Difference between revisions of "Archives" - New World Encyclopedia
Keisuke Noda (talk | contribs) (import from wiki) |
Keisuke Noda (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{claimed}} | {{claimed}} | ||
{{selfref|For other uses, see [[Archive (disambiguation)]]. For the Wikipedia coordination point on archived pages, see [[Wikipedia:Archive]].}} | {{selfref|For other uses, see [[Archive (disambiguation)]]. For the Wikipedia coordination point on archived pages, see [[Wikipedia:Archive]].}} | ||
| − | + | [[Image:AMVC_archive_070628.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Archive of the [[Archive and Museum for the Flemish Culture|AMVC]]]] | |
An '''archive''' refers to a collection of records, and also refers to the location in which these records are kept.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usd.edu/library/instruction/glossary.shtml |title=Glossary of Library and Internet Terms |accessdate=2007-04-30 |publisher=[http://www.usd.edu University of South Dakota Library]}}</ref> Archives are made up of records which have been created during the course of an individual or organization's life. In general an archive consists of records which have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation. Records, which may be in any media, are normally unpublished, unlike [[book]]s and other publications. Archives may also be generated by large organisations such as [[corporation]]s and [[government]]s. Archives are distinct from [[libraries]] insofar as archives hold records which are unique. Archives can be described as holding information "by-products" of activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archivists.org/glossary/term_details.asp?DefinitionKey=156|title=A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology |accessdate=2007-04-06 |publisher=[http://www.archivists.org Society of American Archivists]}}</ref> The word 'archives' is the correct terminology, whereas 'archive' as a noun or a verb is related to computer science. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/archive|title=definition of archive |accessdate=2007-04-30 |publisher=[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/archive Wiktionary]}}</ref> | An '''archive''' refers to a collection of records, and also refers to the location in which these records are kept.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usd.edu/library/instruction/glossary.shtml |title=Glossary of Library and Internet Terms |accessdate=2007-04-30 |publisher=[http://www.usd.edu University of South Dakota Library]}}</ref> Archives are made up of records which have been created during the course of an individual or organization's life. In general an archive consists of records which have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation. Records, which may be in any media, are normally unpublished, unlike [[book]]s and other publications. Archives may also be generated by large organisations such as [[corporation]]s and [[government]]s. Archives are distinct from [[libraries]] insofar as archives hold records which are unique. Archives can be described as holding information "by-products" of activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archivists.org/glossary/term_details.asp?DefinitionKey=156|title=A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology |accessdate=2007-04-06 |publisher=[http://www.archivists.org Society of American Archivists]}}</ref> The word 'archives' is the correct terminology, whereas 'archive' as a noun or a verb is related to computer science. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/archive|title=definition of archive |accessdate=2007-04-30 |publisher=[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/archive Wiktionary]}}</ref> | ||
A person who works in archives is called an [[archivist]]. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called [[archival science]]. | A person who works in archives is called an [[archivist]]. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called [[archival science]]. | ||
| − | + | == Etymology == | |
| + | {{Wiktionary|archive}} | ||
| + | The word ''archives'' (pronounced /{{IPA|'ɑː(ɹ}.kaɪvs}}/) is derived from the Greek ''arkhé'' meaning government or order (compare an-archy, mon-archy). The word originally developed from the Greek "arkheion" which refers to the home or dwelling of the [[Archon]], in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted under the authority of the Archon. | ||
==Archive Users and Institutions== | ==Archive Users and Institutions== | ||
| − | + | [[Image:Preservation.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Preservation of historical work, National Archives]] | |
[[Historian]]s, [[genealogist]]s, [[lawyer]]s, [[demographer]]s, and others conduct [[research]] at archives. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/a-1.htm|title=What Are Archives? |accessdate=2007-04-30 |publisher=[http://americanhistory.si.edu National Museum of American History]}}</ref> The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution in which the archive is housed. While there are many different kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identified five major types: academic, for profit (business), government, non profit, and other. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Walch |first=Victoria Irons |coauthors= |year=2006 |month= |title=Archival Census and Education Needs Survey in the United States: Part 1: Introduction |journal=The American Archivist |volume=69 |issue= 2|pages=294-309|url=http://www.archivists.org/a-census/reports/Walch-ACENSUS.pdf | accessdate=2007-04-30}}</ref> | [[Historian]]s, [[genealogist]]s, [[lawyer]]s, [[demographer]]s, and others conduct [[research]] at archives. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/a-1.htm|title=What Are Archives? |accessdate=2007-04-30 |publisher=[http://americanhistory.si.edu National Museum of American History]}}</ref> The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution in which the archive is housed. While there are many different kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identified five major types: academic, for profit (business), government, non profit, and other. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Walch |first=Victoria Irons |coauthors= |year=2006 |month= |title=Archival Census and Education Needs Survey in the United States: Part 1: Introduction |journal=The American Archivist |volume=69 |issue= 2|pages=294-309|url=http://www.archivists.org/a-census/reports/Walch-ACENSUS.pdf | accessdate=2007-04-30}}</ref> | ||
| Line 19: | Line 21: | ||
===Government Archives=== | ===Government Archives=== | ||
| − | + | [[Image:Archives-Nationales-01.jpg|right|thumb|240px|Archives nationales (National Archive of France)]] | |
The category of [[government]] archives includes those institutions run on a local and state level as well as those run by the national (federal) government. Anyone may use a government archive, and frequent users include [[reporters]], [[genealogists]], [[writers]], [[historians]], [[students]], and anyone wanting more information on the history of their home or region. While it is a good idea to make an appointment before visiting government archives, at many government archives no appointment is required, as they are open to the public.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/about-us/016/index-e.html|title=Directions for Change |accessdate=2007-05-09 |publisher=[http://www.collectionscanada.ca Libraries and Archives Canada]}}</ref> | The category of [[government]] archives includes those institutions run on a local and state level as well as those run by the national (federal) government. Anyone may use a government archive, and frequent users include [[reporters]], [[genealogists]], [[writers]], [[historians]], [[students]], and anyone wanting more information on the history of their home or region. While it is a good idea to make an appointment before visiting government archives, at many government archives no appointment is required, as they are open to the public.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/about-us/016/index-e.html|title=Directions for Change |accessdate=2007-05-09 |publisher=[http://www.collectionscanada.ca Libraries and Archives Canada]}}</ref> | ||
| Line 33: | Line 35: | ||
Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. Many museums keep archives in order to prove the [[provenance]] of their pieces. Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs the most basic priciples of [[archival science]] may have an archive. In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self employed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walch |first=Victoria Irons |coauthors= |year=2006 |month= |title=A*Census: A Closer Look|journal=The American Archivist |volume=69 |issue= 2|pages=327-348|url=http://www.archivists.org/a-census| accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref> | Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. Many museums keep archives in order to prove the [[provenance]] of their pieces. Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs the most basic priciples of [[archival science]] may have an archive. In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self employed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walch |first=Victoria Irons |coauthors= |year=2006 |month= |title=A*Census: A Closer Look|journal=The American Archivist |volume=69 |issue= 2|pages=327-348|url=http://www.archivists.org/a-census| accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref> | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==Archives in History== | ==Archives in History== | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
The word "archives" can refer to any organised body of records fixed on media. The management of archives is essential for effective day-to-day organisational decision making, and even for the survival of organisations. Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans. Modern archival thinking has many roots in the French Revolution. The [[French National Archives]], who possess perhaps the largest archival collection in the world, with records going as far back as C.E. [[625]], where created in 1790 during the [[French Revolution]] from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the revolutionaries. | The word "archives" can refer to any organised body of records fixed on media. The management of archives is essential for effective day-to-day organisational decision making, and even for the survival of organisations. Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans. Modern archival thinking has many roots in the French Revolution. The [[French National Archives]], who possess perhaps the largest archival collection in the world, with records going as far back as C.E. [[625]], where created in 1790 during the [[French Revolution]] from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the revolutionaries. | ||
| + | ==Archival science== | ||
| + | '''Archival science''' is the theory and study of the safe storage, cataloguing and retrieval of documents and items. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archivists.org/glossary/term_details.asp?DefinitionKey=1814|title=A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology|accessdate=2007-04-03 |publisher=[http://www.archivists.org Society of American Archivists]}}</ref> Emerging from [[diplomatics]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Duranti |first=Luciana |coauthors=Heather MacNeil |year=1996 |month=Jan |title=The Protection of the Integrity of Electronic Records: An Overview of the UBC-MAS Research Project |journal=Archivaria |volume=1 |issue=42 |pages=46-67 |url=http://journals.sfu.ca/archivar/index.php/archivaria/article/view/12153/13158 | accessdate=2007-02-16}}</ref> the discipline also is concerned with the circumstances (context) under which the information or item was, and is used. Archival Science also encompasses the study of past efforts to preserve documents and items, remediation of those techniques in cases where those efforts have failed, and the development of new processes that avoid the pitfalls of previous (and failed) techniques. The field also includes the study of traditional and electronic catalogue [[storage]] methods, [[digital preservation]] and the long range impact of all types of storage programs. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub89/archival.html|title=The Archival Paradigm—The Genesis and Rationales of Archival Principles and Practices|accessdate=2007-04-03 |publisher=Council on Library and Information Resources [http://www.clir.org/]}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Traditionally, archival science has involved time honored methods for preserving items and information in climate controlled storage facilities. This technique involved both the [[cataloging|cataloguing]] and [[accession]] of items into a collection [[archive]], their retrieval and safe handling. However, the advent of [[digital]] documents and items, along with the development of electronic [[database]]s has caused the field to revaluate the means by which it not only accounts for items, but also how it maintains and accesses both information on items and the items themselves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archivists.org/catalog/stds99/foreword.html|title=Forward to Standards for Archival Description: A Handbook|accessdate=2007-04-03 |publisher=[http://www.archivists.org Society of American Archivists]}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | While generally associated with [[museum]]s and [[library|libraries]], the field also can pertain to individuals who maintain private collections (item or topic specific) or to the average person who seeks to properly care for, and either stop or slow down the deterioration of their family heirlooms and keepsakes. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Archival Science and course work pertaining to archival techniques as a course of study is taught in colleges and universities, usually under the umbrella of [[Information science]] or paired with a History program. | ||
| + | Professional organizations, such as the [[Society of American Archivists]] ('''SAA'''), also exist to act to further the study and professional development of the field. In 2002 SAA published Guidelines for a Graduate Program in Archival Studies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archivists.org/prof-education/ed_guidelines.asp#_ftn1|title=Guidelines for a Graduate Program in Archival Studies |accessdate=2007-04-03 |publisher=[http://www.archivists.org Society of American Archivists]}}</ref> but these guidelines have not been adopted by the majority of programs providing degrees for those entering the archives field. As a result, practitioners of archival science may come from a varied background of library, history, or museum studies programs, and there is little uniformity in the education of new [[archivist]]s entering the job market. | ||
==Footnotes== | ==Footnotes== | ||
| − | < | + | <references/> |
| − | |||
| − | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 57: | Line 60: | ||
* [[Manuscript processing]] | * [[Manuscript processing]] | ||
* [[Web archiving]] | * [[Web archiving]] | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| Line 71: | Line 75: | ||
[[Category:Historical documents]] | [[Category:Historical documents]] | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{credits|Archives|133393079|Archival_science|145987830}} |
Revision as of 02:40, 23 July 2007
- For other uses, see Archive (disambiguation). For the Wikipedia coordination point on archived pages, see Wikipedia:Archive.
An archive refers to a collection of records, and also refers to the location in which these records are kept.[1] Archives are made up of records which have been created during the course of an individual or organization's life. In general an archive consists of records which have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation. Records, which may be in any media, are normally unpublished, unlike books and other publications. Archives may also be generated by large organisations such as corporations and governments. Archives are distinct from libraries insofar as archives hold records which are unique. Archives can be described as holding information "by-products" of activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products".[2] The word 'archives' is the correct terminology, whereas 'archive' as a noun or a verb is related to computer science. [3]
A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.
Etymology
The word archives (pronounced /'ɑː(ɹ}.kaɪvs/) is derived from the Greek arkhé meaning government or order (compare an-archy, mon-archy). The word originally developed from the Greek "arkheion" which refers to the home or dwelling of the Archon, in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted under the authority of the Archon.
Archive Users and Institutions
Historians, genealogists, lawyers, demographers, and others conduct research at archives. [4] The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution in which the archive is housed. While there are many different kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identified five major types: academic, for profit (business), government, non profit, and other. [5]
Academic Archives
Archives existing in colleges, universities, or other educational facilities are usually grouped as academic archives. Academic archives typically exist within a library, and duties may be carried out by an archivist or a librarian. Occasionally, history professors may run a smaller academic archive.[6] Academic archives exist to celebrate and preserve the history of their school and academic community.[7] The inventory of an academic archive may contain items such as papers of former professors and presidents, memorabilia related to school organizations and activities, and items the academic library wishes to remain in a closed-stack setting, such as rare books or thesis copies. It is always a good idea to contact an academic archive before visiting, as the majority of these institutions are available by appointment only. Users of academic archives are often graduate students and those wishing to view rare or historical documents for research purposes. Many academic archives work closely with alumni relations to help riase funds for their library or school.[8] Because of their library setting, a degree from certified by the American Library Association is preferred for employment in an academic archive.
Business (For Profit) Archives
Archives located in for-profit institutions are usually those owned by a private business. Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coke), Proctor and Gamble, and Levi Strauss & Co.. These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history of their companies.[9] Business archives serve the purpose of helping their corporations maintain control over their brand by retaining memories of the company's past. Especially in business archives, records management is separate from the historic aspect of archives. Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background. These archives are typically not open to the public and only used by workers of the owner company, although some will allow approved visitors by appointment.[10] Business archives are concerned with maintaining the integrity of their parent company, and therefore selective of how their materials may be used.[11]
Government Archives
The category of government archives includes those institutions run on a local and state level as well as those run by the national (federal) government. Anyone may use a government archive, and frequent users include reporters, genealogists, writers, historians, students, and anyone wanting more information on the history of their home or region. While it is a good idea to make an appointment before visiting government archives, at many government archives no appointment is required, as they are open to the public.[12]
In the United States, NARA archives exist not only in the District of Columbia, but regionally as well.[13] Some city or local governments may have repositories, but their organization and accessibility varies widely.[14] State or Province archives typically require at least a bachelor's degree in history for employment, although some ask for certification by test (government or association) as well.
In France, the Directorate of the Archives of France (Direction des Archives de France) in the Ministry of Culture manages the National Archives (Archives nationales) which possess 364 km. (226 miles) of archives as of 2004 (the total length of occupied shelves put next to each other), with original records going as far back as C.E. 625, as well as the departmental archives (archives départementales), located in the préfectures of each of the 100 départements of France, which possess 1,901 km. (1,181 miles) of archives (as of 2004), and also the local city archives, about 600 in total, which possess 449 km. (279 miles) of archives (as of 2004).[15] Put together, the total volume of archives under the supervision of the Directorate of the Archives of France is the largest in the world, a testimony to the very ancient nature of the French state which has been in existence for more than eleven centuries already.
Non-Profit Archives
Non-profit archives include those in historical societies, not for profit businesses such as hospitals, and the repositiories within foundations. Non-profit archives are typically set up with private funds from donors to preserve the papers and history of specific persons or places. Often these institutions rely on grant funding from the government as well.[16] Depending on the funds available non-profit archives may be as small as the historical society in a rural town to as big as a state historical society that rivals a governmental archives. Users of this type of archive may vary as much as the institutions that hold them. Employees of non-profit archives may be professional archivists or volunteers, and the education required varies with the demands of the collection's user base.[17]
Special (other) Archives
Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the Native American nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces. Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs the most basic priciples of archival science may have an archive. In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self employed.[18]
Archives in History
The word "archives" can refer to any organised body of records fixed on media. The management of archives is essential for effective day-to-day organisational decision making, and even for the survival of organisations. Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans. Modern archival thinking has many roots in the French Revolution. The French National Archives, who possess perhaps the largest archival collection in the world, with records going as far back as C.E. 625, where created in 1790 during the French Revolution from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the revolutionaries.
Archival science
Archival science is the theory and study of the safe storage, cataloguing and retrieval of documents and items. [19] Emerging from diplomatics,[20] the discipline also is concerned with the circumstances (context) under which the information or item was, and is used. Archival Science also encompasses the study of past efforts to preserve documents and items, remediation of those techniques in cases where those efforts have failed, and the development of new processes that avoid the pitfalls of previous (and failed) techniques. The field also includes the study of traditional and electronic catalogue storage methods, digital preservation and the long range impact of all types of storage programs. [21]
Traditionally, archival science has involved time honored methods for preserving items and information in climate controlled storage facilities. This technique involved both the cataloguing and accession of items into a collection archive, their retrieval and safe handling. However, the advent of digital documents and items, along with the development of electronic databases has caused the field to revaluate the means by which it not only accounts for items, but also how it maintains and accesses both information on items and the items themselves.[22]
While generally associated with museums and libraries, the field also can pertain to individuals who maintain private collections (item or topic specific) or to the average person who seeks to properly care for, and either stop or slow down the deterioration of their family heirlooms and keepsakes.
Archival Science and course work pertaining to archival techniques as a course of study is taught in colleges and universities, usually under the umbrella of Information science or paired with a History program.
Professional organizations, such as the Society of American Archivists (SAA), also exist to act to further the study and professional development of the field. In 2002 SAA published Guidelines for a Graduate Program in Archival Studies,[23] but these guidelines have not been adopted by the majority of programs providing degrees for those entering the archives field. As a result, practitioners of archival science may come from a varied background of library, history, or museum studies programs, and there is little uniformity in the education of new archivists entering the job market.
Footnotes
- ↑ Glossary of Library and Internet Terms. University of South Dakota Library. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ↑ A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
- ↑ definition of archive. Wiktionary. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ↑ What Are Archives?. National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ↑ Walch, Victoria Irons (2006). Archival Census and Education Needs Survey in the United States: Part 1: Introduction. The American Archivist 69 (2): 294-309.
- ↑ Maher, William J. (1992). The Management of College and University Archives.. Metuchen, New Jersey: Society of American Archivists & The Scarecrow Press, Inc..
- ↑ Welcome to University Archives and Records Management. Kennesaw State University Archives. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ↑ Guidelines for College and University Archives. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ↑ Business Archives Council. Business Archives Council. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ↑ Directory of Corporate Archives. Hunter Information Management. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ↑ Business Archives in North America - Invest in your future: Understand your past. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ↑ Directions for Change. Libraries and Archives Canada. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ↑ The National Archives. United States National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ↑ U.S. - State Level Records Repositories: State Libraries, Archives, Genealogical & Historical Societies. Cyndi's List of Genealogy Sites on the Internet. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ↑ (French) Les archives en France. Quid - 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
- ↑ Creigh, by Dorothy Weyer (1995). A Primer for Local Historical Societies: Revised and Expanded from the First Edition. AltaMira Press, 122.
- ↑ Whitehill, Walter Muir (1962). "Introduction", Independent Historical Societies: An Enquiry into Their Research and Publication Functions and Their Financial Future. Boston, Masssachusetts: The Boston Athenaeum, 311.
- ↑ Walch, Victoria Irons (2006). A*Census: A Closer Look. The American Archivist 69 (2): 327-348.
- ↑ A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
- ↑ Duranti, Luciana and Heather MacNeil (Jan 1996). The Protection of the Integrity of Electronic Records: An Overview of the UBC-MAS Research Project. Archivaria 1 (42): 46-67.
- ↑ The Archival Paradigm—The Genesis and Rationales of Archival Principles and Practices. Council on Library and Information Resources [1]. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
- ↑ Forward to Standards for Archival Description: A Handbook. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
- ↑ Guidelines for a Graduate Program in Archival Studies. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
See also
- Archivist
- Archival science
- Collection (museum)
- Internet Archive
- List of archives
- Manuscript processing
- Web archiving
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
External links
- UNESCO Archives Portal - over 8000 links worldwide
- International Council on Archives
- Archives Hub — gateway to descriptions of archives held in UK universities and colleges, part of the National Archives Network
- InterPares Project — international project on electronic records
- Access to Archives (A2A) — the English strand of the UK archives network
- Online-Guide to Archives around the globe
[[Category:Articles lacking sources from {{{date}}}]]
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
