Difference between revisions of "Book of Lamentations" - New World Encyclopedia
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| + | [[Image:Jeremiah_lamenting.jpg|right|thumbnail|"Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem" by [[Rembrandt van Rijn|Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn]].]] | ||
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The '''Book of Lamentations''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] מגילת איכה) is a book of the [[Bible]] [[Old Testament]] and [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[Tanakh]]. It is traditionally read by the Jewish people on [[Tisha B'Av]], the fast day that commemorates the destruction of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. | The '''Book of Lamentations''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] מגילת איכה) is a book of the [[Bible]] [[Old Testament]] and [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[Tanakh]]. It is traditionally read by the Jewish people on [[Tisha B'Av]], the fast day that commemorates the destruction of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Context== |
| − | + | ===Place in the Canon=== | |
| + | Given that the book itself has no formal title in the original scrolls, it is customarily referred to by its first word: ''Ekhah,'' which is "an exclamatory particle meaning 'How!'"<ref>Theophile J. Meek, Introduction to and Exgesis of "The Book of Lamentations" in ''The Interpreter's Bible'' (Vol. VI), edited by George Arther Buttrick, (New York: Abingdon Press, 1956). 3.</ref> The [[Septuagint]], following the later Rabbinic usage, adopted the name rendered "Lamentations" (Greek ''threnoi'' / Hebrew ''qinoth'', "dirges"), to denote the character of the book, in which the prophet mourns the desolations brought on Jerusalem and the Holy Land by the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]] in 586 B.C.E..<ref>''ibid''.</ref> This name has been retained throughout the various subsequent translations of the text, though some versions mistakenly append the prophet Jeremiah's name to it (a misattribution that is [[#Authorship|discussed below]]). | ||
| − | ==Authorship== | + | ===Authorship=== |
| − | |||
According to tradition, authorship is assigned to the [[Prophet]] [[Jeremiah (prophet)|Jeremiah]], who was a court official during the conquest of [[Jerusalem]] by [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon|Nebuchadnezzar]], during which the [[Temple in Jerusalem|First Temple]] was destroyed and [[Jehoiachin|King Jehoiachin]] was taken prisoner (cf. Is 38 ff and Is 52). In the [[Septuagint]] and the [[Vulgate]] the Lamentations are placed directly after the Prophet. | According to tradition, authorship is assigned to the [[Prophet]] [[Jeremiah (prophet)|Jeremiah]], who was a court official during the conquest of [[Jerusalem]] by [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon|Nebuchadnezzar]], during which the [[Temple in Jerusalem|First Temple]] was destroyed and [[Jehoiachin|King Jehoiachin]] was taken prisoner (cf. Is 38 ff and Is 52). In the [[Septuagint]] and the [[Vulgate]] the Lamentations are placed directly after the Prophet. | ||
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According to F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp, "the widely observed unity of form and point of view... and general resemblance in linguistic detail throughout the sequence are broadly suggestive of the work of a single author," though other scholars see Lamentations as the work of multiple authors.<ref>Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. ''Lamentations'' (Louisville: John Knox, 2002), 5.</ref> | According to F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp, "the widely observed unity of form and point of view... and general resemblance in linguistic detail throughout the sequence are broadly suggestive of the work of a single author," though other scholars see Lamentations as the work of multiple authors.<ref>Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. ''Lamentations'' (Louisville: John Knox, 2002), 5.</ref> | ||
| − | ==Setting== | + | ===Setting=== |
Most commentators see Lamentations as reflecting the period immediately following the destruction of [[Jerusalem]] in 586 B.C.E.,<ref>Childs, Brevard S. ''Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture'' (London: SCM, 1979), 593.</ref> though Provan argues for an ahistorical interpretation.<ref>Provan, Iain W. "Reading Texts Against an Historical Background: The Case of Lamentations," ''SJOT'' 1/1990, 138.</ref> Many elements of the lament are borne out in the historical narrative in [[Books of Kings|2 Kings]] concerning the fall of Jerusalem: Jerusalem lying in ruins (Lamentations 2:2 and 2 Kings 25:9), enemies entering the city (Lamentations 4:12 and 2 Kings 24:11), people going into exile (Lamentations 1:3 and 2 Kings 24:14) and the sanctuary being plundered (Lamentations 1:10 and 2 Kings 24:13). On the other hand, [[Babylon]] is never mentioned in Lamentations, though this could simply be to make the point that the judgment comes from God, and is a consequence of Judah disobeying him. | Most commentators see Lamentations as reflecting the period immediately following the destruction of [[Jerusalem]] in 586 B.C.E.,<ref>Childs, Brevard S. ''Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture'' (London: SCM, 1979), 593.</ref> though Provan argues for an ahistorical interpretation.<ref>Provan, Iain W. "Reading Texts Against an Historical Background: The Case of Lamentations," ''SJOT'' 1/1990, 138.</ref> Many elements of the lament are borne out in the historical narrative in [[Books of Kings|2 Kings]] concerning the fall of Jerusalem: Jerusalem lying in ruins (Lamentations 2:2 and 2 Kings 25:9), enemies entering the city (Lamentations 4:12 and 2 Kings 24:11), people going into exile (Lamentations 1:3 and 2 Kings 24:14) and the sanctuary being plundered (Lamentations 1:10 and 2 Kings 24:13). On the other hand, [[Babylon]] is never mentioned in Lamentations, though this could simply be to make the point that the judgment comes from God, and is a consequence of Judah disobeying him. | ||
| − | ==Date== | + | ====Date==== |
Lamentations was probably composed soon after 586 B.C.E. Kraus argues that "the whole song stands so near the events that one feels everywhere as if the terrible pictures of the destruction stand still immediately before the eyes of the one lamenting."<ref>Cited in Provan, 133.</ref> | Lamentations was probably composed soon after 586 B.C.E. Kraus argues that "the whole song stands so near the events that one feels everywhere as if the terrible pictures of the destruction stand still immediately before the eyes of the one lamenting."<ref>Cited in Provan, 133.</ref> | ||
| − | ==Contents== | + | ==Text== |
| + | ===Contents=== | ||
The book consists of five separate poems. In chapter 1 the prophet dwells on the manifold miseries oppressed by which the city sits as a solitary widow weeping sorely. In chapter 2 these miseries are described in connection with the national sins that had caused them. Chapter 3 speaks of hope for the people of God. The chastisement would only be for their good; a better day would dawn for them. Chapter 4 laments the ruin and desolation that had come upon the city and temple, but traces it only to the people's sins. Chapter 5 is a prayer that Zion's reproach may be taken away in the repentance and recovery of the people. | The book consists of five separate poems. In chapter 1 the prophet dwells on the manifold miseries oppressed by which the city sits as a solitary widow weeping sorely. In chapter 2 these miseries are described in connection with the national sins that had caused them. Chapter 3 speaks of hope for the people of God. The chastisement would only be for their good; a better day would dawn for them. Chapter 4 laments the ruin and desolation that had come upon the city and temple, but traces it only to the people's sins. Chapter 5 is a prayer that Zion's reproach may be taken away in the repentance and recovery of the people. | ||
| − | ==Structure== | + | ===Structure=== |
The first four poems (chapters) are [[acrostic]]s, like some of the Psalms (25, 34, 37, 119), i.e., each verse begins with a letter of the Hebrew alphabet taken in order. The first, second, and fourth have each twenty-two verses, the number of the letters in the Hebrew alphabet. The third has sixty-six verses, in which each three successive verses begin with the same letter. The fifth is not acrostic, but also has twenty-two verses. | The first four poems (chapters) are [[acrostic]]s, like some of the Psalms (25, 34, 37, 119), i.e., each verse begins with a letter of the Hebrew alphabet taken in order. The first, second, and fourth have each twenty-two verses, the number of the letters in the Hebrew alphabet. The third has sixty-six verses, in which each three successive verses begin with the same letter. The fifth is not acrostic, but also has twenty-two verses. | ||
| − | ==Use== | + | ===Use=== |
Speaking of the "Wailing-place (q.v.) of the Jews" at Jerusalem, a portion of the old wall of the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Herod's Temple]], Schaff says: "There the Jews assemble every Friday afternoon to bewail the downfall of the holy city, kissing the stone wall and watering it with their tears. They repeat from their well-worn Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the Lamentations of Jeremiah and suitable Psalms." | Speaking of the "Wailing-place (q.v.) of the Jews" at Jerusalem, a portion of the old wall of the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Herod's Temple]], Schaff says: "There the Jews assemble every Friday afternoon to bewail the downfall of the holy city, kissing the stone wall and watering it with their tears. They repeat from their well-worn Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the Lamentations of Jeremiah and suitable Psalms." | ||
Readings, chantings, and choral settings, of the book of Lamentations, are used in the Christian religious service known as the [[Tenebrae (Maundy)|tenebrae]] (Latin for ''darkness''). | Readings, chantings, and choral settings, of the book of Lamentations, are used in the Christian religious service known as the [[Tenebrae (Maundy)|tenebrae]] (Latin for ''darkness''). | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Notes== | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | * Bandstra, Barry L. ''Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible'' (Second Edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 0534527272. | |
| + | * Buttrick, George Arthur (Commentary Editor) et al. ''The Interpreter's Bible: the Holy Scriptures in the King James and Revised standard versions with general articles and introduction, exegesis, exposition for each book of the Bible.'' New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1951-57. | ||
| + | * Childs, Brevard S. ''Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture''. Philadelphia, PA: Augsburg Fortress Press, 1979. ISBN 0800605322. | ||
| + | * Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. ''Lamentations''. Louisville: John Knox Press, 2002. ISBN 0804231419. | ||
| + | * Houk, Cornelius. "Multiple Poets in Lamentations." ''Journal for the Study of the Old Testament'' 30.1 (2005), 111-125. | ||
| + | * Landy, Francis. "Lamentations" in ''The Literary Guide to the Bible''. Edited by Robert Alter and Frank Kermode. Cambridge, MS: The Belknap Press of Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0674875303. | ||
| + | * Provan, Iain W. "Reading Texts Against an Historical Background: The Case of Lamentations," ''Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament'' (1/1990), 138. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 23:59, 23 May 2007
The Book of Lamentations (Hebrew מגילת איכה) is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. It is traditionally read by the Jewish people on Tisha B'Av, the fast day that commemorates the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.
Context
Place in the Canon
Given that the book itself has no formal title in the original scrolls, it is customarily referred to by its first word: Ekhah, which is "an exclamatory particle meaning 'How!'"[1] The Septuagint, following the later Rabbinic usage, adopted the name rendered "Lamentations" (Greek threnoi / Hebrew qinoth, "dirges"), to denote the character of the book, in which the prophet mourns the desolations brought on Jerusalem and the Holy Land by the Babylonians in 586 B.C.E.[2] This name has been retained throughout the various subsequent translations of the text, though some versions mistakenly append the prophet Jeremiah's name to it (a misattribution that is discussed below).
Authorship
According to tradition, authorship is assigned to the Prophet Jeremiah, who was a court official during the conquest of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, during which the First Temple was destroyed and King Jehoiachin was taken prisoner (cf. Is 38 ff and Is 52). In the Septuagint and the Vulgate the Lamentations are placed directly after the Prophet.
It is said that Jeremiah retired to a cavern outside the Damascus gate, where he wrote this book. That cavern is still pointed out by tour guides. "In the face of a rocky hill, on the western side of the city, the local belief has placed 'the grotto of Jeremiah.' There, in that fixed attitude of grief which Michelangelo has immortalized, the prophet may well be supposed to have mourned the fall of his country" (Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, History of the Jewish Church).
However, the strict acrostic style of four of the five poems is not found at all in the Book of Jeremiah itself, and authorship of Jeremiah is disputed. It was common practice in ancient times for an anonymous writer seeking recognition for his work to write eponymously in the name of someone more famous. The work is probably based on the older Mesopotamian genre of the "city lament", of which the Lament for Ur is among the oldest and best-known.
According to F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp, "the widely observed unity of form and point of view... and general resemblance in linguistic detail throughout the sequence are broadly suggestive of the work of a single author," though other scholars see Lamentations as the work of multiple authors.[3]
Setting
Most commentators see Lamentations as reflecting the period immediately following the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E.,[4] though Provan argues for an ahistorical interpretation.[5] Many elements of the lament are borne out in the historical narrative in 2 Kings concerning the fall of Jerusalem: Jerusalem lying in ruins (Lamentations 2:2 and 2 Kings 25:9), enemies entering the city (Lamentations 4:12 and 2 Kings 24:11), people going into exile (Lamentations 1:3 and 2 Kings 24:14) and the sanctuary being plundered (Lamentations 1:10 and 2 Kings 24:13). On the other hand, Babylon is never mentioned in Lamentations, though this could simply be to make the point that the judgment comes from God, and is a consequence of Judah disobeying him.
Date
Lamentations was probably composed soon after 586 B.C.E. Kraus argues that "the whole song stands so near the events that one feels everywhere as if the terrible pictures of the destruction stand still immediately before the eyes of the one lamenting."[6]
Text
Contents
The book consists of five separate poems. In chapter 1 the prophet dwells on the manifold miseries oppressed by which the city sits as a solitary widow weeping sorely. In chapter 2 these miseries are described in connection with the national sins that had caused them. Chapter 3 speaks of hope for the people of God. The chastisement would only be for their good; a better day would dawn for them. Chapter 4 laments the ruin and desolation that had come upon the city and temple, but traces it only to the people's sins. Chapter 5 is a prayer that Zion's reproach may be taken away in the repentance and recovery of the people.
Structure
The first four poems (chapters) are acrostics, like some of the Psalms (25, 34, 37, 119), i.e., each verse begins with a letter of the Hebrew alphabet taken in order. The first, second, and fourth have each twenty-two verses, the number of the letters in the Hebrew alphabet. The third has sixty-six verses, in which each three successive verses begin with the same letter. The fifth is not acrostic, but also has twenty-two verses.
Use
Speaking of the "Wailing-place (q.v.) of the Jews" at Jerusalem, a portion of the old wall of the Herod's Temple, Schaff says: "There the Jews assemble every Friday afternoon to bewail the downfall of the holy city, kissing the stone wall and watering it with their tears. They repeat from their well-worn Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the Lamentations of Jeremiah and suitable Psalms."
Readings, chantings, and choral settings, of the book of Lamentations, are used in the Christian religious service known as the tenebrae (Latin for darkness).
Notes
- ↑ Theophile J. Meek, Introduction to and Exgesis of "The Book of Lamentations" in The Interpreter's Bible (Vol. VI), edited by George Arther Buttrick, (New York: Abingdon Press, 1956). 3.
- ↑ ibid.
- ↑ Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. Lamentations (Louisville: John Knox, 2002), 5.
- ↑ Childs, Brevard S. Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture (London: SCM, 1979), 593.
- ↑ Provan, Iain W. "Reading Texts Against an Historical Background: The Case of Lamentations," SJOT 1/1990, 138.
- ↑ Cited in Provan, 133.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bandstra, Barry L. Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible (Second Edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 0534527272.
- Buttrick, George Arthur (Commentary Editor) et al. The Interpreter's Bible: the Holy Scriptures in the King James and Revised standard versions with general articles and introduction, exegesis, exposition for each book of the Bible. New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1951-57.
- Childs, Brevard S. Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture. Philadelphia, PA: Augsburg Fortress Press, 1979. ISBN 0800605322.
- Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. Lamentations. Louisville: John Knox Press, 2002. ISBN 0804231419.
- Houk, Cornelius. "Multiple Poets in Lamentations." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 30.1 (2005), 111-125.
- Landy, Francis. "Lamentations" in The Literary Guide to the Bible. Edited by Robert Alter and Frank Kermode. Cambridge, MS: The Belknap Press of Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0674875303.
- Provan, Iain W. "Reading Texts Against an Historical Background: The Case of Lamentations," Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament (1/1990), 138.
External links
- Jewish translations:
- Eichah - Lamentations - Job (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org
- Book of Lamentations with Hebrew/English and mp3 chanting of the entire book. (Website also contains other books of the bible.)
- Christian translations:
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org
- Lamentations at The Great Books (New Revised Standard Version)
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