Difference between revisions of "Father Damien" - New World Encyclopedia
({{Contracted}}) |
Chris Jensen (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
{{Infobox Saint | {{Infobox Saint | ||
|name=Blessed Damien of Molokai | |name=Blessed Damien of Molokai | ||
| − | |birth_date= | + | |birth_date=3 January, 1840 |
| − | |death_date= | + | |death_date=15 April, 1889 |
| − | |feast_day= | + | |feast_day=May 10 (universal); April 15 (in Hawaii) |
| − | |venerated_in= | + | |venerated_in=Roman Catholic Church, Anglican Church |
|image=FatherDamien.jpeg | |image=FatherDamien.jpeg | ||
|imagesize=250px | |imagesize=250px | ||
| − | |caption=Father Damien was a [[Roman Catholic]] | + | |caption=Father Damien was a [[Roman Catholic]] missionary who helped lepers on the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian]] island of Molokaʻi, eventually succumbing to the disease himself. |
| − | |birth_place= | + | |birth_place=Tremelo, [[Belgium]] |
| − | |death_place= | + | |death_place=Kalaupapa, Molokai, [[Hawaii]] |
|titles=The Leper Priest | |titles=The Leper Priest | ||
| − | |beatified_date= | + | |beatified_date=1995 |
|beatified_place=[[Rome]] | |beatified_place=[[Rome]] | ||
| − | |beatified_by=[[John Paul II]] | + | |beatified_by=[[Pope John Paul II]] |
|canonized_date= | |canonized_date= | ||
|canonized_place= | |canonized_place= | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
|attributes=[[leprosy]] | |attributes=[[leprosy]] | ||
|patronage=people with [[leprosy]], outcasts, those with [[HIV/AIDS]], the [[Hawaii|State of Hawaii]]. | |patronage=people with [[leprosy]], outcasts, those with [[HIV/AIDS]], the [[Hawaii|State of Hawaii]]. | ||
| − | |major_shrine= | + | |major_shrine=Leuven, [[Belgium]] (bodily relics); Maui, [[Hawaii]] (relics of his hand) |
|suppressed_date= | |suppressed_date= | ||
|issues= | |issues= | ||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Father Damien''', also '''Blessed Damien of Molokai''' and born '''Joseph de Veuster''' ( | + | '''Father Damien''', also '''Blessed Damien of Molokai''' and born '''Joseph de Veuster''' (January 3, 1840 – April 15, 1889), was a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] priest from [[Belgium]] and member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, a missionary religious order. |
| − | Damien is most noted for his devotion to caring and ministering to people with [[leprosy]], forced by government-sanctioned medical segregation, living on the island of | + | Damien is most noted for his devotion to caring and ministering to people with [[leprosy]], forced by government-sanctioned medical segregation, living on the island of Molokai in the Kingdom of [[Hawaii]].<ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20011223/ai_n10737207 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel article from December 23, 2001]</ref> In the Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions, as well as other denominations of [[Christianity]], Damien is considered the spiritual patron for [[Hansen's Disease]], [[HIV]] and [[AIDS]] patients as well as outcasts. As the patron [[saint]] of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu and of Hawaii, Father Damien Day is celebrated statewide on April 15. Upon his beatification towards [[canonization]] and sainthood by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1995, Damien was given a memorial feast day, celebrated on May 10 on the church calendar. He was also then conferred the official title of Blessed Damien of Molokai. |
| − | Several memorials have been made to Damien worldwide. The | + | Several memorials have been made to Damien worldwide. The Father Damien Statue honors the priest in bronze at the United States Capitol while a full size replica stands in front of the Hawaii State Legislature. In 2005, Damien was honored with the title of ''De Grootste Belg'' (''The Greatest Belgian'') after a national poll conducted by the Flemish public broadcasting service, ''Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep'' (VRT).<ref>[http://www.degrootstebelg.be/dgb_master/nieuws/dgb_damiaandegrootste/index.shtml De Grootste Belg (The Greatest Belgian) official article]</ref> |
In both ecumenical religious and non-sectarian communities, Damien is being adopted as the symbol of how society should treat HIV/AIDS patients in defiance of the misconceptions of the disease, much like leprosy treatment was an outgrowth of misconceptions. Several Damien Centers have been established worldwide to serve people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS.<ref>[http://www.damien.org/history.php Damien Center History]</ref> | In both ecumenical religious and non-sectarian communities, Damien is being adopted as the symbol of how society should treat HIV/AIDS patients in defiance of the misconceptions of the disease, much like leprosy treatment was an outgrowth of misconceptions. Several Damien Centers have been established worldwide to serve people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS.<ref>[http://www.damien.org/history.php Damien Center History]</ref> | ||
== Birth == | == Birth == | ||
| − | Damien was born Jozef ("Jef") de Veuster, the seventh child of the corn merchant Frans de Veuster and his wife Cato Wouters in the village of Tremelo in [[ | + | Damien was born Jozef ("Jef") de Veuster, the seventh child of the corn merchant Frans de Veuster and his wife Cato Wouters in the village of Tremelo in Flemish Brabant ([[Belgium]]). He attended college at Braine-le-Comte, then entered the novitiate of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Leuven, taking the name of Damianus (Damiaan in Dutch) in his first vows (probably after Saint Damian).<ref>[http://www.damiaanactie.be/damiaan/biografie_volledig-jeugd.cfm Biography (in Flemish)]</ref> Following in his brother's footsteps, Damien became a Picpus Brother on October 7, 1860. His brother could not fulfill his dream of travelling overseas to actively participate in missionary work. Damien took up his brother's dream as his own and went in his place on a mission abroad. |
[[Image:Belgie tremelo damiaan.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Birth place]] | [[Image:Belgie tremelo damiaan.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Birth place]] | ||
== Mission to Hawaii == | == Mission to Hawaii == | ||
| − | On | + | On March 19, 1864, Damien landed at [[Honolulu]] Harbor in downtown Honolulu as a missionary. There, Damien was ordained to the priesthood on May 24, 1864 at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace, a church established by his religious order. He served at several parishes on the island of Oahu just as the kingdom faced a public health crisis. |
| − | + | Native Hawaiians became afflicted by diseases inadvertently introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by foreign traders and sailors. Thousands died of [[influenza]], [[syphilis]] and other ailments which had never before affected Hawaiians. This included the plight of leprosy (today called Hansen's disease). Fearful of its spread, King Kamehameha V segregated the lepers of the kingdom and moved them to a settlement colony on the north side of the island of Molokai. The Royal Board of Health provided them with supplies and food but did not yet have the resources to offer proper healthcare. In 1865, Father Damien was assigned to the Catholic Mission in North Kohala on the island of Hawai‘i. While Msgr. Louis Maigret, vicar apostolic, believed that the lepers at the very least needed a priest to minister to their needs, he realized that this assignment could potentially be a death sentence. After prayerful thought, Damien asked Msgr. Maigret for permission to go to Moloka‘i. | |
== Colony of death == | == Colony of death == | ||
[[Image:fatherdamienwithlepers.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Father Damien''', seen here with the Kalawao Girls Choir during the 1870s, took on the role of priest and doctor to lepers in settlement colonies.]] | [[Image:fatherdamienwithlepers.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Father Damien''', seen here with the Kalawao Girls Choir during the 1870s, took on the role of priest and doctor to lepers in settlement colonies.]] | ||
| − | On | + | On May 10, 1873, Damien arrived at the secluded settlement at Kalaupapa. Bishop Maigret presented Damien to the colonists as "one who will be a father to you, and who loves you so much that he does not hesitate to become one of you; to live and die with you." The settlement was surrounded by an impregnable mountain ridge. There were 816 lepers living at Kalaupapa. Damien's first course of action was to build a church and establish the Parish of Saint Philomena. |
| − | + | University of Hawaii System historians working with the Hawaiian Catholic Church to archive its history agree that Damien was the only one in a position to provide comfort for the people of Kalaupapa. His role was not limited to being a priest; he took on the role of doctor as well. He dressed ulcers, built homes and beds. Damien even built coffins and dug graves. | |
| − | + | Sociologists argued before the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman]] Curia in proceedings for [[saint]]hood that Damien was sent to a morally deprived, lawless "colony of death" where people were forced to fight each other to survive. The kingdom did not plan the settlement to be in such disarray but the government's neglect in providing much needed resources and medical help created the chaos. Damien's arrival is seen as a turning point for the community. Under his leadership, basic laws were enforced, shacks became painted houses, working farms were organized and schools were erected. | |
His symbols are a tree and a dove. | His symbols are a tree and a dove. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Illness and Death== | ||
== Order of Kalakaua == | == Order of Kalakaua == | ||
| − | + | King David Kalakaua bestowed on Damien the honor Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Kalakaua. When Princess Lydia Liliuokalani visited the settlement to present the medal, she was reported as having been too distraught and heartbroken to read her speech. The princess shared her experience with the world and publicly acclaimed Damien's efforts. Consequently, Damien's name was spread across the United States and Europe. American Protestants raised large sums of money for the missionary. The Church of England sent food, medicine, clothing and supplies. It is believed that Damien never wore the medal given to him. | |
== Criticisms == | == Criticisms == | ||
| − | Upon his death, a global discussion arose as to the mysteries of Damien's life and his work on the island of Molokai. Much criticism came especially out of the | + | Upon his death, a global discussion arose as to the mysteries of Damien's life and his work on the island of Molokai. Much criticism came especially out of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches in Hawaii. It has been argued for decades that these church leaders took a stance against Damien merely out of spite for Catholicism in general.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} They derided Damien as a "false shepherd" who was driven by personal ambition and ego. The most famous treatise published against Damien was by a Honolulu Presbyterian, Reverend C. M. Hyde, in a letter dated August 2, 1889 to a fellow pastor, Reverend H. B. Gage. Reverend Hyde wrote: |
[[Image:fatherdamiengrave.jpg|thumb|300px|Following '''Father Damien's''' death the lepers of Molokai gathered around his grave in mourning.]] | [[Image:fatherdamiengrave.jpg|thumb|300px|Following '''Father Damien's''' death the lepers of Molokai gathered around his grave in mourning.]] | ||
| − | |||
: ''In answer to your inquiries about Father Damien, I can only reply that we who knew the man are surprised at the extravagant newspaper laudations, as if he was a most saintly philanthropist. The simple truth is, he was a coarse, dirty man, head-strong and bigoted. He was not sent to Molokai, but went there without orders; did not stay at the leper settlement (before he became one himself), but circulated freely over the whole island (less than half the island is devoted to the lepers), and he came often to Honolulu. He had no hand in the reforms and improvements inaugurated, which were the work of our Board of Health, as occasion required and means were provided. He was not a pure man in his relations with women, and the leprosy of which he died should be attributed to his vices and carelessness. Others have done much for the lepers, our own ministers, the government physicians, and so forth, but never with the Catholic idea of meriting eternal life.''<ref name="letter"> [http://web.archive.org/web/20050207115024/http://praiseofglory.com/rlsdamien.htm Father Damine. An Open Letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde of Honolulu,] by Robert Louis Stevenson</ref> | : ''In answer to your inquiries about Father Damien, I can only reply that we who knew the man are surprised at the extravagant newspaper laudations, as if he was a most saintly philanthropist. The simple truth is, he was a coarse, dirty man, head-strong and bigoted. He was not sent to Molokai, but went there without orders; did not stay at the leper settlement (before he became one himself), but circulated freely over the whole island (less than half the island is devoted to the lepers), and he came often to Honolulu. He had no hand in the reforms and improvements inaugurated, which were the work of our Board of Health, as occasion required and means were provided. He was not a pure man in his relations with women, and the leprosy of which he died should be attributed to his vices and carelessness. Others have done much for the lepers, our own ministers, the government physicians, and so forth, but never with the Catholic idea of meriting eternal life.''<ref name="letter"> [http://web.archive.org/web/20050207115024/http://praiseofglory.com/rlsdamien.htm Father Damine. An Open Letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde of Honolulu,] by Robert Louis Stevenson</ref> | ||
| − | Having read the letter, | + | Having read the letter, Scottish author [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], also a Presbyterian, drafted an equally famous treatise as a rebuttal in defense of Damien and derided Reverend Hyde for creating gossip to support his blatant anti-Catholic agenda. On October 26, 1889, Stevenson wrote: |
: ''When we have failed, and another has succeeded; when we have stood by, and another has stepped in; when we sit and grow bulky in our charming mansions, and a plain, uncouth peasant steps into the battle, under the eyes of God, and succours the afflicted, and consoles the dying, and is himself afflicted in his turn, and dies upon the field of honour — the battle cannot be retrieved as your unhappy irritation has suggested. It is a lost battle, and lost for ever.'' <ref name="letter"/> | : ''When we have failed, and another has succeeded; when we have stood by, and another has stepped in; when we sit and grow bulky in our charming mansions, and a plain, uncouth peasant steps into the battle, under the eyes of God, and succours the afflicted, and consoles the dying, and is himself afflicted in his turn, and dies upon the field of honour — the battle cannot be retrieved as your unhappy irritation has suggested. It is a lost battle, and lost for ever.'' <ref name="letter"/> | ||
| − | In addition to calling Reverend Hyde a "crank" | + | In addition to calling Reverend Hyde a "crank," Stevenson answered the charge that Damien was "not sent to Molokai but went there without orders" by arguing that: |
: ''Is this a misreading? or do you really mean the words for blame? I have heard Christ, in the pulpits of our Church, held up for imitation on the ground that His sacrifice was voluntary. Does Dr. Hyde think otherwise?''<ref name="letter"/> | : ''Is this a misreading? or do you really mean the words for blame? I have heard Christ, in the pulpits of our Church, held up for imitation on the ground that His sacrifice was voluntary. Does Dr. Hyde think otherwise?''<ref name="letter"/> | ||
| Line 75: | Line 76: | ||
== Mahatma Gandhi == | == Mahatma Gandhi == | ||
| − | [[Mahatma Gandhi]] offered his own defense of Damien's life and work. Gandhi claimed Damien to have been an inspiration for his social campaigns in [[India]] that led to the freedom of his people and secured aid for those that needed it. Gandhi was quoted in M.S. Mehendale’s | + | [[Mahatma Gandhi]] offered his own defense of Damien's life and work. Gandhi claimed Damien to have been an inspiration for his social campaigns in [[India]] that led to the freedom of his people and secured aid for those that needed it. Gandhi was quoted in M.S. Mehendale’s 1971 account called ''Gandhi Looks at Leprosy'' as saying, "The political and journalistic world can boast of very few heroes who compare with Father Damien of Moloka'i. It is worthwhile to look for the sources of such heroism."<ref>http://www.georgefox.edu/academics/undergrad/departments/theatre/damien/</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | [[Image:FrDamienSm.jpg|thumb|175px|The ''reredos'' (altar screen) of an Episcopal-Anglican Church in Hollywood, California shows the cross-denominational veneration of Blessed Damien of Molokai.<br> St. Thomas the Apostle Church's Damien Chapel.]] | ||
==Canonization process== | ==Canonization process== | ||
| − | On | + | On June 4, 1995, Pope John Paul II beatified Blessed Damien and gave him his official spiritual title. On December 20, 1999, Jorge Medina Estévez, Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, confirmed the November 1999 decision of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops to place Blessed Damien on the liturgical calendar with the rank of optional memorial. His official Feast Day is on May 10 of each year. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu is currently awaiting findings by the [[Vatican]] as to the authenticity of several miracles attributed to Damien. Upon confirmation that those miracles are genuine, Blessed Damien could then be [[canonization|canonized]] and receive the title of Saint Damien of Molokaʻi. |
| − | In Blessed Damien's role as patron of those with HIV and AIDS, the world's only Roman Catholic memorial chapel to those who have died of this disease, at the Église Saint-Pierre-Apôtre in | + | In Blessed Damien's role as patron of those with HIV and AIDS, the world's only Roman Catholic memorial chapel to those who have died of this disease, at the Église Saint-Pierre-Apôtre in Montreal, is consecrated to him. |
== Movie == | == Movie == | ||
| − | After the beatification of Blessed Damien, Belgian | + | After the beatification of Blessed Damien, Belgian film producer Tharsi Vanhuysse was inspired to lead a project honoring the famous priest. Vanhuysse teamed with film producer Grietje Lammertyn of ERA Films and searched for screenwriter, director and lesser known actors. Australian David Wenham was chosen to play the lead. Another Australian, Paul Cox, was selected to direct the project. Previously, he had completed an independent movie about the artist [[Vincent van Gogh]]. American John Briley wrote the screenplay. Briley was an Academy Award winner for writing the screenplay for ''Gandhi''. Other actors in the movie entitled ''Molokai: The Story of Father Damien'' include Derek Jacobi, Kris Kristofferson, Sam Neill, Tom Wilkinson and Peter O'Toole. The movie was released on March 17, 2000. |
| − | Father Damien was portrayed in 1980 by | + | Father Damien was portrayed in 1980 by Ken Howard in the television film ''Father Damien: Leper Priest''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080590/ Entry on the Internet Movie Database]</ref> |
| − | |||
| − | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
| Line 93: | Line 94: | ||
== Sources == | == Sources == | ||
| − | * | + | *Gavan Daws, ''Holy Man: Father Damien of Molokai'', University of Hawai'i Press, 1994. |
*Hilde Eynikel, ''Molokai: The Story of Father Damien'', Alba House: 1999. | *Hilde Eynikel, ''Molokai: The Story of Father Damien'', Alba House: 1999. | ||
*Richard Stewart, ''Leper Priest of Moloka'i: The Father Damien Story'', University of Hawai'i Press: 2001. | *Richard Stewart, ''Leper Priest of Moloka'i: The Father Damien Story'', University of Hawai'i Press: 2001. | ||
| Line 108: | Line 109: | ||
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04615a.htm Father Damien (Joseph de Veuster)] - Catholic Encyclopedia article | * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04615a.htm Father Damien (Joseph de Veuster)] - Catholic Encyclopedia article | ||
* [http://www.saintthomashollywood.org/stthomas/page.php?ref=damienchapel&ts_hld=parish Damien Chapel - Hollywood, CA USA] | * [http://www.saintthomashollywood.org/stthomas/page.php?ref=damienchapel&ts_hld=parish Damien Chapel - Hollywood, CA USA] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]] | [[Category: Philosophy and religion]] | ||
Revision as of 00:54, 22 March 2007
| Blessed Damien of Molokai | |
|---|---|
 Father Damien was a Roman Catholic missionary who helped lepers on the Hawaiian island of Molokaʻi, eventually succumbing to the disease himself. | |
| The Leper Priest | |
| Born | 3 January, 1840 in Tremelo, Belgium |
| Died | 15 April, 1889 in Kalaupapa, Molokai, Hawaii |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church, Anglican Church |
| Beatified | 1995, Rome |
| Major shrine | Leuven, Belgium (bodily relics); Maui, Hawaii (relics of his hand) |
| Feast | May 10 (universal); April 15 (in Hawaii) |
| Attributes | leprosy |
| Patronage | people with leprosy, outcasts, those with HIV/AIDS, the State of Hawaii. |
Father Damien, also Blessed Damien of Molokai and born Joseph de Veuster (January 3, 1840 – April 15, 1889), was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium and member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, a missionary religious order.
Damien is most noted for his devotion to caring and ministering to people with leprosy, forced by government-sanctioned medical segregation, living on the island of Molokai in the Kingdom of Hawaii.[1] In the Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions, as well as other denominations of Christianity, Damien is considered the spiritual patron for Hansen's Disease, HIV and AIDS patients as well as outcasts. As the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu and of Hawaii, Father Damien Day is celebrated statewide on April 15. Upon his beatification towards canonization and sainthood by Pope John Paul II in 1995, Damien was given a memorial feast day, celebrated on May 10 on the church calendar. He was also then conferred the official title of Blessed Damien of Molokai.
Several memorials have been made to Damien worldwide. The Father Damien Statue honors the priest in bronze at the United States Capitol while a full size replica stands in front of the Hawaii State Legislature. In 2005, Damien was honored with the title of De Grootste Belg (The Greatest Belgian) after a national poll conducted by the Flemish public broadcasting service, Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep (VRT).[2]
In both ecumenical religious and non-sectarian communities, Damien is being adopted as the symbol of how society should treat HIV/AIDS patients in defiance of the misconceptions of the disease, much like leprosy treatment was an outgrowth of misconceptions. Several Damien Centers have been established worldwide to serve people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS.[3]
Birth
Damien was born Jozef ("Jef") de Veuster, the seventh child of the corn merchant Frans de Veuster and his wife Cato Wouters in the village of Tremelo in Flemish Brabant (Belgium). He attended college at Braine-le-Comte, then entered the novitiate of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Leuven, taking the name of Damianus (Damiaan in Dutch) in his first vows (probably after Saint Damian).[4] Following in his brother's footsteps, Damien became a Picpus Brother on October 7, 1860. His brother could not fulfill his dream of travelling overseas to actively participate in missionary work. Damien took up his brother's dream as his own and went in his place on a mission abroad.
Mission to Hawaii
On March 19, 1864, Damien landed at Honolulu Harbor in downtown Honolulu as a missionary. There, Damien was ordained to the priesthood on May 24, 1864 at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace, a church established by his religious order. He served at several parishes on the island of Oahu just as the kingdom faced a public health crisis.
Native Hawaiians became afflicted by diseases inadvertently introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by foreign traders and sailors. Thousands died of influenza, syphilis and other ailments which had never before affected Hawaiians. This included the plight of leprosy (today called Hansen's disease). Fearful of its spread, King Kamehameha V segregated the lepers of the kingdom and moved them to a settlement colony on the north side of the island of Molokai. The Royal Board of Health provided them with supplies and food but did not yet have the resources to offer proper healthcare. In 1865, Father Damien was assigned to the Catholic Mission in North Kohala on the island of Hawai‘i. While Msgr. Louis Maigret, vicar apostolic, believed that the lepers at the very least needed a priest to minister to their needs, he realized that this assignment could potentially be a death sentence. After prayerful thought, Damien asked Msgr. Maigret for permission to go to Moloka‘i.
Colony of death
On May 10, 1873, Damien arrived at the secluded settlement at Kalaupapa. Bishop Maigret presented Damien to the colonists as "one who will be a father to you, and who loves you so much that he does not hesitate to become one of you; to live and die with you." The settlement was surrounded by an impregnable mountain ridge. There were 816 lepers living at Kalaupapa. Damien's first course of action was to build a church and establish the Parish of Saint Philomena.
University of Hawaii System historians working with the Hawaiian Catholic Church to archive its history agree that Damien was the only one in a position to provide comfort for the people of Kalaupapa. His role was not limited to being a priest; he took on the role of doctor as well. He dressed ulcers, built homes and beds. Damien even built coffins and dug graves.
Sociologists argued before the Roman Curia in proceedings for sainthood that Damien was sent to a morally deprived, lawless "colony of death" where people were forced to fight each other to survive. The kingdom did not plan the settlement to be in such disarray but the government's neglect in providing much needed resources and medical help created the chaos. Damien's arrival is seen as a turning point for the community. Under his leadership, basic laws were enforced, shacks became painted houses, working farms were organized and schools were erected.
His symbols are a tree and a dove.
Illness and Death
Order of Kalakaua
King David Kalakaua bestowed on Damien the honor Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Kalakaua. When Princess Lydia Liliuokalani visited the settlement to present the medal, she was reported as having been too distraught and heartbroken to read her speech. The princess shared her experience with the world and publicly acclaimed Damien's efforts. Consequently, Damien's name was spread across the United States and Europe. American Protestants raised large sums of money for the missionary. The Church of England sent food, medicine, clothing and supplies. It is believed that Damien never wore the medal given to him.
Criticisms
Upon his death, a global discussion arose as to the mysteries of Damien's life and his work on the island of Molokai. Much criticism came especially out of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches in Hawaii. It has been argued for decades that these church leaders took a stance against Damien merely out of spite for Catholicism in general.[citation needed] They derided Damien as a "false shepherd" who was driven by personal ambition and ego. The most famous treatise published against Damien was by a Honolulu Presbyterian, Reverend C. M. Hyde, in a letter dated August 2, 1889 to a fellow pastor, Reverend H. B. Gage. Reverend Hyde wrote:
- In answer to your inquiries about Father Damien, I can only reply that we who knew the man are surprised at the extravagant newspaper laudations, as if he was a most saintly philanthropist. The simple truth is, he was a coarse, dirty man, head-strong and bigoted. He was not sent to Molokai, but went there without orders; did not stay at the leper settlement (before he became one himself), but circulated freely over the whole island (less than half the island is devoted to the lepers), and he came often to Honolulu. He had no hand in the reforms and improvements inaugurated, which were the work of our Board of Health, as occasion required and means were provided. He was not a pure man in his relations with women, and the leprosy of which he died should be attributed to his vices and carelessness. Others have done much for the lepers, our own ministers, the government physicians, and so forth, but never with the Catholic idea of meriting eternal life.[5]
Having read the letter, Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson, also a Presbyterian, drafted an equally famous treatise as a rebuttal in defense of Damien and derided Reverend Hyde for creating gossip to support his blatant anti-Catholic agenda. On October 26, 1889, Stevenson wrote:
- When we have failed, and another has succeeded; when we have stood by, and another has stepped in; when we sit and grow bulky in our charming mansions, and a plain, uncouth peasant steps into the battle, under the eyes of God, and succours the afflicted, and consoles the dying, and is himself afflicted in his turn, and dies upon the field of honour — the battle cannot be retrieved as your unhappy irritation has suggested. It is a lost battle, and lost for ever. [5]
In addition to calling Reverend Hyde a "crank," Stevenson answered the charge that Damien was "not sent to Molokai but went there without orders" by arguing that:
- Is this a misreading? or do you really mean the words for blame? I have heard Christ, in the pulpits of our Church, held up for imitation on the ground that His sacrifice was voluntary. Does Dr. Hyde think otherwise?[5]
In the process of examining Damien's fitness for beatification and canonization, the Roman Curia pored over a great deal of documentation of published and unpublished criticisms against the missionary's life and work. Diaries and interviews were scoured and debated. In the end it was found that what Stevenson called "heroism" was indeed genuine.
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi offered his own defense of Damien's life and work. Gandhi claimed Damien to have been an inspiration for his social campaigns in India that led to the freedom of his people and secured aid for those that needed it. Gandhi was quoted in M.S. Mehendale’s 1971 account called Gandhi Looks at Leprosy as saying, "The political and journalistic world can boast of very few heroes who compare with Father Damien of Moloka'i. It is worthwhile to look for the sources of such heroism."[6]
St. Thomas the Apostle Church's Damien Chapel.
Canonization process
On June 4, 1995, Pope John Paul II beatified Blessed Damien and gave him his official spiritual title. On December 20, 1999, Jorge Medina Estévez, Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, confirmed the November 1999 decision of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops to place Blessed Damien on the liturgical calendar with the rank of optional memorial. His official Feast Day is on May 10 of each year. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu is currently awaiting findings by the Vatican as to the authenticity of several miracles attributed to Damien. Upon confirmation that those miracles are genuine, Blessed Damien could then be canonized and receive the title of Saint Damien of Molokaʻi.
In Blessed Damien's role as patron of those with HIV and AIDS, the world's only Roman Catholic memorial chapel to those who have died of this disease, at the Église Saint-Pierre-Apôtre in Montreal, is consecrated to him.
Movie
After the beatification of Blessed Damien, Belgian film producer Tharsi Vanhuysse was inspired to lead a project honoring the famous priest. Vanhuysse teamed with film producer Grietje Lammertyn of ERA Films and searched for screenwriter, director and lesser known actors. Australian David Wenham was chosen to play the lead. Another Australian, Paul Cox, was selected to direct the project. Previously, he had completed an independent movie about the artist Vincent van Gogh. American John Briley wrote the screenplay. Briley was an Academy Award winner for writing the screenplay for Gandhi. Other actors in the movie entitled Molokai: The Story of Father Damien include Derek Jacobi, Kris Kristofferson, Sam Neill, Tom Wilkinson and Peter O'Toole. The movie was released on March 17, 2000.
Father Damien was portrayed in 1980 by Ken Howard in the television film Father Damien: Leper Priest.[7]
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel article from December 23, 2001
- ↑ De Grootste Belg (The Greatest Belgian) official article
- ↑ Damien Center History
- ↑ Biography (in Flemish)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Father Damine. An Open Letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde of Honolulu, by Robert Louis Stevenson
- ↑ http://www.georgefox.edu/academics/undergrad/departments/theatre/damien/
- ↑ Entry on the Internet Movie Database
Sources
- Gavan Daws, Holy Man: Father Damien of Molokai, University of Hawai'i Press, 1994.
- Hilde Eynikel, Molokai: The Story of Father Damien, Alba House: 1999.
- Richard Stewart, Leper Priest of Moloka'i: The Father Damien Story, University of Hawai'i Press: 2001.
External links
- A Defense of Father Damien Against Protestant Criticism by Robert Louis Stevenson
- Architect of the Capitol Biography of Blessed Damien
- Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace Biography of Damien
- Damien High School - La Verne, California
- Hawaii State Government Biography of Damien
- New Advent Biography of Damien
- Kalaupapa National Historic Park - about the human and natural community of Father Damien's work
- Molokai: The Story of Father Damien - IMDB.com's article about the movie
- Father Damien (Joseph de Veuster) - Catholic Encyclopedia article
- Damien Chapel - Hollywood, CA USA
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
