Wigwam

Winnebago family, Wisconsin Historical Society 1852.

Apache wickiup 1880.

A wigwam or wickiup is a domed single-room dwelling used by certain Native American tribes. The term wickiup is generally used to label these kinds of dwellings in American Southwest and West. Wigwam is usually applied to these structures in the American Northeast. The use of these terms by non-Native Americans has been somewhat arbitrary, often used to refer to many distinct types of Native American structures regardless of location or cultural group. The wigwam should not to be confused with the Plains Indians' tipi, which has a very different construction, structure, and use. In the twenty-first century, the term "wickiup" became preferred for this structure due to the overuse of the term "wigwam" and the perception of it as part of the stereotype of the "uncivilized" American Indians.

Etymology

The term wigwam derives from Algonquian languages, where wik- or wig- is the root meaning to dwell. Thus wikuwam in Eastern Wabenaki (Maliseet), wigwôm in Western Wabenaki (Abenaki language), and wigiwaam in the Anishinaabe languages are all terms meaning "their dwelling." Wickiup derives from the Fox dialect variation wikiyap or wikiyapi.

Construction

Apache wickiup, by Edward S. Curtis, 1903

File:Mono home.jpg

A Mono tribe wickiup in California

Paiute wickiup

The wigwam, typical of Algonquian tribes of the Northeast, or wickiup, typical of southwestern tribes such as the Apache, are both domed dwellings. The structure is formed with a frame of arched poles, most often wooden, which are covered with some sort of roofing material. Details of construction vary with the culture and local availability of materials. Some of the roofing materials used include grass, brush, bark, rushes, mats, reeds, hides, or cloth.

Mary Rowlandson (1682) used the term "wigwam" in reference to the dwelling places of the Narragansett Native Americans that she stayed with while in their captivity during King Philip's War in 1675. The term "wigwam" has remained in common English usage as a synonym for any "Indian house," however this usage is incorrect as there are significant differences between the wigwam, the tipi, and other native forms of housing.

Use

The domed, round shelter has been used for centuries by many different Native American cultures. The curved surfaces make it an ideal shelter for all kinds of conditions.

The wigwam was the typical dwelling of many Native American tribes. It was used in their semi-permanent camps and the rather sophisticated construction lasted well in either summer or winter. The domed structure offering sufficient protection from cold when covered in animal hides, or shade from the sun in the summer. Many tribes who spent part of the year traveling greater distances for hunting used the more portable tipis for those trips.

Sweat lodge

Nez Percé sweat-lodge

The sweat lodge is a ceremonial sauna and an important ritual used by a number of North American First Nations or Native American peoples. Wickiup style huts are often used, although even a simple hole dug into the ground and covered with planks or tree trunks may suffice for some tribes. The ceremony involves heating stones, typically in an exterior fire and then placing them in a central pit in the ground (Clark 2003). Often the stones are granite and they glow red in the dark lodge.

Placement and orientation of the lodge within its environment often facilitates the ceremony's connection with the spirit world. The lodge may be oriented within its environment for a specific purpose; for example, a lodge constructed near a lake could be run with the intention of connecting to the spirit of the lake. Participants enter the lodge and carry out various rituals, such as prayers, drumming, and offerings to the spirit world. While in the lodge the hot rocks raise the temperature so that participants sweat profusely. Purification of body, mind, and spirit are the major purposes and benefits resulting from sweat lodge use.

This use of the wickiup continues in contemporary times, while more European style houses have replaced them for living purposes.

Variations

Wigwams of Northeast

Wigwams are most often seasonal structures although the term is applied to rounded and conical structures built by Native American groups that are more permanent. Wigwams usually take longer to put up than tipis and their frames are usually not portable like a tipi.

Ojibwe Wigwam and Dakota-style Tipis, White Earth, Minnesota 1928

A typical wigwam in the Northeast has a curved surface which can hold up against the worst weather. The male of the family was responsible for the framing of the wigwam. Young green tree saplings, of just about any type of wood, about ten to fifteen feet long were cut down. These tree saplings were then bent by stretching the wood. While these saplings were being bent, a circle was drawn on the ground. The diameter of the circle varied from ten to sixteen feet. The bent saplings were then placed over the drawn circle, using the tallest saplings in the middle and the shorter ones on the outside. The saplings formed arches all in one direction on the circle. The next set of saplings was used to wrap around the wigwam to give the shelter support. When the two sets of saplings were finally tied together, the sides and roof were placed on it. The sides of the wigwam were usually bark stripped from trees.

Wickiups of Southwest and West

The regional non-Native American term for a single room dome like dwellings is wickiup. A distinction is usually made between them and a tipi, a hogan or a kiva. There is a great deal of variation in size, shape and materials.

The Paiute, like other nomadic tribes of the Great Basin area, slept in domed, round shelters known as wickiups or Kahn by the Kaibab Paiute. The curved surfaces made them ideal shelters for all kinds of conditions; an escape from the sun during summer, and when lined with bark they were safe and warm in winter. They built these dwellings in different locations as they moved throughout their territory. Since all their daily activities took place outside, including making fires for cooking or warmth, the shelters were primarily used for sleeping.

Below is a description of Chiricahua wickiups recorded by anthropologist Morris Opler:

frame of Apache wickiup

The home in which the family lives is made by the men and is ordinarily a circular, dome-shaped brush dwelling, with the floor at ground level. It is eight feet high at the center and approximately seven feet in diameter. To build it, long fresh poles of oak or willow are driven into the ground or placed in holes made with a digging stick. These poles, which form the framework, are arranged at one-foot intervals and are bound together at the top with yucca-leaf strands. Over them a thatching of bundles of big bluestem grass or bear grass is tied, shingle style, with yucca strings. A smoke hole opens above a central fireplace. A hide, suspended at the entrance, is fixed on a cross-beam so that it may be swung forward or backward. The doorway may face in any direction. For waterproofing, pieces of hide are thrown over the outer hatching, and in rainy weather, if a fire is not needed, even the smoke hole is covered. In warm, dry weather much of the outer roofing is stripped off. It takes approximately three days to erect a sturdy dwelling of this type. These houses are 'warm and comfortable, even though there is a big snow.' The interior is lined with brush and grass beds over which robes are spread (Opler 1996, 22-23).

Chiricahua medicine man in wickiup with family

The woman not only makes the furnishings of the home but is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and repair of the dwelling itself and for the arrangement of everything in it. She provides the grass and brush beds and replaces them when they become too old and dry.... However, formerly 'they had no permanent homes, so they didn't bother with cleaning.' Said a Central Chiricahua informant:

Both the tipi and the oval-shaped house were used when I was a boy. The oval hut was covered with hide and was the best house. The more well-to-do had this kind. The tepee type was just made of brush. It had a place for a fire in the center. It was just thrown together. Both types were common even before my time.... (Opler 1996, 385-386)

frame of Crow wickiup in snow

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Opler, Morris E. 1996. An Apache Life-way: The Economic, Social, and Religious Institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803286104
• Clark, Ella E. 2003. Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0520239261
• Waldman, Carl. 2006. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York, NY: Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0816062744.
• Zimmerman, Larry J., and Brian Leigh Molyneaux. 2000. Native North America. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806132868
• Rowlandson, Mary White. [1682] 2006. Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. Hard Press. ISBN 1406944017

External links

• Chiricahua wickiup (picture)
• making of a wickiup (including pictures)
• drawing of a wickiup
• Native American homes

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