Richard Jones (economist)
Richard Jones (1790 - January 26, 1855) was a British economist and a clergyman, famous for his criticism of David Ricardo and his insisting on the historical relativism of political economy. He worked as a commissioner on the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836. The maps of the area developed during the survey in preparation for the Act, had great historical value and were used as references by genealogists and other historical researchers.
Life
Richard Jones was born in Royal Tunbridge Wells in England, the son of a solicitor. He was intended for the legal profession, and was educated at Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge. He received his B.A. in 1816 and M.A. in 1819. His university friends include Charles Babbage, John Herschel, and William Whewell. Owing to ill-health, however, Jones abandoned the idea of the law and decided to enter ministry.
In 1817, Jones was ordained priest of the Church of England, and until 1833 he held several ministerial posts in different parishes in Sussex and Kent. During that period he wrote his famous The Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation (1831) which drew wide national attention.
In 1833 he was appointed professor of political economy at King's College London, following the resignation of Nassau William Senior. He left this post in 1835 to succeed Thomas Robert Malthus in the chair of political economy and history at the East India College at Haileybury, Hertfordshire, England.
Jones took an active part in the commutation of tithes in 1836 and showed great ability as a tithe commissioner, an office which he filled till 1851. He served also for some time as a charity commissioner.
Jones died on January 26, 1855, in Haileybury, Hertfordshire, England, shortly after he had resigned his professorship.
Work
Economical theory
In 1831 Jones published his Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation, his most important work. In it he showed himself a thorough-going critic of the Ricardian system.
Jones was influenced by the inductivism of Francis Bacon, which played key role in the development of his economic ideas. Jones's conclusions were founded on a wide observation of contemporary facts, aided by the study of history. He believed that economical theories needed to be rooted in real empirical facts. He thus criticized Ricardo for his deductive method and generalization of economical laws.
The world Jones studied was not an imaginary world, inhabited by abstract "economic men," but the real world with the different forms which the ownership and cultivation of land, and, in general, the conditions of production and distribution, assume at different times and places. His recognition of such different systems of life in communities occupying different stages in the progress of civilization led to his proposal of what he called a "political economy of nations." This was a protest against the practice of taking the exceptional state of facts which existed in a small corner of our planet as representing the uniform type of human society, and ignoring the effects of the early history and special development of each community as influencing its economic phenomena.
Jones was known for his freedom from exaggeration and one-sided statement. Whilst holding Malthus in, perhaps, undue esteem, he declined to accept the proposition that an increase of the means of subsistence was necessarily followed by an increase of population. He also believed that with the growth of population, in all well-governed and prosperous states, the command over food, instead of diminishing, increases.
The Tithe Commutation Act of 1836
Jones also played instrumental role in the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836. Being elected by Archbishop of Canterbury as his representative to the commission to help bring the act, Jones joined other two commissioners - William Balmire (chairman) and Thomas Wentworth Buller.
Before this act, tithes were paid as 10% of the produce of the land, payable in crops, eggs, cattle, or other goods. They were brought to the rector as payment for his services or as alms, and were stored in a tithe barn attached to a church or a monestary. However, as that became impractical for numerous reasons, other new arrangements surfaced. The commision in which Jones was a member had a goal to level the national standard for paying tithes.
The commission identified all properties and made a detailed maps of all the area that was afected by the act. A map was made for each "tithe district". After that the calculation was made on the amount of the tithe.
The majority of the work was done between 1841 and 1851.
Legacy
Unlike Ricardo, whose ideas were absolute and universal, Jones insisted on the historical relativism of political economy. He observed real economical phenomena, as occurring at different places and at different times. His Essay on the Distribution of Wealth (1831) can thus be regarded as a precursor of the Historical and Institutionalist Schools.
The maps and apportionments that were left behind as the result of Jones’s work as a commissioner, are often used as references by genealogists and other historical researchers.
Publications
- Jones, Richard. 1831. An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation. London: J. Murray
- Jones, Richard. 1833. An introductory lecture on political economy, delivered at King's College, London, 27th February, 1833 to which is added A syllabus of a course of lectures on the wages of labor, to be delivered at King's College, London, in the month of April, 1833. London: John Murray.
- Jones, Richard and Whewell, William (ed.). 1964 (original published 1859). Literary Remains, Consisting of Lectures and Tracts on Political Economy, of the late Rev. Richard Jones. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.
- Jones, Richard. 2001. Peasant Rents: Being the First Half of an Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 054390752X
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Pullen, John. 2001. R. Jones, an Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation, 1831. Working Paper Series in Economics, University of New England. Retrieved on September 21, 2007, from <http://www.une.edu.au/economics/publications/ECONwp01-1.PDF>
- Reinhart, Blaise F. 1962. The life of Richard Jones and his contributions to economic methodology and theory. Thesis (Ph. D.—Econ.)—Catholic University of America.
- Weber, Hans. 1939. Richard Jones; ein früher englischer abtrünniger der klassischen schule der nationalökonomie. Zürich: H. Girsberger.
External links
- R. Jones, An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation, 1831 – Article by John Pullen (2001) on Jones life and work
- The Tithe Commutation Act 1836 – On the historical background of the Act
- Tithes (1000-1880) – On the history of tithing, in Literary Encyclopedia
- What are Tithe maps? – On Tithe maps
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