Bedřich Smetana

File:Smetana.JPG

Portrait of Bedřich Smetana

Bedřich Smetana March 2, 1824 - 12 May 12, 1884) is considered one of the greatest Czech composers of the 19th century and the country's first nationalist composer. Smetana stands for "cream" in English. He is best known for his symphonic poem Vltava (The Moldau), the second in a cycle of six which he entitled Má vlast (My Country).part of the Austrian Empire

little formal training but thrived in a musical family, playing in a string quartet at five and on the piano in public at six and composing by eight. It was all instinctual and musical theory was still a closed book to him at 17.

Life and Studies

The Smetana monument in Litomyšl

By the grace of God and with His help I shall one day be a Liszt in technique and a Mozart in composition. (stanley 172)

Early Years

Bedrich Smetana was born as the eleventh child and first surviving son of a fairly wealthy man from the third marriage of Master Brewer Frantisek Smetana to Barbora Linkova. The family was constantly on the move, and young Bedrich went to high school in Jindrichuv Hradec, Jihlava, Havlickuv Brod, Prague, and Plzen, where he graduated. Although he is the Czech Republic's national composer and wrote several operas in Czech, as a child he was not taught the language; he was taught German, and only in adulthood did he acquire his native tongue. Speaking Czech signified a low status. His family addressed him in German — Fritz.

He was quite a child prodigy, playing the piano at his first concert at the age of eight. Music was encouraged within the family, and he gave repeated performances as a child in a quartet at home, playing the first violin and his father second. Still, the father was against Bedrich’s formal musical training.

Smetana did obey his mind’s calling and in 1843 started taking lessons at a piano school in Prague run by Joseph Proksch, whose teaching methods were considered the most davanced in Europe. Prague enjoyed bustling musical life; it had seen the first performances of Mozart’s Don Giovanni and La Clemenza di Tito. There were several musical schools and institutions in Prague: Prague Conservatory, founded in 1811, Society for the Perfection of Church Music in Bohemia, set up in 1826, and Organ School in 1830. Dvorak and Janacek would be on the graduate list of Organ School. Music was centered on church and theater. The theater catered to the nobility, and the center of theatrical and operatic life was the Estates Theater, where Don Giovanni was first performed and where Weber was director between 1813 and 1816. Liszt, Berlioz, Paganini, Mendelssohn, and Clara Schumann performed in the city.

Then Smetana made Prague his home and took up studies of piano and theory with J. B. Kittl, director of the Prague Conservatory. After he completed the studies, for four years he made his living as a music teacher for the family of the famous Count Thun. Then he founded his own private piano school in Prague, with the help of Franz Liszt, and began composing. A year later married his adolescent sweetheart Katerina Kolarova, who was an outstanding pianist.

Family Tragedies

Katerina grappled with tuberculosis, and three of their four daughters died in infancy; only Sofie survived. The 1840s and 1850s were turbulent years for Bohemia and Europe, with European nationalist movements of 1848, political oppression, compounded by the death of his beloved second child, daughter Bedřiska, at the age of four. To make things worse, Smetana was unable to break through in his native country, and then his third child died nine months after Bedriska. He started composing on a large scale. These were the circumstances that gave rise to his Piano Trio in G minor, a piece soaked in sadness and despair, with phrases cut short, which might be taken as his reaction to the grief caused by the sudden loss of his daughter.

Sweden

Historic sources are ambiguous on whether he had to leave Prague because he was at odds with local authorities, who saw him a bit too much nationalistic or whether he just had to escape the place where everything reminded him of the loss of his daughter. In any case, he left Bohemia in 1856, with destination Gothenburg, Sweden. Thanks to his talents and possibly also his handsome, fine features, he was very popular with local women, who competed to become his students to the point that he had more students than he could manage. Here he taught, conducted Sweden's Philharmonic Society, and gave chamber music recitals for five years. He finally achieved recognition for his skills, that is, conducting, piano playing, and compositions. However, the northern climate aggravated Katerina’s condition and she died in 1859. A year later he married for the second time, to the 20-year-old Bettina Ferdinandiova. Then he started learning to speak Czech.

Back Home

Smetana's Tomb

Once the political storms in the Czech lands subsided, he hastened home, but he did not move back yet. He traveled back and forth to Gothenburg before moving back to Prague permanently in 1863, when he opened a new school of music dedicated to promoting Czech music. He composed historical opera The Brandenburgers in Bohemia, whose first performance in 1864 was an instant success, followed in 1866 by The Bartered Bride. In the same year he became a conductor at the Provisional Theater, the first theater in Prague to hold performances in Czech, where he focused on opera as a genre that allowed him to speak to his nation and reinforce his belief in its future. He worked there until he went deaf in 1874 as a result of syphilis.

Financial worries made him move to the village of Jabkenice in 1875. He was not accustomed to the remoteness of the countryside and did not enjoy that life style, yet he was very prolific, despite deafness and tinnitus, which caused him to hear a continuous, maddening high note which he described as the "shrill whistle of a first inversion chord of A-flat in the highest register of the piccolo. " “Deafness would be a relatively tolerable condition if only all was quiet in my head,” he remarked. (steen 702) This was the time when he wrote his masterpieces, operas, string quartets, piano and vocal compositions.

Last Days

On one April day in 1884 Smetana noted "Final page." on his score. He would not be able to compose any longer, nor was further home care an option. His physician suggested internment in a mental asylum in Prague, and that is what happened. Smetana died shortly after his sixtieth birthday.

The funeral procession began in Prague’s Old Town Square on May 15 and quickly turned into national mourning, with huge crowds lining the path of the procession to see off the national hero. At the National Theater, fanfares went off in respect to the composer for the last time, and his most cheerful work, The Bartered Bride, was performed; then the procession headed for the Vysehrad castle, where many of the famous citizens of Bohemia have been laid to rest.

Smetana's work was largely popular during his lifetime, except for his tragic opera Dalibor and a few other works. Although he was adored by the musical world during his lifetime, there were also those, such as Jan Nepomuk Mayr and Frantisek Pivoda, who had wanted the Czech opera to follow the fashion of the Italian opera, with the predominant sung voice. Pivoda went as far as attempting to oust Smetana from the Provisional Theater. Those who adored Smetana saw in him a modernist and a Wagnerian composer. Franz Liszt wrote the following in a letter to the Czech nation: "In haste I write to you, that Smetana's death has touched me deeply. He was truly a genius.” refarchivradiocz

Musical Nationalism of the 19th Century

The period from approximately 1825 to 1900 is called Romanticism. In Europe, this was the era of political unrest and revolt of nations against the Austro-German influence, with a major event being the 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna that redrew European boundaries and triggered protests. Politically, this reaction came to be known as nationalism, and its extent was such that it came to define the period of Romanticism, both in emotion and thought, and consequently music as well.

Nationalism comprises two stages: in the first half of the 19th century, nationalists regarded themselves as citizens of the world; later the reaction became more aggressive. “…it was to his nation—and not to a creed, a dynasty, or a class—that a citizen owed the first duty in a clash of loyalties.” (http://hunsmire.tripod.com/music/nationalism.html) This second stage is discernible in music in works composed after 1860 — music in each nation thus reflected the nature of the local conflict.

A distinctive feature of nationalism in music was an interest in innovation and exoticism. The composers strove for unique, distinguishable melody rather than imitation of the contemporary fare. That is why they incorporated folk songs and dances, which were monodic, and this in turn forced them to think up new harmonies. The passion for exoticism even encouraged borrowing another country's idioms and, consequently, a certain degree of the mixing of cultures. Russian nationalists even abandoned western European idioms in favor of the cultural elements available in the remote parts of the vast TsarTsarist Empire.

Still, to define nationalism in music is no easy task, because some works considered as its masterpieces did not contain a single folksong, as Steen observed in Smetana's The Bartered Bride. Nationalism is country specific by definition, and its musical language is imbued with national folk music and rhythms as well as the nation's culture, language, habits, scenery, and local color. (692) As in the period of Classicism, which harmonized structural clarity with emotional restraint, in the Romantic period the composers also searched for the balance between emotional intensity and classical form. "Musical story-telling" became popular not only in opera but also in purely instrumental compositions; one of its most powerful forms was the symphonic poem that Smetana himself resorted to in order to paint a picture of his native land.

New instruments, never before included, found their way into orchestras and composers experimented with new ways of wresting new sounds out of old instruments. A large pallet of the colors of sound, necessary for expressing exotic scenes, was an element no composer's technique could be without. Exoticism was an obsession of the 19th century. Russian composers wrote music describing the Spanish countryside (ie. Capriccio Espagnol by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakoff) and German composers about Scotland (ie. Mendelssohn's Scottish Symphony). Operas were also mostly set in exotic localities, such as Verdi's "Aida" in Ancient Egypt.

Another new element brought to music by the Romantic period was the appropriation of folk music for Classical music. Nationalism became a driving force in the later Romantic period, with composers trying to express their cultural identity through their music. These trends were most apparent in Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe, where elements of folk songs were incorporated in symphonies, symphonic poems and other forms.

The Romantic era was a golden age for virtuoso performers. Exceptional performers were greatly lauded. Franz Liszt, the Hungarian pianist and composer, played the piano with such vigour and passion that women fainted. Because so many of the authors of this period were such virtuosos, the music that they wrote is also very demanding in its technical execution.

In Russia, nationalism in music was exemplified by The Five (Balakirev, Cui, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, and Borodin); in Central Europe by Smetana, Dvorak, and Janacek; in Hungary by Bartok; in Norway by Grieg, and in Finland by Sibelius.

Nationalism in the Czech Lands

Bohemia was going through a period of the National Revival, which demanded liberal constitutional reforms and equal educational rights for Czech and German speakers. This was a reaction to the centralization policies of Emperor Franz Joseph I, when Bohemia became a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire administered from Vienna. Czech culture was threatened by German culture and German nationalism, which sought to unite all German-speaking peoples, including those living in Bohemia. There was a saying that a German will as soon do a good deed to a Slav 'as a snake will warm itself upon ice'. (steen 699)

The Czech language was therefore at the forefront of Czech nationalism and the survival of national identity. Science, literature and arts, especially in the first part of the century, strove to prove the national origin of the Czech Lands and document the moments of glory so as to prove that Czechs were not inferior to their Habsburg masters. Smetana's operas celebrated and uplifted the language and proved that it was fit for contemporary needs of the nation. In the second half of the century, nationalism became increasingly vocal, relaxed laws were passed, Prague civic authorities started using the Czech language, and education in the Czech language started in 1862. A temporary national theater—the Provisional Theater—seating around 800, opened in 1862 to promote the national identity. Smetana's first opera, The Brandenburgers in Bohemia, was written for it. Czech Choral Society and the Artists' Club were founded at that time, with Smetana acting as a conductor at the former and the first head of the music section of the latter. All of these steps gradually reversed the ratio of the German-speaking residents to the Czech-speaking ones: in late 1840s, more than half the people of inner Prague were German-speaking; by the 1880s, this number has shrunk to less than 14%.

Czech nationalism was the most evident in opera, which had absorbed European influences — operas bore the signature of Italian opera, while symphonies and chamber music had borrowed from their German and Austrian counterparts. To impart a distinctively Czech character, composers drew inspiration from folksongs; however, those did not differ from Western European folksongs as much as the Russian ones did, since Bohemia had had an unrestrained contact with mainstream European music.

Smetana, Dvorak, and Janacek were the foremost Romantic composers. Their nationalism and, thus, Czech nationalism in music, is manifested in the choice of national subjects for program music and operas, and in their musical language, which in Smetana’s case was descended from Liszt’s and in Dvorak’s case from Brahms. The melody was fresh and spontaneous, and the form and harmony rather nonconformist, laced with folk melodies and popular dances here and there. Janacek was the purest Czech nationalist composer, having renounced the styles of Western Europe.

Compositions

His first compositions included pieces for the piano, such as waltzes, bagatelles, and impromptus. But in 1863 he finished the singspiel Branibory v Cechach (Brandenburgers in Bohemia,with a libretto by Karel Sabina), which was a great success - and brought its author some much-needed finances. Described as a Bohemian rebellion against Teutonic invaders, the music is strongly Wagnerian but the Bohemian folk songs and dances are perceptible in it. Wiht the next three opearas—The Bartered Bride (conducted it himself.), Dalibor and LIbuse—he set the tone of Bohemia's musical theater.

The Bartered Bride

This is a comic opera in three acts. Yet, Smetana viewed his greatest and most popular opera with condescension, because he wrote it to silence the critics who dismissed his first opera as too Wagnerian and too pretentious. So the next opera was to be frivoulous and light, in stark contrast with his more serious and heroic pieces, which he felt were being neglected. W. J. Henderson said about it when it was first performed in America, "The chief charms of the opera are its incessant flow of melody, of fresh and piquant character, its bright and vivacious pictures of Bohemian life, its captivating dances, its excellent chracter sketches, its ismple yet unctuous comedy,a nd its admirable instrumentation. As a specimen of genuinely artistic comic operat it takes a commanding position." It offers insight into human character, its weaknesses and motivations. It was light and frivolous, aimed to entertain, yet it was a penetrating study of human psychology and emotion, w hich Smetana was not able to achieve in his serious operas. (ref Ewen 777)

The story is set in a small Bohemian village a century earlier, where a festival is taking place. All villagers are in a joyful, celebratory mood except John and Mary, whose love met with opposition from Mary's parents. THey want her to marry Vasek, a stuttering idiiot, who is a son of a welathy landowner. This match was arranged by the broker, Kecal (Chatterbox in English).

My Fatherland

Bohemian folk music was dominant also in his concert works, particularly the six-part My Fatherland, whose Vltava (The Moldau) is universally admited, and in his two autobiagraphical quartets From My Life.

THe first 4 poems, said Jan Lowenbach, are of "fiercely musical reflections, impressions of Bohemian nature and reminiscences of Bohemian history filtered through a sensitive musical imagination." (Ewen 779) Vy7sehrad is is a tonal picture of old Bohemia. The MOldau is the portrait of hte river Vltava which rises in the forests of south Bohemian and flows past PRague into the Elbe. Smetana's program: two springs pour forth their streams in the shade of the Bohemian forest, the one warm and gushing, the other cold and tranquil. THeir wave,s gayly flowing over their stony beds, join and glitter in the sun. The woodland brook, chattering along, becomes the river MOldau which, as its waters hurry through the valleys of Bohemia, becomes a mighty stream. ... the wide river bed in which it rolls on, in majestic calm, toward PRague, where, welcomed by time-honored Vysehrad, it disapears from the poet's gaze far on the horizon." (ewen 77y9)

Sarka - Ctirad murdered by his weetheart, an Amazon. SMetana also provided a detailed description of his music. Tabor - Hussites. Blanik - extension of Tabor (Hussite wars). From the Fields and Groves of Bohemia - on a fine summer day we stand in Bohemia's blessed fields, whose lovely scent of flowers and cool breezes fill us with inspiration. (steen 780).

From My Life - program for all 4 movmeents supplied by hte composer: 1. love of art in his youth, romantic supremacy, yearning for something which he could not define, and warning of future misfortune. 2. joyful days of his youth when he composed dance music enough to bury the world and was known as a passionaty lover of dancing. 3. the bliss of his first love to the girl who became his faithful wife. 4. discovered that he coud treat the national elements in music and the joy in following this path until deafness set in. a high E in the first violin, over tremolos in the other three strings, tells of his deafness.

Bohemia had for centuries been an Austrian crown land, and unlike RUssia, had always bene in contact with the mainstream of European music; her folksongs do nto differ from thoese of Western nations as much as do the Russian. nationalism of smetana and dovrak is apparent int he choice of national subjects for program music and operas, and int eh infusion of their basic musical language (smetana;s from liszt), with a melodic freshness and spontaneity, harmonic and formal nonchalance. Pitts Sanborn said of The Bartered Bride that it is not folk music "in a crapming sense. While distinctively of its native soil... [this music] possesses the universal qualities necessary to give it a world-wide currency. We of other countries delight in Czech rhythms, its national dances, the characteristic contour of its melodies, but we also find in this music more than local color and exotci charm; the flowing humanity is there that transcends limits and boundaries." (ref Ewen 775)

Jan Lowenbach added that "Smetana was privileged not only to hear ad imitate the spirit of the rich melodies and varied rhythms of his nation, but also to invent, to feel,a nd to express it in a new way and to adapt it to the spirit of modern times." (Ewen 775)

The peak of his production from this period is his Klavirni trio g moll (1855) (Piano trio in g minor), which reflected his grief over the loss of Bedriska.

Smetana was a great admirer of Franz Liszt, and they were in frequent contact through correspondence and personal meetings. He was gripped by Liszt's idea of the symphonic poem. This gave rise to such works as his Richard III., Valdstynuv tabor (Waldstein's Camp) and Hakon Jarl. although things did not immediately go well for him.

His string quartet in E minor, Z mého života (From My Life, composed in 1876), the first of only two quartets, is an autobiographical work. The final movement is punctuated by a piercing high E in the first violin which, Smetana explained, represents the devastating effects of his tinnitus. He may also be hinting at this personal misfortune with the piccolo scoring in Má vlast.

Works

Operas

• Braniboři v Čechách (Brandenburgers in Bohemia) – 1863
• Prodaná nevěsta (The Bartered Bride) – 1866
• Dalibor – 1867
• Libuše – 1872
• Dvě vdovy (The Two Widows) – 1873
• Hubička (The Kiss) – 1876
• Tajemství (The Secret)
• Čertova stěna (The Devil's Wall)
• Viola (not completed) – 1884

Other

Cycle of symphonic poems Ma vlast (My Fatherland) 1874&ndash1879:

Vysehrad

Vltava:

Sarka

Z ceskych luhu a haju (From Czech Fields and Groves)

Tabor

Blanik

• String quartet From my Life – 1876
• Quartet Bohemian Dances
• Tone poem Wallensteins Lager – 1859

External Links

• "The Composers of Bohemia" AOL Members Website, accessed January 22, 2007
• Free Public Domain Sheet Music by Smetana at IMSLP, accessed January 22, 2007
• "History of Music: The Romantic Era" Czech Radio, accessed January 22, 2007
• Carey, Nick, January 26, 2000 "Bedrich Smetana" Czech Radio, accessed January 22, 2007
• "Bedrich Smetana" Czech Radio Archives, accessed January 22, 2007
• Miles, John, 1985 "Nationalism and its Effect on Music in the Romantic Era" John Miles' Personal Website, accessed January 22, 2007

References & Further Reading

gammond

• Ewen, David (Edited by). The Complete Book of Classical Music. London: Hale, 1966. ISBN 0-709-03865-8.
• Ramba, Jiří. Slavné české lebky, antropologicko-lékařské nálezy jako pomocníci historie (Famous Czech Skulls, anthropological-medical findings as helpers of history), Prague: Galén, 2005. ISBN 80-7262-325-7.
• Steen, Michael. The Lives and Times of the Great Composers. Cambridge: Icon Books, 2003. ISBN 1-840-46485-2.

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

• Bedřich Smetana  ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

• History of "Bedřich Smetana"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.