Asbestos

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Fibrous asbestos on muscovite

Asbestos

Asbestos

Asbestos describes any member of a group of minerals that can be fibrous, many of which are hydrous magnesium silicates. It is mined from metamorphic rocks and occurs in many forms. It is highly resistant to heat and fire—properties that have long been exploited for a variety of purposes. It was used in fabrics such as Egyptian burial cloths and Charlemagne's tablecloth.

Given its heat resistance, asbestos is used in brake shoes and gaskets. In the past, it was used to insulate the wiring of electric ovens and hotplates, and to insulate buildings and protect them from fire. Inhalation of some types of asbestos fibers, however, can cause a number of serious illnesses, including cancer. In light of such hazards, many countries have banned the use of asbestos for various applications.

Etymology

The name asbestos is based on its historical use in lamp wicks. It is a misapplication of the Latin word for "quicklime," in turn derived from the Greek word ἄσβεστος: a, meaning "not," and sbestos, meaning "extinguishable."

Properties

As mentioned above, asbestos is noted for its resistance to heat and fire. It is an insulator against heat and electricity. It is also noted for its tensile strength, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals.

Types of asbestos and associated fibers

Chrysotile asbestos.

Asbestos fibers.

"White" asbestos

Chrysotile, CAS No. 12001-29-5, is obtained from serpentine rocks. Chrysotile is the type most often used industrially. It is more flexible than other types of asbestos; it can be spun and woven into fabric. This is the kind of asbestos of which theater curtains are made, as well as firefighters' suits, and possibly Charlemagne's tablecloth. There is evidence that this type of asbestos is harmful, although, in the pure form, not perhaps as harmful as other forms (according to a UK Health & Safety Commission report, Asbestos: Effects on Health of Exposure to Asbestos, 1985). However, in reality, commercially used Chrysotile is usually contaminated with a powerfully hazardous form, namely Tremolite. One formula given for Chrysotile is Mg₃(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄.

"Brown" asbestos

Amosite, CAS No. 12172-73-5, is a trade name for the amphiboles belonging to the Cummingtonite—Grunerite solid solution series, commonly from Africa, named as an acronym from Asbestos Mines of South Africa. One formula given for Amosite is Fe₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂. This type of asbestos is extremely hazardous.

"Blue" asbestos

Riebeckite, CAS No. 12001-28-4, also known under the variety name of Crocidolite, is an amphibole from Africa and Australia. It is the fibrous form of the amphibole riebeckite. Blue asbestos is commonly thought of as the most dangerous type of asbestos. One formula given for Crocidolite is Na₂Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂. This type of asbestos is also very hazardous.

Notes: Chrysotile commonly occurs as soft friable fibers. Asbestiform amphibole may also occur as soft friable fibers, but some varieties such as amosite are commonly straighter. All forms of asbestos are fibrillar, in that they are composed of bundles of long fibers, each of which has a width of less than 1 micrometer. Amphiboles most commonly occur in nature in a safer, nonfibrous form. Asbestos with particularly fine fibers is also referred to as "amianthus."

Other asbestos

Other regulated asbestos minerals, such as tremolite asbestos (CAS No. 77536-68-6) Ca₂Mg₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂; actinolite asbestos (or smaragdite) (CAS No. 77536-66-4) Ca₂(Mg, Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂; and anthophyllite asbestos (CAS No. 77536-67-5) (Mg, Fe)₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂; are less commonly used industrially, but can still be found in a variety of construction materials and insulation materials and have been reported in the past to occur in a few consumer products. Other natural and not currently regulated asbestos minerals, such as richterite, Na(CaNa)(Mg,Fe⁺⁺)₅[Si₈O₂₂](OH)₂, and winchite, [ ](CaNa)Mg₄(Al,Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂, may be found as a contaminate in products such as the vermiculite containing Zonolite insulation manufactured by W.R. Grace and Company. These forms of asbestos are no less harmful than chrysotile, amosite, or crocidolite.

In 1989, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) passed the Asbestos Ban and Phase Out Rule, which was subsequently overturned in the case of Corrosion Proof Fittings v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991. This ruling leaves many consumer products that can still legally contain trace amounts of asbestos. The severity of cancer triggered by asbestos depends on the type of asbestos. It also depends on the amount inhaled. It is a common welding occupational hazard.

Historic usage

Items made of asbestos were held in so great an esteem that they held an equal value to gold; none but emperors and kings had napkins made of it. It is said that Charlemagne had a tablecloth made of asbestos. According to legend, he cleaned it by simply throwing it into a fire. Some antiquaries have believed that ancients made shrouds of asbestos, wherein they burnt the bodies of their kings, in order to preserve only their ashes, and prevent their being mixed with those of wood, or other combustible materials commonly used in building funeral pyres.

Others assert that the ancients used asbestos to make perpetual wicks for sepulchral lamps. In more recent centuries, asbestos was indeed used for this purpose. Although asbestos causes skin to itch upon contact, ancient literature indicates that it was prescribed for diseases of the skin, and particularly for the itch. It is possible that they used the term asbestos for alumen plumosum, because the two terms have often been confused throughout history.

Asbestos fibers were once used in automobile brake pads and shoes. Since the mid-1990s, a majority of brake pads, new or replacement, have been manufactured with Aramid fiber (Twaron or Kevlar) linings (the same material used in bulletproof vests).

Kent, the first filtered cigarette on the market, used crocidolite asbestos in its "Micronite" filter from 1952 to 1956.

Modern usage

Serpentine group

Chrysotile is the form of asbestos from the serpentine group that has been used commercially.

In the United States, chrysotile has been the most commonly used type of asbestos. Chrysotile is often present in a wide variety of materials, including but not limited to:

• Sheetrock taping
• Mud and texture coats
• Vinyl floor tiles, sheeting, adhesives and ceiling tiles
• Plasters and stuccoes
• Roofing tars, felts, siding, and shingles
• "Transite" panels, siding, counter-tops, and pipes
• Acoustical ceilings
• Fireproofing
• Putty
• Caulk
• Gaskets
• Brake pads and shoes
• Clutch plates
• Stage curtains
• Fire blankets
• Interior fire doors
• Fireproof clothing for firefighters
• Thermal pipe insulation

Amphibole group

Amosite and crocidolite were used in many products until the early 1980s, when the use of all types of asbestos in the amphibole group was banned. These products were mainly:

• Low density insulation board and ceiling tiles
• asbestos-cement sheets and pipes for construction, casing for water and electrical/telecommunication services
• Thermal and chemical insulation (fire rated doors, limpet spray, lagging, and gaskets)

Asbestos-related diseases

Asbestos as a contaminant

Most breathable asbestos fibers are invisible to the unaided human eye because their size is about 3.0-20.0 µm in length and can be as thin as 0.01 µm. Human hair ranges in size from 17 to 181 µm in width. Fibers ultimately form because when these minerals originally cooled and crystallized, they formed by the polymeric molecules lining up parallel with each other and forming oriented crystal lattices. These crystals therefore have three cleavage planes, just as other minerals and gemstones have. But in their case, there are two cleavage planes that are much weaker than the third direction. When sufficient force is applied, they tend to break along their weakest directions, resulting in a linear fragmentation pattern and hence a fibrous form. This fracture process can keep occurring and one larger asbestos fiber can ultimately become the source of hundreds of much thinner and smaller fibers.

As asbestos fibers get smaller and lighter, they more easily become airborne and human respiratory exposures can result. Fibers will eventually settle, but may be re-suspended by air currents or other movement.

Friability of an asbestos containing product means that it is so soft and weak in structure that it can be broken with simple, finger crushing pressure. Friable materials are of the most pressing concern due to their easily damaged nature. The forces or conditions of usage that come into intimate contact with most non-friable asbestos containing materials are substantially higher than finger pressure. Non-friable asbestos products can release substantial quantities of asbestos fibers into their environments as well.

Asbestos in the environment

Low levels of asbestos are in the air people breathe and some of the water people drink, including water from natural sources. Studies have shown that members of the general (non-occupationally exposed) population have tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of asbestos fibers in each gram of dry lung tissue, which translates into millions of fibers and tens of thousands of asbestos bodies in every person's lungs.

The EPA has proposed a concentration limit of 7 million fibers per liter of drinking water for long fibers (lengths greater than or equal to 5 µm). OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) has set limits of 100,000 fibers with lengths greater than or equal to 5 µm per cubic meter of workplace air for 8 hour shifts and 40 hour work weeks.

EWG Action Fund estimates that in the United States, about 10,000 people die each year of asbestos-related diseases, such as mesothelioma, asbestosis, lung cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer.

Other asbestos-related diseases

• Asbestos warts—caused when the sharp fibers lodge in the skin and are overgrown causing benign callus-like growths.

• Pleural plaques—discrete fibrous or partially calcified thickened area which can be seen on X-rays of individuals exposed to asbestos. They do not become malignant or cause other lung impairment.

• Diffuse pleural thickening—similar to above and can sometimes be associated with asbestosis. Usually no symptoms shown, but if extensive can cause lung impairment.

Litigation

Asbestos litigation is the longest, most expensive mass tort in U.S. history, involving more than 6,000 defendants and 600,000 claimants. Current trends indicate that the rate at which people are diagnosed with the disease will likely increase through the next decade. Analysts have estimated that the total costs of asbestos litigation in the United States alone is over $250 billion. Due to the prevalence of asbestos, it is normally part of the scope of a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment to inspect for potential asbestos in a building which is being sold.

The volume of the asbestos liability has alarmed the manufacturers and insurance industry. The amounts and method of allocating compensation have been the source of many court cases, and government attempts at resolution of existing and future cases.

Removal of asbestos

File:Asbestos-warning.jpg

Structures containing asbestos are marked.

Many buildings contain asbestos, which was used in spray-applied flame retardant, thermal system insulation, and in a variety of other materials. Asbestos was sometimes "flocked" above false ceilings, inside technical ducts, and in many other small spaces where firefighters would have difficulty gaining access. Structural components like asbestos panels were also used. In residences, asbestos was often a component of a type of flocked acoustic ceiling called "popcorn ceiling," until its production was banned in the U.S. in 1978. However, the ban allowed installers to use up remaining stocks, so houses built as late as 1986 could still have asbestos in their acoustic ceilings. The only way to be sure is to remove a sample and have it tested by a competent laboratory.

Rationale

Depending on how and where asbestos was applied, it might not pose any risk to most users of the building. If the fibers cannot become dislodged, they cannot be inhaled, and thus the asbestos poses no risk.

However, some methods of applying asbestos, particularly flocking, allow asbestos fibers to gradually drop off into the air. Asbestos poses hazards to maintenance personnel who have to drill holes in walls for installation of cables or pipes.

Even if the workers are protected, such maintenance operation may release fibers into the air, which may be inhaled by others. Interventions in areas where asbestos is present often have to follow stringent procedures.

Removal procedures

If removal is to be performed when users are still present in the building, it is usually necessary to relocate some users temporarily. Typically, the part of the building from which asbestos is being removed has to be sealed off in order to prevent contamination of the other areas.

If the building is closed to normal users, it may be necessary to seal it off from outside atmosphere so that no accessible air is contaminated. Examples of asbestos removal enterprises include the Jussieu Campus (begun circa 1996 and still going on as of 2005) and the Tour Montparnasse (in 2005, projected duration was 3 years if the tower was emptied of its users, and 10 years if it was not).

An asbestos-containing building that is to be torn down may have to be sealed, and to have its asbestos safely removed before ordinary demolition can be performed. The asbestos removal may take longer and cost more than the actual demolition. For example, the former seat of parliament of East Germany, the Palast der Republik was stripped of most of its asbestos between 1998 and 2001, before it was finally demolished starting in 2006. The demolition process alone is expected to cost between 20 and 60 million Euros.

Recently, a new method was developed to remove asbestos from fireproof materials, without reducing the materials fire-resistance. A foam developed by the Brookhaven National Lab and W.R. Grace & Co, which has won an R&D award, is able to chemically remove asbestos from fireproof while preserving its fireproof abilities. This removes the need to replace asbestos-containing materials.

Controversy regarding safety regulations

Asbestos regulation critics include Junkscience.com author and Fox News columnist Steve Milloy and the asbestos industry. They sometimes argue that the ban does more harm than good and that replacements to asbestos are inferior. An example is the suggestion that the shuttle Challenger exploded because the maker of O-ring putty was pressured by the EPA into ceasing production of asbestos-laden putty. However, scientists point out that the putty used in Challenger's final flight did contain asbestos, and failures in the putty were not responsible for the failure of the O-ring that led to loss of the shuttle.

Scott Bass suggests that the World Trade Center towers could still be standing or at least would have stood for longer had a 1971 ban not stopped the completion of the asbestos coating above the 64th floor. This was not mentioned in the National Institute of Standards and Technology's report on the Towers' collapse. Insulation that replaced asbestos is believed to have equivalent fire resistance, and any sort of sprayed-on insulation, including asbestos-based material, would have been removed in large areas by the impact of the planes and subsequent explosion.

Substitutes for asbestos in construction

Many companies that produced asbestos-cement products that were reinforced with asbestos fibres have developed products incorporating organic fibres. One such product was known as Eternit and another Everite now use Nutec fibres which consist of organic fibres, portland cement and silica.

See also

• Ambler, PA
• Asbestine
• Asbestos and the law
• Asbestosis
• Asbestos, Quebec
• Brominated flame-retardant
• Eternit
• Fireproofing
• List of minerals
• Mesothelioma
• Vermiculite
• Wittenoom, former asbestos mining town

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Guthrie, George Drake, and Brooke T. Mossman. 1993. Health Effects of Mineral Dusts. Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 28. Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0939950332.

• Dodson, Ronald F. and Samuel P. Hammar. 2005. Asbestos: Risk Assessment, Epidemiology, and Health Effects. Warminster, PA: CRC. ISBN 0849328292.

• Castleman, Barry I. 2005. Asbestos: Medical and Legal Aspects. 5th ed. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers. ISBN 0735552606.

External links

Regulatory and Government Links

• U.S. EPA Asbestos Home Page. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Directory of Accredited Laboratories - Asbestos Fiber Analysis (TEM Test Method). Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Asbestos and Occupational Health in the World. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• British Government Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Retrieved August 15, 2007.

Mineral & Mining links

• Parachrysotile (asbestos) at the webmineral.com Mineral Database. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Univ. of Minn.: Asbestos. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Asbestos Newspaper Articles Archive. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Asbestos in the World. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• White Gold Pioneers: Asbestos Mining — The origins of asbestos mining, illustrated with many early photographs. Retrieved August 15, 2007.

Health & The Environment

• About Your House — General Series — Asbestos. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Hazards.org. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Asbestos Toxicity. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• The Miracle Mineral Fiber - Asbestos A gruesome industrial crime story by: Dr. Noel Kerin. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Management of Asbestos in the UK A. H. Allen. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• CBC Digital Archives - Asbestos: Magic mineral or deadly dust?. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• The Wittenoom Tragedy, Asbestos Diseases Society of Australia. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Health and Safety - Asbestosis (TUC Resources, UK). Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• UK asbestos news Thames Laboratories. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• About Asbestos European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA). Retrieved August 15, 2007.
• Asbestos contamination near abandoned mine. Retrieved August 15, 2007.

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