U Thant
U Thant ( January 22, 1909 – November 25, 1974) was a Burmese diplomat and the third Secretary General of the United Nations, from 1961 to 1971. He was chosen for the post when his predecessor Dag Hammarskjöld was killed in an air crash in September 1961.
As a devout Buddhist and practitioner of meditation, U Thant brought a deep and abiding commitment to peace and other valuable qualities to bear in his efforts to resolve international problems.
'U' is an honorific in Burmese, roughly equal to 'Mister'. Thant was his only name. In Burmese he was known as Pantanaw U Thant, a reference to his home town of Pantanaw.
Early days
U Thant was born in Pantanaw, Lower Burma to U Po Hnit and Daw Nan Thaung. He was the eldest of four sons in a family of well to do landowners and rice merchants. Thant and all three of his brothers became distinguished public servants. His father, U Po Hnit had helped establish The Sun (Thuriya) newspaper in Rangoon and was also a founding member of the Burma Research Society. But U Po Hnit died when Thant was 14. A series of inheritance disputes forced Thant's mother and her four children into difficult financial times.
As a young person, Thant aspired to be a journalist. He published his first article in English when he was just sixteen. The article was printed in Burma Boy, a publication of the Burma Boy Scouts Association.
U Thant was educated at the National High School in Pantanaw and at Yangon University, Rangoon, where he studied history. Thant graduated in 1929 at the age of twenty.
After university, Thant returned to Pantanaw to teach at the National School. Thant ranked first on the all-Burma teacher certification exam. He became headmaster by the time he was twenty five.
The income from his teaching job helped to support his mother and allowed his younger brothers to continue their education.
U Thant became close friends with future Prime Minister U Nu, who was from neighbouring Maubin and the local superintendent of schools.
In addition to teaching, Thant regularly contributed to several newspapers and magazines, under the pen name 'Thilawa'. He also translated a number of books including one on the League of Nations, the organization that preceded the United Nations.
Thant's friend, U Nu returned to Rangoon University to study law in 1934. This gave U Thant the opportunity to assume the role of school superintendent in addition to headmaster. Thant's reputation among educators grew through his membership in the Textbook Committee for Burma Schools, the Council of National Education and the Burma Research Society. During 1935, his name entered the public eye through letters to the newspapers he wrote with Aung San, the up and coming nationalist leader.
U Thant married Daw Thein Tin. They had a daughter, Aye Aye Thant.
Civil Servant
During the Second World War, while Burma was occupied by Japanese forces, there was a time when U Thant served as Secretary of the Education Reorganization Committee. He grew tired of this role and returned to teaching in Pantanaw.
Thant's good friend U Nu became vise president of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) in 1945. He convinced U Thant to leave his home in Pantanaw and assume leadership of publicity for the AFPFL. Thant was soon promoted to head of the press section of the Information Department for AFPFL.
Thant was so successful in his role that when U Nu became the Prime Minister of the newly independent Burma, he appointed Thant as Director of Broadcasting in 1948. In the following year he was appointed Secretary to the Government of Burma in the Ministry of Information.
From 1951 to 1957, Thant was Secretary to the Prime Minister, writing speeches for U Nu, arranging his foreign travel, and meeting foreign visitors. He also took part in a number of international conferences. Thant was the secretary of the first Asian-African summit in 1955 at Bandung, Indonesia which gave birth to the Non-Aligned Movement. U Thant was a key leader in Burmese political affairs. During this entire period, he was U Nu's closest confidante and advisor. U Nu rarely made a major decision without the agreement of U Thant.
From 1957 to 1961, U Thant was Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He became actively involved in negotiations over Algerian independence. In 1960 the Burmese government awarded him the title Maha Thray Sithu as a commander in the Pyidaungsu Sithu Thingaha Order (similar to an order of knights).
UN Secretary General
Thant began serving as Acting Secretary General on November 3, 1961, when he was unanimously appointed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council, to fill the unexpired term of Dag Hammarskjöld. He was unanimously appointed Secretary General by the General Assembly on November 30, 1962 for a term of office ending on November 3, 1966. During this first term he was widely credited for his role in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis and for ending the civil war in the Congo.
Although he didn't seek a second term, U Thant was appointed for a second term as Secretary General of the United Nation by the General Assembly on December 2, 1966 on the unanimous recommendation of the Security Council. His term of office continued until December 31, 1971, when he retired. During his time in office, he oversaw the entry into the UN of dozens of new Asian and African states and was a firm opponent of apartheid in South Africa. He also established many of the UN's development and environmental agencies, funds and programmes, including the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN University, UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), UNITAR (United Nations Institute for Training and Research and the UN Environmental Programme.
He had also led many successful though now largely forgotten mediation efforts, for example in Yemen in 1962 and Bahrain in 1968. In each case, war would have provoked a wider regional conflict, and it was Thant's quiet mediation which prevented war.
Unlike his two predecessors, Thant retired after ten years, on speaking terms with all the big powers. In 1961 when he was first appointed, the Soviet Union had tried to insist on a troika formula of three Secretaries General, one representing each Cold War bloc, something which would have maintained equality in the United Nations between the superpowers. By 1966, when Thant was reappointed, all the big powers, in a unanimous vote of the Security Council, affirmed the importance of the Secretary Generalship and his good offices, a clear tribute to Thant's work.
The Six Day War between Arab countries and Israel, the Prague Spring and subsequent Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 leading to the birth of [[Bangladesh] all took place during his tenure as Secretary-General.
He was widely criticized in the US and Israel for agreeing to pull out UN troops in the Sinai in 1967 in response to a request from Egyptian President Nasser. In fact, countries such as India and Yugoslavia which had contributed the troops had already agreed to pull them out. U Thant tried to persuade Nasser not to go to war with Israel by flying to Cairo in a last minute peace effort.
His once good relationship with the US government deteriorated rapidly when he publicly criticized American conduct of the Vietnam War. His secret attempts at direct peace talks between federal government of Washington and Hanoi were eventually rejected by the Johnson Administration.
Thant followed unidentified flying object reports with some interest. In 1967, he arranged for American atmospheric physicist, Dr. James E. McDonald to speak before the UN's Outer Space Affairs Group regarding UFOs[1].
On January 23, 1971 U Thant categorically announced that "under no circumstances" would he be available for a third term as Secretary General. For many weeks, the UN Security Council was deadlocked over the search for a successor before finally settling on Kurt Waldheim to succeed U Thant as Secretary General on December 21, 1971.
In his farewell address to the United Nations General Assembly, Secretary General U Thant stated that he felt a "great sense of relief bordering on liberation" on relinquishing the "burdens of office". In an editorial published around December 27, 1971 praising U Thant, The New York Times stated that "the wise counsel of this dedicated man of peace will still be needed after his retirement". The editorial was entitled "The Liberation of U Thant".
Death
U Thant died of lung cancer in New York City on November 25, 1974. He was survived by his daughter, four grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren.
By this time Burma was ruled by a military government which refused him any honours. The Burmese President at the time, Ne Win was jealous of U Thant's international stature and the respect that was accorded him by the Burmese populace. Ne Win also resented U Thant's close links with the democratic government of U Nu which Ne Win had overthrown in a coup d'etat on March 2, 1962. Ne Win ordered that U Thant be buried without any official involvement or ceremony.
From the United Nations headquarters in New York, U Thant's body was flown back to Rangoon but no guard of honour or high ranking officials were on hand at the airport when the coffin arrived.
On the day of U Thant's funeral, December 5, 1974, tens of thousands of people lined the streets of Rangoon to pay their last respects to their distinguished countryman whose coffin was displayed at Rangoon's Kyaikasan race course for a few hours before the scheduled burial.
The coffin of U Thant was then snatched by a group of students just before it was scheduled to leave for burial in an ordinary Rangoon cemetery. The student demonstrators buried U Thant on the former grounds of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), which Ne Win had dynamited and destroyed on July 8, 1962.
During the period of December 5 through December 11, 1974, the student demonstrators also built a temporary mausoleum for U Thant on the grounds of the RUSU and gave anti-government speeches. In the early morning hours of December 11,1974, government troops stormed the campus, killed some of the students guarding the make-shift mausoleum, removed U Thant's coffin, and reburied it at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda, where it has remained.
Upon hearing of the storming of the Rangoon University campus and the forcible removal of U Thant's coffin, many people rioted in the streets of Rangoon. Martial law was declared in Rangoon and the surrounding metropolitan areas. What has come to be known as the U Thant crisis (the student led protests over the shabby treatment of U Thant's body by the Ne Win government) was crushed by the Burmese government.
Legacy
In 1978, U Thant's memoirs, View from the UN were published posthumously. The original publisher was Doubleday Publishing Company.
Belmont Island in the East River across from United Nations headquarters, was unofficially renamed U Thant Island and dedicated to the late Secretary General's legacy. Also, the embassy road, Jalan U Thant in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is named after him.
U Thant's only grandson, Thant Myint-U, is an historian and a former senior official in the UN's Department of Political Affairs. He is also the author of 'The River of Lost Footsteps', in part a biography of U Thant. In 2006, Thant Myint-U was a fellow at the International Peace Academy. He has followed in his grandfather's footsteps by working for peace, devoting himself to research in UN Secretariat reform, post-conflict peacebuilding and strengthening international partnerships.
Aye Aye Thant, U Thant's daughter, founded the U Thant Institute to advance her father's "One World" philosophy. One of the activities of the institute is promoting friendships across cultures.
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| Preceded by: Dag Hammarskjöld |
UN Secretary-General 1961-1971 |
Succeeded by: Kurt Waldheim |
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- ↑ Letter to U Thant / James E. McDonald. - Tucson, Ariz. : J.E. McDonald, 1967. - 2 s
