Difference between revisions of "Częstochowa" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Images OK}}
 
{{Images OK}}
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{{Infobox City
+
{{Infobox Settlement
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|official_name          = Częstochowa
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| name = Częstochowa
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|other_name            =
+
| motto = Częstochowa to dobre miasto<br>(Częstochowa is a good city)
−
|native_name            = ''Częstochowa'' <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English —>
+
| image_skyline = Czestochowa 10.jpg
−
|nickname              =
+
| imagesize = 250px
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|motto                 = Częstochowa to dobre miasto<br>(Częstochowa is a good city)
+
| image_caption = Jasna Góra Monastery
−
|image_skyline         = Czestochowa 10.jpg
+
| image_flag = POL Częstochowa flag.svg
−
|imagesize             = 250px
+
| image_shield = POL Częstochowa COA.svg
−
|image_caption         = Jasna Góra Monastery
+
| pushpin_map = Poland
−
|image_flag             = Czestochowa flag.gif
+
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
−
|flag_size              =
+
| subdivision_type = Country
−
|image_seal            =
+
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
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|seal_size              =
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
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|image_shield           = POL Częstochowa COA.svg
+
| subdivision_name1 = [[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian]]
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|shield_size            =
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
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|city_logo              =
+
| subdivision_name2 = ''city county''
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|citylogo_size          =
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| leader_title = Mayor
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|image_map              =
+
| leader_name = Tadeusz Wrona
−
|mapsize                =
+
| established_title = Established
−
|map_caption            =
+
| established_date = [[11th century]]
−
|pushpin_map           = Poland  
+
| established_title3 = Town rights
−
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
+
| established_date3 = 1356
−
|subdivision_type       = [[Countries of the World|Country]]
+
| area_total_km2 = 160
−
|subdivision_name       = [[Poland]]
+
| population_as_of = 2006
−
|subdivision_type1     = [[Voivodeship]]
+
| population_total = 246129
−
|subdivision_name1     = [[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian]]  
+
| population_density_km2 = auto
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|subdivision_type2     = [[List of counties in Poland|Powiat]]
+
| population_metro = 400000
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|subdivision_name2     = ''city county''
+
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
−
|subdivision_type3      = [[Gmina]]
+
| utc_offset = +1
−
|subdivision_name3      = Częstochowa
+
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
−
|subdivision_type4      =
+
| utc_offset_DST = +2
−
|subdivision_name4      =
+
| latd = 50 | latm = 48 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 19 | longm = 7 | longs = | longEW = E
−
|government_type        =
+
| postal_code_type = Postal code
−
|leader_title           = Mayor
+
| postal_code = 42-200 to 42-229, 42-263, 42-271, 42-280, 42-294
−
|leader_name           = [[Tadeusz Wrona]]
+
| area_code = +48 34
−
|leader_party          =
+
| website = http://www.czestochowa.pl/
−
|leader_title1          =  <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager —>
+
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
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|leader_name1          =
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| blank_info = SC }}
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|leader_title2          =
+
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|leader_name2          =
+
'''Częstochowa''' {{Audio-IPA-pl|Czestochowa.ogg|cz|ę|s|t|o|'|h|o|w|a}} ({{lang-de|Tschenstochau}}, {{lang-yi|טשענסטעכאוו-''Chenstekhov''}}) is a city in south [[Poland]] on the [[Warta River]] with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). It has been situated in the [[Silesian Voivodeship]] (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of [[Częstochowa Voivodeship]] (1975-1998).
−
|leader_title3          =
 
−
|leader_name3          =
 
−
|leader_title4          =
 
−
|leader_name4          =
 
−
|established_title     = Established        
 
−
|established_date       = [[11th century]]
 
−
|established_title2    =  <!-- Incorporated (town) —>
 
−
|established_date2      = 
 
−
|established_title3     = City Rights<!-- Incorporated (city) —>
 
−
|established_date3     = [[1356]]
 
−
|area_magnitude        =
 
−
|area_footnotes        =
 
−
|area_total            = 162.5
 
−
|area_land              =
 
−
|area_water            =
 
−
|TotalArea_sq_mi        =
 
−
|LandArea_sq_mi        =
 
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|WaterArea_sq_mi        =
 
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|area_water_percent    =
 
−
|area_urban            =
 
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|UrbanArea_sq_mi        =
 
−
|area_metro            =
 
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|MetroArea_sq_mi        =  
 
−
|population_as_of       = 2006
 
−
|population_footnotes  =
 
−
|population_note        =
 
−
|settlement_type        = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)—>
 
−
|population_total       = 246832
 
−
|population_density    = 1533
 
−
|population_density_mi2 =  
 
−
|population_metro       = 400000
 
−
|population_density_metro_km2 =
 
−
|population_density_metro_mi2 =
 
−
|population_urban      =
 
−
|population_density_urban_km2 =
 
−
|population_density_urban_mi2 =
 
−
|timezone               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
 
−
|utc_offset             = +1
 
−
|timezone_DST           = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
 
−
|utc_offset_DST         = +2
 
−
|latd=50 |latm=48 |lats= |latNS=N
 
−
|longd=19 |longm=07 |longs= |longEW=E
 
−
|elevation_footnotes    =  <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags—>
 
−
|elevation              =
 
−
|elevation_ft          =
 
−
|postal_code_type       = Postal code
 
−
|postal_code           = 42-200 to 42-229, 42-263, 42-271, 42-280, 42-294
 
−
|area_code             = +48 34
 
−
|website               = [http://www.czestochowa.pl/ www.czestochowa.pl]
 
−
|blank_name             = [[Polish car number plates|Car Plates]]
 
−
|blank_info             = SC
 
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|footnotes              =
 
−
}} <!-- Infobox ends —>
 
−
'''Częstochowa''' ({{IPAudio|Czestochowa.ogg|[ʧε̃stɔ'xɔva]}}, {{lang-cs|Čenstochová}}, {{lang-de|Tschenstochau}}) is a city in south [[Poland]] on the [[Warta River]] with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). It has been situated in the [[Silesian Voivodeship]] (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of [[Częstochowa Voivodeship]] (1975-1998).
 
  
 
The town is known for the famous [[Paulist]] [[monastery]] of [[Jasna Góra]] that is the home of the [[The Black Madonna of Czestochowa|Black Madonna painting]], a [[The Virgin Mary shrines|shrine]] of the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]]. Every year, millions of [[pilgrim]]s from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. There is also a [[Lusatian culture]] excavation site and museum in the city and ruins of a medieval [[castle]] in Olsztyn, approximately 15 kilometres (ca. 10 mi) from the city centre.
 
The town is known for the famous [[Paulist]] [[monastery]] of [[Jasna Góra]] that is the home of the [[The Black Madonna of Czestochowa|Black Madonna painting]], a [[The Virgin Mary shrines|shrine]] of the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]]. Every year, millions of [[pilgrim]]s from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. There is also a [[Lusatian culture]] excavation site and museum in the city and ruins of a medieval [[castle]] in Olsztyn, approximately 15 kilometres (ca. 10 mi) from the city centre.
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The name of '''Częstochowa''' means ''Częstoch's place'' and comes from a personal name of '''Częstoch''' mentioned in the mediaeval documents also as ''Częstobor'' and ''Częstomir''. The original name was mentioned as '''Częstochowa''', spelled ''Czanstochowa'' in 1220, or '''Częstochow''' in 1382 and 1558. A part of today's city called '''Częstochówka''' was a separate municipality mentioned in [[14th century]] as the Old Częstochowa (''Antiquo Czanstochowa'', [[1382]]) and ''Częstochówka'' in 1470-80.
 
The name of '''Częstochowa''' means ''Częstoch's place'' and comes from a personal name of '''Częstoch''' mentioned in the mediaeval documents also as ''Częstobor'' and ''Częstomir''. The original name was mentioned as '''Częstochowa''', spelled ''Czanstochowa'' in 1220, or '''Częstochow''' in 1382 and 1558. A part of today's city called '''Częstochówka''' was a separate municipality mentioned in [[14th century]] as the Old Częstochowa (''Antiquo Czanstochowa'', [[1382]]) and ''Częstochówka'' in 1470-80.
  
−
Częstochowa is also known as Czestochowa, Czenstochov, and Chenstochov.
+
The city was also known in German as Tschenstochau and in Russian as Ченстохов (Chenstokhov).
  
 
== History ==
 
== History ==
 
===1200s-1500s===
 
===1200s-1500s===
−
The village of Częstochowa was founded in [[11th century]]. It is first mentioned as a village in historical documents from [[1220]].  In [[1382]] the Paulist monastery of [[Jasna Góra]] was founded.  Two years later the monastery received its famous [[The Black Madonna of Częstochowa|Black Madonna icon of the Virgin Mary]] and in subsequent years became a center of pilgrimage, contributing to the growth of the adjacent town.  Before [[1377]] Częstochowa received a [[town charter]], which was later changed to the [[Magdeburg Law]] in [[1502]].
+
The village of Częstochowa was founded in [[11th century]]. It is first mentioned as a village in historical documents from [[1220]].  In [[1382]] the Paulist monastery of [[Jasna Góra]] was founded by [[Władysław Opolczyk]] (Ladislav of [[Opole]]) - the Polish [[Piast]] prince of [[Upper Silesia]].  Two years later the monastery received its famous [[The Black Madonna of Częstochowa|Black Madonna icon of the Virgin Mary]] and in subsequent years became a center of pilgrimage, contributing to the growth of the adjacent town.  Before [[1377]] Częstochowa received a [[town charter]], which was later changed to the [[Magdeburg Law]] in [[1502]].
  
 
===1600s-1700s===
 
===1600s-1700s===
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===1800s===
 
===1800s===
−
[[Image:B16 Jasna Góra 2006.JPG|thumb|Pope Benedictus XVI in Jasna Góra Monastery]]
+
[[Image:B16 Jasna Góra 2006.JPG|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] in the Monastery of [[Jasna Góra]] ]]
 
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], in [[1807]] it became part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] and since [[1815]] the [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]]. This started a period of fast growth of the city. In [[1819]] renowned military architect [[Jan Bernhard]] planned and started the construction of Aleja Najświętszej Panny Marii - the Holiest Virgin Mary Avenue, which currently is the main axis of the modern city. The two existing towns of Częstochowa and Częstochówka (the latter received the city rights in [[1717]] as ''Nowa Częstochowa'') were finally merged in [[1826]]. In [[1846]] the [[Warsaw-Vienna Railway]] line was opened, linking the city with the rest of Europe. After [[1870]] [[iron ore]] started to be developed in the area, which gave a boost to the local industry. Among the most notable investments of the epoch was the [[Huta Czestochowa|Huta Częstochowa]] steel mill built by [[Bernard Hantke]], as well as several weaveries and paper factories.
 
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], in [[1807]] it became part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] and since [[1815]] the [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]]. This started a period of fast growth of the city. In [[1819]] renowned military architect [[Jan Bernhard]] planned and started the construction of Aleja Najświętszej Panny Marii - the Holiest Virgin Mary Avenue, which currently is the main axis of the modern city. The two existing towns of Częstochowa and Częstochówka (the latter received the city rights in [[1717]] as ''Nowa Częstochowa'') were finally merged in [[1826]]. In [[1846]] the [[Warsaw-Vienna Railway]] line was opened, linking the city with the rest of Europe. After [[1870]] [[iron ore]] started to be developed in the area, which gave a boost to the local industry. Among the most notable investments of the epoch was the [[Huta Czestochowa|Huta Częstochowa]] steel mill built by [[Bernard Hantke]], as well as several weaveries and paper factories.
  
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==Tourism==
 
==Tourism==
−
[[image:blackmadonna.jpeg|thumb|right|150px|[[The Black Madonna of Czestochowa|The Black Madonna of Częstochowa]].]]
+
[[Image:blackmadonna.jpeg|thumb|right|150px|[[The Black Madonna of Czestochowa|The Black Madonna of Częstochowa]].]]
 
Currently the city is one of the main tourist attractions of the area and is sometimes called the ''little [[Nuremberg]]'' because of the number of souvenir shops and historical monuments. It attracts millions (4.5 mln - 2005) of tourists and [[pilgrim]]s every year.
 
Currently the city is one of the main tourist attractions of the area and is sometimes called the ''little [[Nuremberg]]'' because of the number of souvenir shops and historical monuments. It attracts millions (4.5 mln - 2005) of tourists and [[pilgrim]]s every year.
  
 
[[The Black Madonna of Częstochowa]], housed at the [[Jasna Góra Monastery]], is a particularly popular attraction.
 
[[The Black Madonna of Częstochowa]], housed at the [[Jasna Góra Monastery]], is a particularly popular attraction.
 +
 +
==Transport==
 +
Main road connections from the Częstochowa include connection with [[Warsaw]] (to the north-east) and [[Katowice]] (to the south) via the [[European route E75]] (National Road {{AS-droga|K|1}}). There are also three anothter national roads number {{AS-droga|K|43}} to [[Wieluń]], {{AS-droga|K|46}} to [[Opole]] and {{AS-droga|K|91}} to [[Piotrków Trybunalski]].
  
 
== Education ==
 
== Education ==
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* Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania
 
* Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania
  
 +
== Sports ==
 +
[[Image:WłókniarzŻużlowcy4.JPG|thumb|CKM Włókniarz Czestochowa stadium]]
 +
[[Image:Rugby2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|R.C. Częstochowa on tournament in Sochaczew]]
 +
Sports highlights include:
 +
 +
* [[CKM Włókniarz Czestochowa]] - speedway team from Częstochowa, 3rd place in season 2005, 2nd place in season 2006 first place in season 2003.
 +
 +
* Klub Sportowy Raków Częstochowa (Called RKS) - football team from Częstochowa playing in Third Polish Football League. Site : [http://www.rakow.com.pl]Football is soccer
 +
 +
* [[Wkręt-Met AZS Czestochowa]] - [[Volleyball in Poland|men's volleyball]] team playing in [[Polish Volleyball League]] (Polska Liga Siatkówki, PLS), 2th place in season 2007/2008.
 +
 +
* [[Tytan Częstochowa]] - Częstochowa's basketball team, plays in first league of [[Dominet Basket Liga]] (Polska Liga Koszykówki, PLK)
  
 +
* [[Rugby Club Częstochowa]] - Częstochowa's rugby team, plays in Polish rugby seven's league
  
 
== Politics ==
 
== Politics ==
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*Czesław Ryszka (Law and Justice)
 
*Czesław Ryszka (Law and Justice)
  
−
== Sources and Further reading ==
+
==Twin towns==
 +
[[Altötting]], [[Fátima, Portugal|Fatima]], [[Loreto (AN)|Loreto]], [[Lourdes]], [[Pforzheim]], [[Rezekne]], [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]], [[Šiauliai]]
 +
 
 +
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
== Resources ==
 
* ''Częstochowa memorial book = Surviving Jews in Czestochowa = Judios sobrevivientes de Czestochowa''. 2003. Steven Spielberg digital Yiddish library, no. 14372. New York: New York Public Library. ISBN 0657143723 and ISBN 9780657143725
 
* ''Częstochowa memorial book = Surviving Jews in Czestochowa = Judios sobrevivientes de Czestochowa''. 2003. Steven Spielberg digital Yiddish library, no. 14372. New York: New York Public Library. ISBN 0657143723 and ISBN 9780657143725
 
* Maniura, Robert. 2004. ''Pilgrimage to images in the fifteenth century the origins of the cult of Our Lady of Częstochowa''. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 1843830558 and ISBN 9781843830559
 
* Maniura, Robert. 2004. ''Pilgrimage to images in the fifteenth century the origins of the cult of Our Lady of Częstochowa''. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 1843830558 and ISBN 9781843830559
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−
{{coor title dm|50|48|N|19|07|E|region:PL_type:city}}
+
*[http://www.czestochowa.pl/aktualnosci Official website]
 +
*[http://www.czestochowiak.pl Native's portal]
 +
*[http://www.czestochowaforum.pl Forum Czestochowa] - City forum
 +
*[http://www.jasnagora.pl/english/ The Black Madonna Monastery]
 +
*[http://benkazez.com/dan/crarg/ Czestochowa-Radomsko Area Research Group (CRARG)] &mdash; for Jewish genealogy
 +
*[http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Czestochowa/Czestochowa.html Czestochowa Yizkor Book] &mdash; remembering Częstochowa Jews murdered by Nazis
 +
 
 +
 
  
−
{{credit|142549236}}
+
{{credit|Czestochowa|219475349}}
  
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Geography]]

Revision as of 00:12, 17 June 2008

Częstochowa
Jasna Góra Monastery
Jasna Góra Monastery
Flag of Częstochowa
Flag		 Coat of arms of Częstochowa
Coat of arms
Motto: Częstochowa to dobre miasto
(Częstochowa is a good city)
Częstochowa (Poland)
Częstochowa
Częstochowa
Coordinates: 50°48′N 19°7′E
Country Flag of Poland Poland
Voivodeship Silesian
County city county
Established 11th century
Town rights 1356
Government
 - Mayor Tadeusz Wrona
Area
 - City 160 km² (61.8 sq mi)
Population (2006)
 - City 246,129
 - Density 1,538.3/km² (3,984.2/sq mi)
 - Metro 400,000
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 42-200 to 42-229, 42-263, 42-271, 42-280, 42-294
Area code(s) +48 34
Car plates SC
Website: http://www.czestochowa.pl/

Częstochowa [t​͡ʂɛ̃stɔˈxɔva] (Ltspkr.png listen) (German: Tschenstochau, Yiddish: טשענסטעכאוו-Chenstekhov) is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). It has been situated in the Silesian Voivodeship (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of Częstochowa Voivodeship (1975-1998).

The town is known for the famous Paulist monastery of Jasna Góra that is the home of the Black Madonna painting, a shrine of the Virgin Mary. Every year, millions of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. There is also a Lusatian culture excavation site and museum in the city and ruins of a medieval castle in Olsztyn, approximately 15 kilometres (ca. 10 mi) from the city centre.

City name

The name of Częstochowa means Częstoch's place and comes from a personal name of Częstoch mentioned in the mediaeval documents also as Częstobor and Częstomir. The original name was mentioned as Częstochowa, spelled Czanstochowa in 1220, or Częstochow in 1382 and 1558. A part of today's city called Częstochówka was a separate municipality mentioned in 14th century as the Old Częstochowa (Antiquo Czanstochowa, 1382) and Częstochówka in 1470-80.

The city was also known in German as Tschenstochau and in Russian as Ченстохов (Chenstokhov).

History

1200s-1500s

The village of Częstochowa was founded in 11th century. It is first mentioned as a village in historical documents from 1220. In 1382 the Paulist monastery of Jasna Góra was founded by Władysław Opolczyk (Ladislav of Opole) - the Polish Piast prince of Upper Silesia. Two years later the monastery received its famous Black Madonna icon of the Virgin Mary and in subsequent years became a center of pilgrimage, contributing to the growth of the adjacent town. Before 1377 Częstochowa received a town charter, which was later changed to the Magdeburg Law in 1502.

1600s-1700s

In the 17th century the local monastery was turned into a fortress, which was one of the pockets of Polish resistance against the Swedish armies during The Deluge in 1655. The Jewish community in Częstochowa came into existence by about 1700. After the second Partition of Poland it was annexed by Prussia. After 1760, Jacob Frank, the leader of a Jewish religion mixing Kabbalah, Catholicism and Islam, was imprisoned in the monastery by the church. His followers established near him, establishing a cult of his daughter Eve Frank. In August of 1772, Frank was released by the Russian general Bibikov, who had occupied the city.

1800s

File:B16 Jasna Góra 2006.JPG
Pope Benedict XVI in the Monastery of Jasna Góra

During the Napoleonic Wars, in 1807 it became part of the Duchy of Warsaw and since 1815 the Kingdom of Poland. This started a period of fast growth of the city. In 1819 renowned military architect Jan Bernhard planned and started the construction of Aleja Najświętszej Panny Marii - the Holiest Virgin Mary Avenue, which currently is the main axis of the modern city. The two existing towns of Częstochowa and Częstochówka (the latter received the city rights in 1717 as Nowa Częstochowa) were finally merged in 1826. In 1846 the Warsaw-Vienna Railway line was opened, linking the city with the rest of Europe. After 1870 iron ore started to be developed in the area, which gave a boost to the local industry. Among the most notable investments of the epoch was the Huta Częstochowa steel mill built by Bernard Hantke, as well as several weaveries and paper factories.

1900s

File:Częstochowa Ratusz 26.10.2005.JPG
Town hall

During World War I the town came under German occupation, and in 1918 it became a part of the newly-reborn Republic of Poland. The new state acquired large deposits of good iron ore in Silesia and the mines in Częstochowa became inefficient and soon were closed. This brought the period of prosperity to an end. At the same time a bishopric was relocated to the city in 1925.

After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the town was occupied by Nazi Germany, renamed to Tschenstochau, and incorporated into the General Government. The Nazis marched into Częstochowa on Sunday, September 3, 1939, two days after they invaded Poland. The next day, which became known as Bloody Monday, approximately 150 Jews were shot dead by the Germans. On April 9, 1941, a ghetto for Jews was created. During World War II approximately 45,000 of Częstochowa's Jews were murdered by the Germans, almost the entire Jewish community living there. The city was liberated from the Germans by the Red Army on January 16, 1945.

Due to the communist idea of fast industrialisation, the inefficient steel mill was significantly expanded and named after Bolesław Bierut. This, combined with the growing tourist movement, led to yet another period of fast city growth, concluded in 1975 with the creation of a separate Częstochowa Voivodeship.

Tourism

The Black Madonna of Częstochowa.

Currently the city is one of the main tourist attractions of the area and is sometimes called the little Nuremberg because of the number of souvenir shops and historical monuments. It attracts millions (4.5 mln - 2005) of tourists and pilgrims every year.

The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, housed at the Jasna Góra Monastery, is a particularly popular attraction.

Transport

Main road connections from the Częstochowa include connection with Warsaw (to the north-east) and Katowice (to the south) via the European route E75 (National Road Template:AS-droga). There are also three anothter national roads number Template:AS-droga to Wieluń, Template:AS-droga to Opole and Template:AS-droga to Piotrków Trybunalski.

Education

Some of the educational institutions in Częstochowa include:

Sports

File:WłókniarzŻużlowcy4.JPG
CKM Włókniarz Czestochowa stadium
File:Rugby2.jpg
R.C. Częstochowa on tournament in Sochaczew

Sports highlights include:

  • CKM Włókniarz Czestochowa - speedway team from Częstochowa, 3rd place in season 2005, 2nd place in season 2006 first place in season 2003.
  • Klub Sportowy Raków Częstochowa (Called RKS) - football team from Częstochowa playing in Third Polish Football League. Site : [1]Football is soccer
  • Wkręt-Met AZS Czestochowa - men's volleyball team playing in Polish Volleyball League (Polska Liga Siatkówki, PLS), 2th place in season 2007/2008.
  • Tytan Częstochowa - Częstochowa's basketball team, plays in first league of Dominet Basket Liga (Polska Liga Koszykówki, PLK)
  • Rugby Club Częstochowa - Częstochowa's rugby team, plays in Polish rugby seven's league

Politics

Częstochowa constituency

The Members of the lower house of Parliament (Sejm) elected by the Częstochowa constituency include:

  • Szymon Giżyński (Law and Justice)
  • Lucjan Karasiewicz (Law and Justice)
  • Jadwiga Wiśniewska (Law and Justice)
  • Halina Rozpondek (Citizens Platform)
  • Edward Maniura (Citizens Platform)
  • Ewa Janik (Alliance of the Democratic Left)
  • Andrzej Grzesik (Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland)

The Members of the higher house of Parliament (Senate) elected by the Częstochowa constituency include:

  • Jarosław Lasecki (independent)
  • Czesław Ryszka (Law and Justice)

Twin towns

Altötting, Fatima, Loreto, Lourdes, Pforzheim, Rezekne, South Bend, Šiauliai

Notes


Resources

  • Częstochowa memorial book = Surviving Jews in Czestochowa = Judios sobrevivientes de Czestochowa. 2003. Steven Spielberg digital Yiddish library, no. 14372. New York: New York Public Library. ISBN 0657143723 and ISBN 9780657143725
  • Maniura, Robert. 2004. Pilgrimage to images in the fifteenth century the origins of the cult of Our Lady of Częstochowa. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 1843830558 and ISBN 9781843830559
  • Pasierb, Janusz St, Jan Samek, Jan Michlewski, and Janusz Rosikoń. 1980. The Shrine of the Black Madonna at Czestochowa. Warsaw: Interpress Pub. ISBN 8322319053 and ISBN 9788322319055
  • St. Mary of Czestochowa Church (Middletown, Conn.). 2004. Saint Mary of Czestochowa parish Middletown, Connecticut : 100th anniversary, 1903-2003. [S.l.]: Olan Mills Church Directories.
  • Grajnert, Paul. 2002. Poland. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 0836823451 and ISBN 9780836823455

External links



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