomsky, Herbert Simon, Jerry Fodor and others in the neo-Cartesian school became predominant. Chomsky even wrote a book entitled Cartesian Linguistics. In philosophy the two major post-war schools in the philosophy of mind, the representationalism of Jerry Fodor and the functionalism of Wilfrid Sellars posited precisely the 'internal' cognitive states that Ryle had argued against. However as influential modern philosopher and former student Daniel Dennett has pointed out, recent trends in psychology such as embodied cognition, discursive psychology, situated cognition and others in the post-cognitivist tradition have provoked a renewed interest in Ryle's work. Ryle remains a significant defender of the possibility of lucid and meaningful interpretation of higher-level human activities without recourse to an abstracted soul.
Aspects of Ryle's work have been an important influence on cultural anthropologists such as Clifford Geertz who approvingly quote his notion of 'Thick description'.
Writings of Ryle
- A Rational Animal, London: University of London, The Athlone Press, 1962
- Aspects of Mind, ed. by René Meyer, Oxford UK & Cambridge MA: Blackwell, 1993.
- Collected Papers, 2 Vols., New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1971.
- The Concept of Mind, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1949, 1962. 2002 ed., with an introd. by Daniel C. Dennett, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
- Contemporary Aspects of Philosophy, ed. by Gilbert Ryle, Boston: Oriel Press, 1977.
- Dilemmas, Cambridge University Press, 1954.
- Logic and Language (First Series), ed. by Antony Flew, Oxford: Blackwell, 1951.
- On Thinking, Ed. by Konstantin Kolenda, Introd. by G.J. Warnock, Totowa NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1979.
- Plato's Progress, Cambridge University Press, 1966.
- Studies in the Philoosphy of Thought and Action: British Academy Lectures by Gilbert Ryle and Others, Selected and introd. by P.F. Strawson, Oxford University Press, 1968
- The Thinking of Thoughts: What is 'Le Penseur' Doing? Saskatoon, Canada: The University of Saskatchewan, c. 1968.
Works on Ryle
- Addis, Laird, and Douglas Lewis. Moore and Ryle: Two Ontologists, Iowa City IA: University of Iowa, 1965.
- Kolenda, Konstantin, ed. Studies in Philosophy: A Symposium on Gilbert Ryle by Virgil C. Aldrich [and others], Houston TX: William Marsh Rice University, 1972.
- Lyons, William. Gilbert Ryle: An Introduction to His Philosophy, New York: Humanities Press, 1980.
- Miedzianogora, Myriam. Gilbert Ryle and Jean-Paul Sartre: A Comparative Study of Two Theories of Mind, Columbia University Ph.D. Thesis, 1964.
- Wood, Oscar P, and George Pitcher, eds.; Intro. by Gilbert Ryle. Ryle: A collection of Critical Essays, Garden City NY: Anchor Books, 1970.
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