Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Clark L. Hull" - New World
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'''Clark Leonard Hull''' (1884-1952) was an influential [[United States|American]] [[psychology|psychologist]] and [[behaviorism|behaviorist]] who sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior. | '''Clark Leonard Hull''' (1884-1952) was an influential [[United States|American]] [[psychology|psychologist]] and [[behaviorism|behaviorist]] who sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior. | ||
Hull conducted research demonstrating that his theories could predict and control behavior. His most significant works were the ''Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning'' (1940), and ''Principles of Behavior'' (1943), which established his analysis of animal learning and conditioning as the dominant learning theory of its time. | Hull conducted research demonstrating that his theories could predict and control behavior. His most significant works were the ''Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning'' (1940), and ''Principles of Behavior'' (1943), which established his analysis of animal learning and conditioning as the dominant learning theory of its time. | ||
| Line 15: | Line 14: | ||
His doctoral research on "Quantitative Aspects of the Evolution of Concepts" was published in ''Psychological Monographs''. | His doctoral research on "Quantitative Aspects of the Evolution of Concepts" was published in ''Psychological Monographs''. | ||
| + | =Work= | ||
=Work= | =Work= | ||
In [[experimental psychology]], he created the "hypothetic-deductive" systematic method, after the observation and elaboration of [[hypothesis|hypotheses]]. This method brought him precise definitions and [[concept|conceptualised]] [[axiom]]s which helped him develop his theories. He believed that behavior was a set of interactions between an individual and their environment. He analysed behavior from a perspect of [[Adaptation|biological adaptation]], which is an optimization of [[living conditions]] through need reduction. | In [[experimental psychology]], he created the "hypothetic-deductive" systematic method, after the observation and elaboration of [[hypothesis|hypotheses]]. This method brought him precise definitions and [[concept|conceptualised]] [[axiom]]s which helped him develop his theories. He believed that behavior was a set of interactions between an individual and their environment. He analysed behavior from a perspect of [[Adaptation|biological adaptation]], which is an optimization of [[living conditions]] through need reduction. | ||
| + | |||
| + | *As a behaviorist, Clark Hull centered his psychological views on habit formation, the accumulations of environmental experiences for effective adaptation. His scientific approach was truly systematic. While recognizing the importance of observation and experimentation, Hull advocated a hypothetic-deductive structure to guide research. In this strategy, following the approach of Euclidian geometry, a behavior principle or formulation was first postulated and then rigorously tested. A successful test supported belief in the principle; failure resulted in revision of the principle. Hull’s theory was positive and followed a logical progression, verified through empirical demonstration. | ||
Hull is often credited with having begun the modern study of [[hypnosis]]. His work ''Hypnosis and Suggestibility'' (1933) was a rigorous study of the phenomenon, using statistical and experimental analysis. Hull's studies emphatically demonstrated once and for all that hypnosis had no connection with sleep ("hypnosis is not sleep, … it has no special relationship to sleep, and the whole concept of sleep when applied to hypnosis obscures the situation"). The main result of Hull's study was to rein in the extravagant claims of hypnotists, especially regarding extraordinary improvements in cognition or the senses under hypnosis. Hull's experiments did show the reality of some classical phenomena such as hypnotic [[anaesthesia]] and [[post-hypnotic amnesia]]. Hypnosis could also induce moderate increases in certain physical capacities and change the threshold of sensory stimulation; attenuation effects could be especially dramatic. | Hull is often credited with having begun the modern study of [[hypnosis]]. His work ''Hypnosis and Suggestibility'' (1933) was a rigorous study of the phenomenon, using statistical and experimental analysis. Hull's studies emphatically demonstrated once and for all that hypnosis had no connection with sleep ("hypnosis is not sleep, … it has no special relationship to sleep, and the whole concept of sleep when applied to hypnosis obscures the situation"). The main result of Hull's study was to rein in the extravagant claims of hypnotists, especially regarding extraordinary improvements in cognition or the senses under hypnosis. Hull's experiments did show the reality of some classical phenomena such as hypnotic [[anaesthesia]] and [[post-hypnotic amnesia]]. Hypnosis could also induce moderate increases in certain physical capacities and change the threshold of sensory stimulation; attenuation effects could be especially dramatic. | ||
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=Legacy= | =Legacy= | ||
Hull and [[Tolman]] | Hull and [[Tolman]] | ||
| + | ==Publications== | ||
| + | *Hull, Clark L. (1934a). The concept of the habit-family hierarchy and maze learning: Part I. Psychological Review, 41, 33-54. | ||
| + | *Hull, Clark L. (1934b). The concept of the habit-family hierarchy and maze learning: Part II. Psychological Review, 41, 134-152. | ||
| + | *Hull, Clark L. (1935). The conflicting psychologies of learning — A way out. Psychological Review, 42, 491-516. | ||
Hull is known for his debates with Edward C. Tolman. | Hull is known for his debates with Edward C. Tolman. | ||
| − | + | ==References== | |
| − | + | *Angell, J. R. (1913). Behavior as a category of psychology. Psychological Review, 20, 255-270. | |
| + | *Boring, E.G.(1950). A history of experimental psychology, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. | ||
| + | *Brennan, J.F.(1982). History and systems of psychology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. | ||
| + | *Hull, C. (1951). Essentials of behavior. New Haven: Yale University Press. | ||
| + | *Hull, C. (1952). A behavior system. New Haven: Yale University Press. | ||
| + | *Leahey, Th. H. (1991). A History of Modern Psychology. Englewood Cliff, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. | ||
| + | *Skinner, B. F. (1950). Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57, 193-216. | ||
| + | *Spence, K. (1948). Postulates and methods of behaviorism. Psychological Review, 55, 67-78. | ||
| + | *Williams, K. (1931). Five behaviorisms. American Journal of Psychology. 22, 337-361. | ||
| + | *Woodworth, R. S. (1924). Four varieties of behaviorism. Psychological Review, 31, 257-264. | ||
==Links== | ==Links== | ||
* http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Hull/Conflict/ - Here you'll find everything about him | * http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Hull/Conflict/ - Here you'll find everything about him | ||
Revision as of 02:19, 15 February 2007
Clark Leonard Hull (1884-1952) was an influential American psychologist and behaviorist who sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior.
Hull conducted research demonstrating that his theories could predict and control behavior. His most significant works were the Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning (1940), and Principles of Behavior (1943), which established his analysis of animal learning and conditioning as the dominant learning theory of its time.
He died on May 10, 1952, in New Haven, Connecticut.
Life
Born in Akron, New York, Hull obtained bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Michigan, and in 1918 a PhD in from the University of Wisconsin.
His doctoral research on "Quantitative Aspects of the Evolution of Concepts" was published in Psychological Monographs.
Work
Work
In experimental psychology, he created the "hypothetic-deductive" systematic method, after the observation and elaboration of hypotheses. This method brought him precise definitions and conceptualised axioms which helped him develop his theories. He believed that behavior was a set of interactions between an individual and their environment. He analysed behavior from a perspect of biological adaptation, which is an optimization of living conditions through need reduction.
- As a behaviorist, Clark Hull centered his psychological views on habit formation, the accumulations of environmental experiences for effective adaptation. His scientific approach was truly systematic. While recognizing the importance of observation and experimentation, Hull advocated a hypothetic-deductive structure to guide research. In this strategy, following the approach of Euclidian geometry, a behavior principle or formulation was first postulated and then rigorously tested. A successful test supported belief in the principle; failure resulted in revision of the principle. Hull’s theory was positive and followed a logical progression, verified through empirical demonstration.
Hull is often credited with having begun the modern study of hypnosis. His work Hypnosis and Suggestibility (1933) was a rigorous study of the phenomenon, using statistical and experimental analysis. Hull's studies emphatically demonstrated once and for all that hypnosis had no connection with sleep ("hypnosis is not sleep, … it has no special relationship to sleep, and the whole concept of sleep when applied to hypnosis obscures the situation"). The main result of Hull's study was to rein in the extravagant claims of hypnotists, especially regarding extraordinary improvements in cognition or the senses under hypnosis. Hull's experiments did show the reality of some classical phenomena such as hypnotic anaesthesia and post-hypnotic amnesia. Hypnosis could also induce moderate increases in certain physical capacities and change the threshold of sensory stimulation; attenuation effects could be especially dramatic.
Legacy
Hull and Tolman
Publications
- Hull, Clark L. (1934a). The concept of the habit-family hierarchy and maze learning: Part I. Psychological Review, 41, 33-54.
- Hull, Clark L. (1934b). The concept of the habit-family hierarchy and maze learning: Part II. Psychological Review, 41, 134-152.
- Hull, Clark L. (1935). The conflicting psychologies of learning — A way out. Psychological Review, 42, 491-516.
Hull is known for his debates with Edward C. Tolman.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Angell, J. R. (1913). Behavior as a category of psychology. Psychological Review, 20, 255-270.
- Boring, E.G.(1950). A history of experimental psychology, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Brennan, J.F.(1982). History and systems of psychology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
- Hull, C. (1951). Essentials of behavior. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Hull, C. (1952). A behavior system. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Leahey, Th. H. (1991). A History of Modern Psychology. Englewood Cliff, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Skinner, B. F. (1950). Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57, 193-216.
- Spence, K. (1948). Postulates and methods of behaviorism. Psychological Review, 55, 67-78.
- Williams, K. (1931). Five behaviorisms. American Journal of Psychology. 22, 337-361.
- Woodworth, R. S. (1924). Four varieties of behaviorism. Psychological Review, 31, 257-264.
Links
- http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Hull/Conflict/ - Here you'll find everything about him
Credits
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