Erich Fromm

File:Erich Fromm writing.jpg

Erich Fromm

Erich Fromm (March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was an internationally renowned German-American psychologist and humanistic philosopher. He is associated with what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical thinkers.

Life

Erich Fromm was born on March 23, 1900 in Frankfurt-on-Main which at the time was part of the Prussian empire. Fromm grew up as an only child in an Orthodox Jewish family. Two of his paternal great-grandfathers and his paternal grandfather were rabbis. His mother's brother was a well-respected Talmudic scholar. At age 13, Fromm began his Talmudic studies that would last fourteen years during which time he was exposed to socialistic humanistic and Hasidic thought. Though devoutly religious, his family was involved in commerce as most Jewish families in Frankfurt were. Fromm describes his childhood as growing up in two distinct worlds, the traditional Jewish and the modern commercial. By age 26, he rejected religion because he felt it was too divisive. Still he carried his early impressed with the Talmud's messages of compassion, redemption and messianic hope.

Two event in his early life had serious effect on his outlook on life. The first, at age 12, was the suicide of a young woman who was a friend of the family. Her life had many good attributes, yet she could not find happiness. The second, at age 14, was the outbreak of World War I. Fromm witnessed many ordinarily gentle people turn hateful and homicidal. A search to understand the cause of suicide and bellicosity underlies much of Fromm's thinking.

In 1918, Erich Fromm began his studies in Germany, at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, beginning with two semesters of jurisprudence. During the summer semester of 1919, Fromm studied at the University of Heidelberg, where he switched from studying jurisprudence to studying sociology under Alfred Weber (brother of Max Weber), Karl Jaspers, and Heinrich Rickert. Fromm received his Ph.D. in sociology from Heidelberg in 1922, and completed his psychoanalytical training in 1930 at the Psychoanalytical Institute in Berlin. In that same year, he began his own clinical practice and joined the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research. After the Nazi takeover of power in Germany, Fromm moved to Geneva, and in 1934, to Columbia University in New York. After leaving Columbia, he helped to pioneer the New York Branch of the Washington School of Psychiatry in 1943. In 1945, he helped form the William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Psychology.

Fromm was married three times. His first wife was Frieda Reichmann, a psychoanalyst who gained a good reputation from her effective clinical work with schizophrenics. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1933, but Fromm acknowledges that he learned much her. At age 43, Fromm married Henni Gurland. They moved to Mexico City in 1950 because of her health problems, but she died in 1952. A year after her death, Fromm married Annis Freeman.

When Fromm moved to Mexico City in 1950, he became a professor at the UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico) and established a psychoanalytic sector of the medical school. He taught at the UNAM until his retirement in 1965. Fromm was also a Professor of psychology at Michigan State University from 1957 to 1961 and served as an adjunct professor of psychology at the graduate division of Arts and Sciences at New York University In 1974 he moved to Muralto, Switzerland. He died at his home in 1980, five days before his eightieth birthday. Throughout his life, Fromm maintained his own clinical practice and published a series of books, the most popular of which was The Art of Loving, which received international success in 1956.

Psychological theory

Beginning with his first seminal work, Escape from Freedom (known in Britain as The Fear of Freedom), first published in 1941, Fromm's writings were notable as much for their social and political commentary as for their philosophical and psychological underpinnings. His second seminal work, Man for Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics, first published in 1947, was a continuation of Escape from Freedom. Taken together, these books outlined Fromm's theory of human character, which was a natural outgrowth of Fromm's theory of human nature. Fromm's most popular book was The Art of Loving, an international bestseller first published in 1956, which recapitulated and complemented the theoretical principles of human nature found in Escape from Freedom and Man for Himself, principles which were revisited in many of Fromm's other major works.

Central to Fromm's world view was his interpretation of the Talmud, which he began studying as a young man under Rabbi J. Horowitz and later studied under Rabbi Salman Baruch Rabinkow while working towards his doctorate in sociology at the University of Heidelberg and under Nehemia Nobel and Ludwig Krause while studying in Frankfurt. Fromm's grandfather and two great grandfathers on his father's side were rabbis, and a great uncle on his mother's side was a noted Talmudic scholar. However, Fromm turned away from orthodox Judaism in 1926 and turned towards secular interpretations of scriptural ideals.

The cornerstone of Fromm's humanistic philosophy is his interpretation of the biblical story of Adam and Eve's exile from the Garden of Eden. Drawing on his knowledge of the Talmud, Fromm pointed out that being able to distinguish between good and evil is generally considered to be a virtue, and that biblical scholars generally consider Adam and Eve to have sinned by disobeying God and eating from the Tree of Knowledge. However, departing from traditional religious orthodoxy, Fromm extolled the virtues of humans taking independent action and using reason to establish moral values rather than adhering to authoritarian moral values.

Beyond a simple condemnation of authoritarian value systems, Fromm used the story of Adam and Eve as an allegorical explanation for human biological evolution and existential angst, asserting that when Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge, they became aware of themselves as being separate from nature while still being a part of it. This is why they felt "naked" and "ashamed": They had evolved into human beings, conscious of themselves, their own mortality, and their powerlessness before the forces of nature and society, and no longer united with the universe as they were in their instinctive, pre-human existence as animals. According to Fromm, the awareness of a disunited human existence is the source of all guilt and shame, and the solution to this existential dichotomy is found in the development of one's uniquely human powers of love and reason. However, Fromm so distinguished his concept of love from popular notions of love that his reference to this concept was virtually paradoxical.

Fromm considered love to be an interpersonal creative capacity rather than an emotion, and he distinguished this creative capacity from what he considered to be various forms of narcissistic neuroses and sado-masochistic tendencies that are commonly held out as proof of "true love." Indeed, Fromm viewed the experience of "falling in love" as evidence of one's failure to understand the true nature of love, which he believed always had the common elements of care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge. Drawing from his knowledge of the Talmud, Fromm pointed to the story of Jonah, who did not wish to save the residents of Nineveh from the consequences of their sin, as demonstrative of his belief that the qualities of care and responsibility are generally absent from most human relationships. Fromm also asserted that few people in modern society had respect for the autonomy of their fellow human beings, much less the objective knowledge of what other people truly wanted and needed.

The word "biophilia' was frequently used by Fromm as a description of a productive psychological orientation and "state of being". For example, in an addendum to his book The Heart of Man: Its Genius For Good and Evil, Fromm wrote as part of his famous Humanist Credo:

"I believe that the man choosing progress can find a new unity through the development of all his human forces, which are produced in three orientations. These can be presented separately or together: biophilia, love for humanity and nature, and independence and freedom." (c. 1965)

The concept of biophilia was used by Fromm as an inverse to necrophilia, while some other resources state the opposite of biophilia as biophobia.

Political ideas and activities

The culmination of Fromm's social and political philosophy was his book The Sane Society, published in 1955, which argued in favor of humanist, democratic socialism. Building primarily upon the early works of Karl Marx, Fromm sought to re-emphasize the ideal of personal freedom, missing from most Soviet Marxism, and more frequently found in the writings of libertarian socialists and liberal theoreticians. Fromm's brand of socialism rejected both Western capitalism and Soviet communism, which he saw as dehumanizing and bureaucratic social structures that resulted in a virtually universal modern phenomenon of alienation. He became one of the founders of the Socialist Humanism, promoting the early Marx's writings and his humanist messages to the US and Western European publics. Thus, in the early 1960s, Fromm has published two books dealing with the Marx thought (Marx's Concept of Man and Beyond the Chains of Illusion: my Encounter with Marx and Freud). Working to stimulate the Western and Eastern cooperation between Marxist Humanists, in 1965 Fromm has published the collection of articles entitled Socialist Humanism: An International Symposium.

For a period Fromm was also active in US politics. He joined the Socialist Party of America in the middle 1950s, and did his best to help them provide an alternative viewpoint to the prevailing McCarthyism of the time, a viewpoint that was best expressed in his 1961 paper May Man Prevail? An Inquiry into the Facts and Fictions of Foreign Policy. However, as a co-founder of SANE, Fromm's strongest political interest was in the international peace movement, fighting against the nuclear arms race and US involvement in the Vietnam war. After supporting the then Senator Eugene McCarthy's losing bid for the Democratic presidential nomination, Fromm more or less retreated from the American political scene, although he did write a paper in 1974 entitled Remarks on the Policy of Détente for a hearing held by the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.

Legacy

Fromm as a psychologist has not left a substantial legacy. His desire to see Freudian theory rely on more empirical data and methods was better met by others such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud. Fromm is little acknowledged for his influence on the Neo-Freudians. His theory of personality is not included in theories of personalities test books. His socio-political influence concluded with his contemporary activities in American politics of the 1960s and early 1970s.

However, his books are perennially rediscovered by scholars who are individually influenced. Fifteen such individuals formed the International Erich Fromm Society in 1985. This society, now with over 650 members, seeks to encourage scholarly works and investigations based on Fromm's work.

Major works

• Escape from Freedom (AKA The Fear of Freedom), 1941
• Man for Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics, 1947
• Psychoanalysis and Religion, 1950
• The Forgotten Language: the Understanding of Dreams, Fairy Tales and Myths, 1951
• The Sane Society, 1955
• The Art of Loving, 1956
• Sigmund Freud's Mission: an analysis of his personality and influence, 1959
• Let Man Prevail: a Socialist Manifest and Program, 1960
• Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis with D.T. Suzuki and Richard de Martino, 1960
• May Man Prevail? An inquiry to the Facts and Fictions of Foreign Policy, 1961
• Marx's Concept of Man, 1961
• Beyond the Chains of Illusion: my Encounter with Marx and Freud, 1962
• The Heart of Man: its Genius for Good and Evil, 1964
• You Shall Be as Gods, 1966
• The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanized Technology, 1968
• The Crisis of Psychoanalysis: Essays on Freud, Marx, and Social Psychology, 1970
• Social Character in a Mexican Village (with Michael Maccoby), 1970
• The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, 1973
• To Have or to Be, 1976
• The Working Class in Weimar Germany (a psycho-social analysis done in the 1930s), 1984
• For the Love of Life, 1986
• The Art of Being, edited by Rainer Funk, 1989

External links

• The International Erich Fromm Society
• Erich Fromm Archive at the Marxists.org Internet Archive
• "Love & Its Disintegration" An excerpt from Fromm's book "The Art of Loving."
• The Erich Fromm Room - A collection of articles

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

• Erich_Fromm  ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

• History of "Erich Fromm"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.