Difference between revisions of "Sandstone" - New World Encyclopedia

Latest revision as of 01:20, 21 April 2023

Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth due to erosion by flash flooding over millions of years

Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar, because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, gray, and white.

Some sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work. This makes sandstone a common building and paving material. Given the hardness of the individual grains, uniformity of grain size, and friability^[1] of its structure, sandstone is an excellent material from which to make grindstones for sharpening blades and other implements. Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain (such as gritstone).

Sandstone formations

Rock formations that are primarily sandstone usually allow percolation of water and are porous enough to store large quantities. For this reason, they are valuable as aquifers. Fine-grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are more apt to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices, such as limestones or other rocks fractured by seismic activity.

Sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features. As a result, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions of the world.

Origins

Sandstone near Stadtroda, Germany

Sandstones are clastic in origin (as opposed to organic, like chalk and coal, or chemical, like gypsum and jasper). They are formed from cemented grains that may be fragments of a pre-existing rock or crystals of a single mineral. The cements binding these grains together are typically calcite, clays and silica. Grain sizes in sands are in the range of 0.1 to 2 millimeters. Rocks with smaller grain sizes include siltstones and shales and are typically called argillaceous sediments. Clays and rocks with larger grain sizes include both breccias and conglomerates and are termed rudaceous sediments.

Sandstone with iron oxide bands

The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages. First, a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of sedimentation, either from water (as in a river, lake, or sea) or from air (as in a desert). Typically, sedimentation occurs by the sand settling out from suspension, that is, ceasing to be rolled or bounced along the bottom of a body of water (such as a sea or river) or ground surface (such as in a desert or sand dune region). Finally, once it has accumulated, the sand becomes sandstone when it is compacted by pressure of overlying deposits and cemented by the precipitation of minerals within the pore spaces between sand grains. The most common cementing materials are silica and calcium carbonate, which are often derived either from dissolution or from alteration of the sand after it was buried.

The colors of sandstone are usually tan or yellow, derived from a blend of the clear quartz with the dark amber feldspar content of the sand. A predominant additional colorant in the southwestern United States is iron oxide, which imparts reddish tints, ranging from pink to dark red (terra cotta), with additional manganese imparting a purplish hue. Red sandstones are also seen in the Southwest and West of England, as well as central Europe and Mongolia.

Deposition from sand dunes can be recognized by irregular and fluidly shaped weathering patterns and wavy coloration lines when sectioned. Water deposition forms more regular blocks when weathered. The regularity of the latter favors use as a source for masonry, either as a primary building material or as a facing stone, over other construction.

The environment of deposition is crucial in determining the characteristics of the resulting sandstone. In finer detail, these characteristics include the grain size, sorting, and composition of the stone, and in more general detail, they include the rock geometry and sedimentary structures. Principal environments of deposition may be split between terrestrial and marine, as illustrated by the following broad groupings:

Hawa Mahal in Jaipur, India, is an example of sandstone-based building architecture

Terrestrial environments:

Rivers (levees, point bars, channel sands)
Alluvial fans
Glacial outwash
Lakes
Deserts (sand dunes and ergs)

Marine environments:

River deltas
Beach and shoreface sands
Tidal deltas and flats
Offshore bars and sand waves
Storm deposits (tempestites)
Turbidites (submarine channels and fans)

Types of sandstone

Sandstone with quartz

Once the geological characteristics of a sandstone have been established, it can then be assigned to one of three broad groups:

arkosic sandstones, which have a high (greater than 25 percent) feldspar content and a composition similar to granite.
quartzose sandstones (also known as 'beach sand'), which have a high (greater than 90 percent) quartz content. Sometimes these sandstones are termed "Quartzites"—for example, the Tuscarora Quartzite of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians.
argillaceous sandstones, such as greywacke, which have a significant clay or silt content.

Gallery

Prepared sample of sandstone
A natural sandstone formation composed of cemented quartz sand
Sandstone patterns on a chamber wall in Petra
Arbroath Abbey, showing distinctive sandstone coloring

Notes

↑ Friability is the degree to which a solid can be easily crumbled into small particles.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Boggs, J. R. 2000. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 3rd ed. Toronto: Merril Publishing Company. ISBN 0130996963
Folk, R. L. 1965. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, 2nd ed. 1981. Austin, TX: Hemphill’s Bookstore. ISBN 0914696149
Pettijohn, F. J., P. E. Potter and R. Siever. 1987. Sand and Sandstone, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0387963502
Scholle, P. A. 1978. A Color Illustrated Guide to Constituents, Textures, Cements, and Porosities of Sandstones and Associated Rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. ISBN 0891813047
Scholle, P. A., and D. Spearing. 1982. Sandstone Depositional Environments: Clastic Terrigenous Sediments. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. ISBN 0891813071

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[1] Friability is the degree to which a solid can be easily crumbled into small particles.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:Lower antelope 2 md.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Red sandstone interior of [[Antelope Canyon|Lower Antelope Canyon]], [[Arizona]], worn smooth due to erosion by [[flash flood]]ing over millions of years]]
+{{Copyedited}}{{Paid}}{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}{{Approved}}
-'''Sandstone''' is a [[sedimentary rock]] composed mainly of [[sand]]-size [[mineral]] or rock [[grain size|grains]]. Most sandstone is composed of [[quartz]] and/or [[feldspar]] because these are the most common minerals in the earth's [[crust (geology)|crust]]. Like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, gray and white. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other [[topography|topographic]] features, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions.
+[[Image:Lower antelope 2 md.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Red '''sandstone''' interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth due to erosion by flash flooding over millions of years]]
+'''Sandstone''' is a [[sedimentary rock]] composed mainly of [[sand]]-size [[mineral]] or rock [[grain size|grains]]. Most sandstone is composed of [[quartz]] and/or [[feldspar]], because these are the most common minerals in the [[Earth]]'s crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, gray, and white.
+{{toc}}
+Some sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work. This makes sandstone a common [[building material|building]] and [[pavement (material)|paving]] material. Given the hardness of the individual grains, uniformity of grain size, and [[friability]]<ref>Friability is the degree to which a solid can be easily crumbled into small particles.</ref> of its structure, sandstone is an excellent material from which to make [[grindstone (tool)|grindstone]]s for sharpening blades and other implements. Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain (such as [[gritstone]]).
-Some sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work. This makes sandstone a common [[building material|building]] and [[pavement (material)|paving]] material. Because of the hardness of the individual grains, uniformity of grain size and [[friability]] of its structure, sandstone is an excellent material from which to make [[grindstone (tool)|grindstone]]s, for sharpening blades and other implements. Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain (e.g. [[gritstone]]).
+== Sandstone formations ==
-Rock formations that are primarily sandstone usually allow percolation of water and are porous enough to store large quantities, making them valuable [[aquifer]]s. Fine-grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are more apt to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices, such as [[limestone]]s or other rocks fractured by seismic activity.
+Rock formations that are primarily sandstone usually allow percolation of water and are porous enough to store large quantities. For this reason, they are valuable as [[aquifer]]s. Fine-grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are more apt to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices, such as [[limestone]]s or other rocks fractured by seismic activity.
+Sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other [[topography|topographic]] features. As a result, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions of the world.
 == Origins ==
-[[Image:Stadtroda Sandstein.jpg|thumb|250px|Sandstone near [[Stadtroda]], [[Germany]]]]
+[[Image:Stadtroda Sandstein.jpg|thumb|250px|Sandstone near Stadtroda, Germany]]
-Sandstones are ''clastic'' in origin (as opposed to ''organic'', like [[chalk]] and [[coal]], or ''chemical'', like [[gypsum]] and [[jasper]]). They are formed from [[cementation|cemented]] grains that may either be fragments of a pre-existing rock or be mono-minerallic crystals. The cements binding these grains together are typically [[calcite]], [[clay]]s and [[silica]]. [[Grain size]]s in sands are in the range of 0.1 mm to 2 mm (rocks with smaller grain sizes include [[siltstone]]s and [[shale]]s and are typically called ''argillaceous'' sediments, as too are [[clay]]s and rocks with larger grain sizes include both [[breccia]]s and [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]]s and are termed ''rudaceous'' sediments).
+Sandstones are ''clastic'' in origin (as opposed to ''organic'', like [[limestone|chalk]] and [[coal]], or ''chemical'', like [[gypsum]] and [[jasper]]). They are formed from [[cementation|cemented]] grains that may be fragments of a pre-existing rock or crystals of a single mineral. The cements binding these grains together are typically [[calcite]], [[clay]]s and [[silica]]. [[Grain size]]s in sands are in the range of 0.1 to 2 millimeters. Rocks with smaller grain sizes include [[siltstone]]s and [[shale]]s and are typically called ''argillaceous'' sediments. Clays and rocks with larger grain sizes include both [[breccia]]s and [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]]s and are termed ''rudaceous'' sediments.
 [[Image:SandstoneUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Sandstone with iron oxide bands]]
-The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages. First, a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of [[sedimentation]], either from water (as in a river, lake, or sea) or from air (as in a desert). Typically, sedimentation occurs by the sand settling out from suspension, i.e. ceasing to be rolled or bounced along the bottom of a body of water (e.g. seas or rivers) or ground surface (e.g. in a desert or sand dune region). Finally, once it has accumulated, the sand becomes sandstone when it is [[compaction|compacted]] by pressure of overlying deposits and cemented by the precipitation of minerals within the pore spaces between sand grains. The most common cementing materials are silica and [[calcium carbonate]], which are often derived either from dissolution or from alteration of the sand after it was buried. Colors will usually be tan or yellow (from a blend of the clear quartz with the dark amber feldspar content of the sand). A predominant additional colorant in the southwestern United States is [[iron oxide]], which imparts reddish tints ranging from pink to dark red ([[terra cotta]]), with additional [[manganese]] imparting a purplish hue. Red sandstones are also seen in the Southwest and West of [[England]], as well as central [[Europe]] and [[Mongolia]]. Deposition from sand dunes can recognized by irregular and fluidly shaped weathering patterns and wavey coloration lines when sectioned, while water deposition will form more regular blocks when weathered. The regularity of the latter favors use as a source for [[masonry]], either as a primary building material or as a facing stone, over other construction.
-The environment of deposition is crucial in determining the characteristics of the resulting sandstone, which, in finer detail, include its ''[[grain size]]'', ''sorting'' and ''composition'' and, in more general detail, include the rock geometry and sedimentary structures. Principal environments of deposition may be split between terrestrial and marine, as illustrated by the following broad groupings:
+The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages. First, a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of [[sedimentation]], either from water (as in a [[river]], [[lake]], or [[sea]]) or from air (as in a [[desert]]). Typically, sedimentation occurs by the sand settling out from suspension,  that is, ceasing to be rolled or bounced along the bottom of a body of water (such as a sea or river) or ground surface (such as in a desert or sand dune region). Finally, once it has accumulated, the sand becomes sandstone when it is [[compaction|compacted]] by pressure of overlying deposits and cemented by the precipitation of minerals within the pore spaces between sand grains. The most common cementing materials are silica and [[calcium carbonate]], which are often derived either from dissolution or from alteration of the sand after it was buried.
-[[Image:Sand stone.JPG|thumb|right|Sandstone-based building [[architecture]], [[Hawa Mahal]] in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]]]
+The colors of sandstone are usually tan or yellow, derived from a blend of the clear quartz with the dark amber feldspar content of the sand. A predominant additional colorant in the southwestern United States is [[iron oxide]], which imparts reddish tints, ranging from pink to dark red ([[terra cotta]]), with additional [[manganese]] imparting a purplish hue. Red sandstones are also seen in the Southwest and West of [[England]], as well as central [[Europe]] and [[Mongolia]].
-* Terrestrial environments
+Deposition from sand dunes can be recognized by irregular and fluidly shaped weathering patterns and wavy coloration lines when sectioned. Water deposition forms more regular blocks when weathered. The regularity of the latter favors use as a source for [[masonry]], either as a primary building material or as a facing stone, over other construction.
+The environment of deposition is crucial in determining the characteristics of the resulting sandstone. In finer detail, these characteristics include the ''[[grain size]]'', ''sorting'', and ''composition'' of the stone, and in more general detail, they include the rock geometry and sedimentary structures. Principal environments of deposition may be split between terrestrial and marine, as illustrated by the following broad groupings:
+[[Image:Sand stone.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Hawa Mahal in Jaipur, India, is an example of sandstone-based building architecture]]
+* Terrestrial environments:
 # Rivers ([[levee]]s, point bars, channel sands)
 # Alluvial fans
@@ Line 23: / Line 35: @@
 # Deserts (sand dunes and ergs)
-* Marine environments
+* Marine environments:
-# [[River delta|Deltas]]
+# [[River deltas]]
 # Beach and shoreface sands
-# Tidal deltas, flats
+# Tidal deltas and flats
 # Offshore bars and sand waves
 # Storm deposits (tempestites)
@@ Line 33: / Line 45: @@
 == Types of sandstone ==
 [[Image:Sandstone(quartz)USGOV.jpg|thumb|Sandstone with quartz]]
 Once the geological characteristics of a sandstone have been established, it can then be assigned to one of three broad groups:
-* ''arkosic'' sandstones, which have a high (>25%) feldspar content and a composition similar to [[granite]].
+* ''arkosic'' sandstones, which have a high (greater than 25 percent) feldspar content and a composition similar to [[granite]].
-* ''quartzose'' sandstones (also known as 'beach sand') which have a high (>90%) quartz content. Sometimes these sandstones are termed "[[Quartzite|orthoquartzites]]", e.g., the Tuscarora Quartzite of the [[Ridge-and-valley Appalachians]].
+* ''quartzose'' sandstones (also known as 'beach sand'), which have a high (greater than 90 percent) quartz content. Sometimes these sandstones are termed "[[Quartzites]]"&mdash;for example, the Tuscarora Quartzite of the [[Ridge-and-valley Appalachians]].
 * ''argillaceous'' sandstones, such as [[greywacke]], which have a significant [[clay]] or [[silt]] content.
-== References ==
+==Gallery==
-*Boggs, J.R., 2000, ''Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy'', 3rd ed. Toronto: Merril Publishing Company. ISBN 0-13-099696-3
-*Folk, R.L., 1965, [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/geo/folkready/folkprefrev.html ''Petrology of sedimentary rocks'' PDF version]. Austin: Hemphill’s Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981, ISBN 0-914696-14-9
-*Pettijohn, F.J., P.E. Potter and R. Siever, 1987, ''Sand and sandstone'', 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96350-2
-*Scholle, P.A., 1978, ''A Color illustrated guide to constituents, textures, cements, and porosities of sandstones and associated rocks'', American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 28. ISBN 0-89181-304-7
-*Scholle, P.A., and D. Spearing, 1982, ''Sandstone depositional environments: clastic terrigenous sediments '', American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 31. ISBN 0-89181-307-1
 <gallery>
 Image:USDA Mineral Sandstone 93c3955.jpg|Prepared sample of sandstone
 Image:Sandstone Concretion.jpg|A natural sandstone formation composed of cemented quartz sand
-Image:Wall Patterns.jpg|Sandstone patterns on an chamber wall in [[Petra]]
+Image:Wall Patterns.jpg|Sandstone patterns on a chamber wall in Petra
-Image:Arbroath_Abbey1.jpg|[[Arbroath Abbey]], showing distinctive sandstone colouring
+Image:Arbroath_Abbey1.jpg|Arbroath Abbey, showing distinctive sandstone coloring
-Image:Sandstone Landscape.jpg|[[Arches National Park]] Sandstone landscape
 </gallery>
 ==See also==
-*[[Old Red Sandstone]]
-*[[Bargate stone]]
 *[[Geology]]
-*[[List of minerals]]
+*[[Granite]]
-*[[List of stone]]
+*[[Limestone]]
-*[[Sedimentary basin]]s
+*[[Mineral]]
-*[[Brownstone]]
+*[[Rock (geology)]]
+*[[Sand]]
+==Notes==
+<references/>
+== References ==
+*Boggs, J. R. 2000. ''Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy'', 3rd ed. Toronto: Merril Publishing Company. ISBN 0130996963
+*Folk, R. L. 1965. ''Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks'', 2nd ed. 1981. Austin, TX: Hemphill’s Bookstore. ISBN 0914696149
+*Pettijohn, F. J., P. E. Potter and R. Siever. 1987. ''Sand and Sandstone'', 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0387963502
+*Scholle, P. A. 1978. ''A Color Illustrated Guide to Constituents, Textures, Cements, and Porosities of Sandstones and Associated Rocks''. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. ISBN 0891813047
+*Scholle, P. A., and D. Spearing. 1982. ''Sandstone Depositional Environments: Clastic Terrigenous Sediments''. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. ISBN 0891813071
-[[Category:Sedimentary rocks]]
+[[Category:Physical sciences]]
-[[Category:Masonry]]
+[[Category:Earth sciences]]
-[[Category:Stone]]
-[[cs:Pískovec]]
+{{credit|75655276}}
-[[cy:Tywodfaen]]
-[[da:Sandsten]]
-[[de:Sandstein]]
-[[et:Liivakivi]]
-[[es:Arenisca]]
-[[eo:Grejso]]
-[[fr:Grès]]
-[[ko:사암]]
-[[id:Batu pasir]]
-[[is:Sandsteinn]]
-[[it:Arenaria (roccia)]]
-[[he:אבן חול]]
-[[lt:Smiltainis]]
-[[nl:Zandsteen]]
-[[ja:砂岩]]
-[[no:Sandstein]]
-[[ug:قۇم تاش]]
-[[pl:Piaskowiec]]
-[[pt:Arenito]]
-[[ru:Песчаник]]
-[[simple:Sandstone]]
-[[fi:Hiekkakivi]]
-[[sv:Sandsten]]
-[[th:หินทราย]]
-[[vi:Đá cát]]
-[[zh:砂岩]]