Encyclopedia, Difference between revisions of "Rudolf Clausius" - New World

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Rudolf Clausius - founding thermodynamicist and originator of the concept of entropy.

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (January 2, 1822 – August 24, 1888), was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics.^[1] By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle, he put the theory of heat on a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy.^[2]

Life

Clausius was born in Köslin in the Province of Pomerania. He started his education at the school of his father. After a few years, he went to the Gymnasium in Stettin. Clausius graduated from the University of Berlin in 1844 where he studied Mathematics and Physics with, among others, Heinrich Magnus, Johann Dirichlet and Jakob Steiner. He also studied History with Leopold von Ranke. In 1847, he got his doctorate from the University of Halle on optical effects in the earth's atmosphere. He then became professor of physics at the Royal Artillery and Engineering School in Berlin and Privatdozent at the Berlin university. In 1855 he became professor at the ETH Zürich, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, where he stayed until 1867. In that year, he moved to Würzburg and two years later, in 1869 to Bonn.

In 1870 Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the Franco-Prussian War. He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his services.

His wife, Adelheid Rimpham, died in childbirth in 1875, leaving him to raise their six children. He continued to teach, but had less time for research thereafter. Clausius died in Bonn.

Work

Clausius' PhD thesis on the refraction of light proposed that we see a blue sky during the day, and various shades of red at sunrise and sunset (among other phenomena) due to reflection and refraction of light. Later, Lord Rayleigh would show that it was in fact due to the scattering of light, but regardless, Clausius used a far more mathematical approach than his predecessors.

His most famous paper, "Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme" ("On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which may be Deduced Therefrom")^[3] was published in 1850, and dealt with the mechanical theory of heat. In this paper, he showed that there was a contradiction between Carnot's principle and the concept of conservation of energy. Clausius restated the two laws of thermodynamics to overcome this contradiction (the third law was developed by Walther Nernst, during the years 1906–1912). This paper caused his scientific career to take off. It is important to note that Clausius chose the word "entropy" because the meaning, from Greek, en+tropein, is "content transformative" or "transformation content." In German, introduction of the term "vervanderlungsinhalt" as a descriptive of the entropy concept is also attributed to Clausius.

In 1857, Clausius contributed to the field of kinetic theory after refining August Krönig's very simple gas-kinetic model to include translational, rotational and vibrational molecular motions. In this same work he introduced the concept of 'Mean free path' of a particle.

Clausius deduced the Clausius-Clapeyron relation from thermodynamics. This relation, which is a way of characterizing the phase transition between two states of matter such as solid and liquid, had originally been developed in 1834 by Émile Clapeyron.

Entropy

In his "Abhandlungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie, Zweite Abteilung," published in 1867, Clausius first gave a mathematical version of the concept of entropy, and gave it its name. He used the now abandoned unit 'Clausius' (symbol: Cl) for entropy.

1 Cl = 1 cal/°C = 4.1868 joules per kelvin (J/K)

Tributes

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1868 and received its Copley Medal in 1879.
He received the Huygens Medal in 1870.
He received the Poncelet Prize in 1883.
He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Würzburg in 1882.
The Clausius crater on the Moon was named in his honor.

Quotes

The following are two famous quotes made by Clausius in 1865:

“

The energy of the universe is constant.

”

“

The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum.

”

Notes

↑ Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971). From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-435-54150-1.
↑ Clausius, R. (1865). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies. London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII.
↑ Ann. Phys. (1850), 79, 368–397, 500–524; translated into English in: Phil. Mag. (1851), 2, 1–21, 102–119

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

<<We need at least 3 reliable references here, properly formatted.>>

External links

Revival of Kinetic Theory by Clausius
Clausius biography in The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

Credits

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Rudolf Clausius ^history

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History of "Rudolf Clausius"

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[1] Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971). From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-435-54150-1.

[2] Clausius, R. (1865). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies. London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII.

[3] Ann. Phys. (1850), 79, 368–397, 500–524; translated into English in: Phil. Mag. (1851), 2, 1–21, 102–119

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Claimed}}
+{{epname}}
 [[image:Rudolf Clausius.jpg|thumb|right|'''Rudolf Clausius''' - founding [[thermodynamicist]] and originator of the concept of [[entropy]].]]
-'''Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius''' ([[January 2]], [[1822]] &ndash; [[August 24]], [[1888]]), was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]] and [[mathematician]] and is considered one of the central founders of the science of [[thermodynamics]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Cardwell, D.S.L. | title=From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age | location=London | publisher=Heinemann | year=1971 | id=ISBN 0-435-54150-1}}</ref> By his restatement of [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]]'s principle known as the [[Carnot cycle]], he put the [[theory of heat]] on a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, published in [[1850]], first stated the basic ideas of the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. In [[1865]] he introduced the concept of [[thermodynamic entropy|entropy]].<ref> Clausius, R. (1865). ''[http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/Clausius.html The Mechanical Theory of Heat] – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies.'' London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII.</ref>
+'''Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius''' (January 2, 1822 &ndash; August 24, 1888), was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]] and [[mathematician]] and is considered one of the central founders of the science of [[thermodynamics]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Cardwell, D.S.L. | title=From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age | location=London | publisher=Heinemann | year=1971 | id=ISBN 0-435-54150-1}}</ref> By his restatement of [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]]'s principle known as the [[Carnot cycle]], he put the [[theory of heat]] on a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. In 1865 he introduced the concept of [[thermodynamic entropy|entropy]].<ref> Clausius, R. (1865). ''[http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/Clausius.html The Mechanical Theory of Heat] – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies.'' London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII.</ref>
 ==Life==
-Clausius was born in [[Koszalin|Köslin]] in the [[Province of Pomerania]]. He started his education at the school of his father. After a few years, he went to the [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] in [[Stettin]]. Clausius graduated from the University of [[Berlin]] in [[1844]] where he studied Mathematics and Physics with, among others, [[Heinrich Gustav Magnus|Heinrich Magnus]], [[Dirichlet|Johann Dirichlet]] and [[Jakob Steiner]]. He also studied History with [[Leopold von Ranke]]. In [[1847]], he got his doctorate from the University of [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] on optical effects in the earth's atmosphere. He then became professor of physics at the Royal Artillery and Engineering School in Berlin and Privatdozent at the Berlin university. In [[1855]] he became professor at the [[ETH Zürich]], the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in [[Zürich]], where he stayed until [[1867]]. In that year, he moved to [[Würzburg]] and two years later, in [[1869]] to [[Bonn]].
-In [[1870]] Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the [[Iron Cross]] for his services.
+Clausius was born in [[Koszalin|Köslin]] in the [[Province of Pomerania]]. He started his education at the school of his father. After a few years, he went to the [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] in [[Stettin]]. Clausius graduated from the University of [[Berlin]] in 1844 where he studied Mathematics and Physics with, among others, [[Heinrich Gustav Magnus|Heinrich Magnus]], [[Dirichlet|Johann Dirichlet]] and [[Jakob Steiner]]. He also studied History with [[Leopold von Ranke]]. In 1847, he got his doctorate from the University of [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] on optical effects in the earth's atmosphere. He then became professor of physics at the Royal Artillery and Engineering School in Berlin and Privatdozent at the Berlin university. In 1855 he became professor at the [[ETH Zürich]], the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in [[Zürich]], where he stayed until 1867. In that year, he moved to [[Würzburg]] and two years later, in 1869 to [[Bonn]].
-His wife, Adelheid Rimpham, died in childbirth in [[1875]], leaving him to raise their six children. He continued to teach, but had less time for research thereafter. Clausius died in [[Bonn]].
+In 1870 Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the [[Iron Cross]] for his services.
+His wife, Adelheid Rimpham, died in childbirth in 1875, leaving him to raise their six children. He continued to teach, but had less time for research thereafter. Clausius died in [[Bonn]].
 ==Work==
 Clausius' PhD thesis on the refraction of light proposed that we see a blue sky during the day, and various shades of red at sunrise and sunset (among other phenomena) due to reflection and refraction of light. Later, [[Lord Rayleigh]] would show that it was in fact due to the scattering of light, but regardless, Clausius used a far more mathematical approach than his predecessors.
-His most famous paper, "''Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme''" ("''On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which may be Deduced Therefrom''")<ref>[[Annalen der Physik|Ann. Phys.]] (1850), '''79''', 368–397, 500–524; translated into English in: [[Philosophical Magazine|Phil. Mag.]] (1851), '''2''', 1–21, 102–119</ref> was published in [[1850]], and dealt with the mechanical theory of heat. In this paper, he showed that there was a contradiction between [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot]]'s principle and the concept of [[conservation of energy]]. Clausius restated the two [[laws of thermodynamics]] to overcome this contradiction (the [[third law of thermodynamics|third law]] was developed by [[Walther Nernst]], during the years 1906&ndash;1912). This paper caused his scientific career to take off.  It is important to note that Clausius chose the word "entropy" because the meaning, from Greek, en+tropein, is "''content transformative''" or "''transformation content''".  In German, introduction of the term "''vervanderlungsinhalt''" as a descriptive of the entropy concept is also attributed to Clausius.
+His most famous paper, "''Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme''" ("''On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which may be Deduced Therefrom''")<ref>[[Annalen der Physik|Ann. Phys.]] (1850), '''79''', 368–397, 500–524; translated into English in: [[Philosophical Magazine|Phil. Mag.]] (1851), '''2''', 1–21, 102–119</ref> was published in 1850, and dealt with the mechanical theory of heat. In this paper, he showed that there was a contradiction between [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot]]'s principle and the concept of [[conservation of energy]]. Clausius restated the two [[laws of thermodynamics]] to overcome this contradiction (the [[third law of thermodynamics|third law]] was developed by [[Walther Nernst]], during the years 1906&ndash;1912). This paper caused his scientific career to take off.  It is important to note that Clausius chose the word "entropy" because the meaning, from Greek, en+tropein, is "''content transformative''" or "''transformation content''."  In German, introduction of the term "''vervanderlungsinhalt''" as a descriptive of the entropy concept is also attributed to Clausius.
-In [[1857]], Clausius contributed to the field of [[kinetic theory]] after refining [[August Krönig]]'s very simple gas-kinetic model to include  translational, rotational and vibrational molecular motions. In this same work he introduced the concept of '[[Mean free path]]' of a particle.
+In 1857, Clausius contributed to the field of [[kinetic theory]] after refining [[August Krönig]]'s very simple gas-kinetic model to include  translational, rotational and vibrational molecular motions. In this same work he introduced the concept of '[[Mean free path]]' of a particle.
-Clausius deduced the [[Clausius-Clapeyron relation]] from [[thermodynamics]]. This relation, which is a way of characterizing the [[phase transition]] between two states of matter such as [[solid]] and [[liquid]], had originally been developed in [[1834]] by [[Émile Clapeyron]].
+Clausius deduced the [[Clausius-Clapeyron relation]] from [[thermodynamics]]. This relation, which is a way of characterizing the [[phase transition]] between two states of matter such as [[solid]] and [[liquid]], had originally been developed in 1834 by [[Émile Clapeyron]].
 ===Entropy===
 {{main|history of entropy}}
-In his "Abhandlungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie, Zweite Abteilung", published in [[1867]], Clausius first gave a mathematical version of the concept of [[entropy]], and gave it its name. He used the now abandoned unit 'Clausius' (symbol: '''Cl''') for entropy.
+In his "Abhandlungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie, Zweite Abteilung," published in 1867, Clausius first gave a mathematical version of the concept of [[entropy]], and gave it its name. He used the now abandoned unit 'Clausius' (symbol: '''Cl''') for entropy.
 :1 Cl = 1 [[Calorie|cal]]/[[Degree Celsius|°C]] = 4.1868 [[joule]]s per [[kelvin]] (J/K)
 ==Tributes==
-*He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of London]] in [[1868]] and received its [[Copley Medal]] in [[1879]].
+*He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of London]] in 1868 and received its [[Copley Medal]] in 1879.
-*He received the [[Huygens]] Medal in [[1870]].
+*He received the [[Huygens]] Medal in 1870.
-*He received the [[Jean-Victor_Poncelet|Poncelet]] Prize in [[1883]].
+*He received the [[Jean-Victor_Poncelet|Poncelet]] Prize in 1883.
-*He received an honorary doctorate from the University of [[Würzburg]] in [[1882]].
+*He received an honorary doctorate from the University of [[Würzburg]] in 1882.
 *The [[Clausius (crater)|Clausius crater]] on the [[Moon]] was named in his honor.
@@ Line 36: / Line 39: @@
 {{cquote|The [[energy]] of the [[universe]] is constant.}}
 {{cquote|The [[entropy]] of the universe tends to a maximum.}}
+== See also ==
+* [[Thermodynamics]]
+== Notes ==
+<references/>
 ==References==
-<references/>
+<<We need at least 3 reliable references here, properly formatted.>>
 ==External links==
 *[http://www.math.umd.edu/~lvrmr/History/Revival.html  Revival of Kinetic Theory by Clausius]
 *[http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html Clausius biography] in [[MacTutor archive|The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Clausius, Rudolf}}
-[[Category:1822 births]]
-[[Category:1888 deaths]]
-[[Category:Thermodynamicists]]
-[[Category:German physicists]]
-[[Category:German natives of Pomerania]]
-[[Category:People with craters of the Moon named after them]]
-[[Category:University of Bonn faculty|Clausius, Rudolf]]
-[[Category:People of the Franco-Prussian War|Clausius, Rudolf]]
-[[cs:Rudolf Clausius]]
+[[Category:Physical sciences]]
-[[de:Rudolf Clausius]]
+[[Category:Biographies of Scientists and Mathematicians]]
-[[es:Rudolf Clausius]]
+[[Category:Biography]]
-[[eu:Rudolf Clausius]]
+[[Category:Physics]]
-[[fr:Rudolf Clausius]]
-[[ko:루돌프 클라우지우스]]
+{{credit|143539552}}
-[[id:Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius]]
-[[is:Rudolf Clausius]]
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-[[ja:ルドルフ・クラウジウス]]
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-[[pl:Rudolf Clausius]]
-[[pt:Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius]]
-[[ru:Клаузиус, Рудольф Юлиус Эммануель]]
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-[[sl:Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius]]
-[[sv:Rudolf Clausius]]
-[[uk:Рудольф Клаузіус]]
-[[zh:魯道夫·克勞修斯]]