Difference between revisions of "Prague" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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*'''1918''' after [[World War I]] Prague becomes the capital of [[Czechoslovakia]]
 
*'''1918''' after [[World War I]] Prague becomes the capital of [[Czechoslovakia]]
 
*'''1922''' Greater Prague comes into being through unification of the city with its suburbs and neighbouring towns
 
*'''1922''' Greater Prague comes into being through unification of the city with its suburbs and neighbouring towns
*'''1938''' after the political betrayal by Western allies, (France and Britain at [[Munich Agreement|Munich]]) Germany occupies Sudetenland and in 1939 the rest of the country
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*'''1938''' after the political betrayal by Western allies, when [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Benito Mussolini]] and [[Édouard Daladier]] signed the [[Munich Agreement]] in September, Germany occupies Sudetenland and in 1939 the rest of the country
 
*'''1942''' Czechoslovak paratroopers kill [[Reinhard Heydrich]], Nazis respond with a wave of terror
 
*'''1942''' Czechoslovak paratroopers kill [[Reinhard Heydrich]], Nazis respond with a wave of terror
*'''1945''' [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] conducts [[bombing of Prague in World War II]], killing hundreds of Praguers by mistake. ([[Dresden]], 134 km away was the target).  
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*'''1945''' United States Air Force conducts bombing of Prague, killing hundreds of Praguers by mistake. ([[Dresden]], 134 km away was the target).  
*'''1945''' [[Prague uprising]] against the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] occupants during the last days of World War II, ends with the arrival of the [[Red Army]] – followed by the [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|expulsion of German citizens]]
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*'''1945''' Prague uprising against the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] occupants during the last days of World War II, ends with the arrival of the [[Red Army]] – followed by the Expulsion of Germans after World War II  
 
*'''1948''' [[communism|communist]] takeover  
 
*'''1948''' [[communism|communist]] takeover  
 
*'''1968''' [[Warsaw Pact]] armies invade to crush the [[Prague Spring]]
 
*'''1968''' [[Warsaw Pact]] armies invade to crush the [[Prague Spring]]
 
*'''1989''' Prague is the center of [[Velvet Revolution]] (the fall of communist regime)
 
*'''1989''' Prague is the center of [[Velvet Revolution]] (the fall of communist regime)
*'''2000''' [[Anti-globalization Protests in Prague]] - some 15,000 protesters turned violent during the [[IMF]] and [[World Bank]] summits  
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*'''2000''' Anti-globalization Protests - some 15,000 protesters turned violent during the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank summits  
*'''2002''' Prague hit by the [[2002 European flood|flooding]], parts of the city evacuated but no major landmarks destroyed
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*'''2002''' Prague hit by the flooding, parts of the city evacuated but no major landmarks destroyed
  
 
The four independent boroughs that had formerly constituted Prague were eventually proclaimed a single city in 1784. Those four cities were Hradčany (the Castle District, west and north of the Castle), Malá Strana (Lesser Town, south of the Castle), Staré Město (Old Town, on the east bank opposite the Castle) and Nové Město (New Town, further south and east). The city underwent further expansion with the annexation of Josefov in 1850 and Vyšehrad in 1883, and at the beginning of 1922, an additional 37 municipalities were incorporated, raising the city's population to 676,000. In 1938, the population reached 1,000,000.
 
The four independent boroughs that had formerly constituted Prague were eventually proclaimed a single city in 1784. Those four cities were Hradčany (the Castle District, west and north of the Castle), Malá Strana (Lesser Town, south of the Castle), Staré Město (Old Town, on the east bank opposite the Castle) and Nové Město (New Town, further south and east). The city underwent further expansion with the annexation of Josefov in 1850 and Vyšehrad in 1883, and at the beginning of 1922, an additional 37 municipalities were incorporated, raising the city's population to 676,000. In 1938, the population reached 1,000,000.
  
 
==Sights==
 
==Sights==
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Prague has become one of Europe's (and the world's) most popular tourist destinations. It is the sixth most visited European city after [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Rome]], [[Madrid]] and [[Berlin]].<ref>"[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/65335 Prague, sixth most visited city in Europe]", Radio Praha, 12 April 2005. URL accessed on 26 November 2006.</ref> Prague suffered considerably less damage during World War II than some other major cities in the region, allowing most of its historic architecture to stay true to form. It contains one of the world's most pristine and varied collections of architecture, from [[Art Nouveau]] to [[Baroque]], [[Renaissance]], [[Cubism|Cubist]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Neoclassicism|Neo-Classical]] and ultra-modern. Some of the most known sights are:
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Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Prague has become one of Europe's (and the world's) most popular tourist destinations. It is the sixth most visited European city after [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Rome]], [[Madrid]] and [[Berlin]].<ref>"[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/65335 Prague, sixth most visited city in Europe]", Radio Praha, 12 April 2005. URL accessed on 26 November 2006.</ref> Prague suffered considerably less damage during World War II than some other major cities in the region, allowing most of its historic architecture to stay true to form. It contains one of the world's most pristine and varied collections of architecture, from Art Nouveau to Baroque, Renaissance, Cubism, Gothic, [[Neoclassicism|Neo-Classical]] and ultra-modern. Some of the most notoriously known sights are:
  
[[Image:Prague crowd Malá Strana.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Packed with tourists on a busy summer day in [[Malá Strana]] (Lesser Quarter), Prague]]
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[[Image:Prague crowd Malá Strana.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Packed with tourists on a busy summer day in Malá Strana (Lesser Quarter), Prague]]
  
* Old Town (Staré Město) with its [[Old Town Square (Prague)|Old Town Square]]
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* Staré Město (Old Town) with its Staroměstské náměsti (Old Town Square)  
* The [[Prague Orloj|Astronomical Clock]]
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* Orloj (The Astronomical Clock)
* The picturesque Charles Bridge
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* The picturesque Karluv Most (Charles Bridge)
* [[New Town, Prague|New Town]] (Nové město) with its busy and historic [[Wenceslas Square]]
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* Nové město (New Town) with its busy and historic Václavske náměsti (Wenceslas Square)
 
* Malá Strana (Lesser Quarter)
 
* Malá Strana (Lesser Quarter)
* Prague Castle (the largest castle in the world) with its St. Vitus Cathedral
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* Prague Castle with its Katedrála Sv. Vita (St. Vitus Cathedral)
* [[Josefov (Prague)|Josefov]] (the old Jewish quarter) with Old Jewish Cemetery and Old New Synagogue
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* Josefov (the old Jewish quarter) with Old Jewish Cemetery and Old New Synagogue
* The [[Lennon]] Wall
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* The Lennon Wall
 
* Vinohrady
 
* Vinohrady
* The museum of [[Operation Anthropoid|Heydrich assassination]] in the crypt of the Church of Saint Cyril and Methodius
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* The museum of Operation Anthropoid - Reinhard Heydrich assassination - in the crypt of the Church of Saint Cyril and Methodius
* National Museum (Prague)
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* National Museum  
 
* Vyšehrad Castle
 
* Vyšehrad Castle
 
* Petřínská rozhledna, an observation tower on Petřín hill, which is nearly a 1:5 copy of the [[Eiffel Tower]]
 
* Petřínská rozhledna, an observation tower on Petřín hill, which is nearly a 1:5 copy of the [[Eiffel Tower]]
* Anděl (City part) which is probably the busiest part of the city with a super modern shopping mall and architecture
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* Anděl (city quarter) - one of the busiest parts of the city with its contemporary architectural shopping mall  
* Žižkov Television Tower with observation deck
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* Žižkov Television Tower with an observation deck
 
* The New Jewish Cemetery in Olšany, location of [[Franz Kafka]]'s grave
 
* The New Jewish Cemetery in Olšany, location of [[Franz Kafka]]'s grave
 
* The Prague Metronome, a giant, functional metronome that looms over the city
 
* The Prague Metronome, a giant, functional metronome that looms over the city
 
* The Dancing House (Fred and Ginger Building)
 
* The Dancing House (Fred and Ginger Building)
* The Mucha Museum, showcasing the [[Art Nouveau]] works of [[Alfons Mucha]]
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* The Mucha Museum, showcasing the Art Nouveau works of [[Alfons Mucha]]
 
* Places connected to writers living in the city, such as Franz Kafka.
 
* Places connected to writers living in the city, such as Franz Kafka.
  
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==Economy==
 
==Economy==
The GDP per capita of Prague is more than double that of the Czech Republic as a whole, with a per-capita GDP (PPP) of EUR 32,357 in 2002, which is at 153% of the [[European Union]] average. The city is becoming a site of European headquarters of many international companies.  
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The GDP per capita of Prague is more than double that of the Czech Republic as a whole, with a per capita GDP (PPP) of EUR 32,357 in 2002, which is some 153% of the [[European Union]] average. Many multinational corporations have their European headquarters there.  
  
Since the late 1990s, Prague has become a popular filming location for international productions and [[Hollywood]] motion pictures. Unlike many other European cities, Prague did not suffer great destruction during [[World War II]], and the city is often used as a "stand in" for other pre-WW2 European cities, such as [[Amsterdam]] or [[London]]. [http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117799914?categoryid=8&cs=1] [http://www.indiadaily.com/breaking_news/46945.asp] A combination of architecture, low costs, tax breaks, and the existing motion picture infrastructure have proved attractive to international film production companies.
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Since the late 1990s, Prague has become a popular location with foreign movie producers and [[Hollywood]] motion pictures. Since it was not devasted in the World War II, the city is often passed off for Amsterdam or London[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117799914?categoryid=8&cs=1] [http://www.indiadaily.com/breaking_news/46945.asp] in movies set in those cities in the pre-WW II period.  A combination of architecture, low costs, tax breaks, and the standing motion picture infrastructure has proved attractive to international film production companies.
  
 
==Colleges and universities==
 
==Colleges and universities==
 
[[Image:Corinthia-tower.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Prague skyscraper.]]
 
[[Image:Corinthia-tower.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Prague skyscraper.]]
  
The city contains nine universities and colleges including the oldest [[university]] in Central and Eastern Europe:
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The city contains nine universities and colleges including the oldest university in Central and Eastern Europe:
  
 
*[[Charles University]] (UK) founded in 1348
 
*[[Charles University]] (UK) founded in 1348
*[[Czech Technical University]] (ČVUT) founded in 1707
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*Czech Technical University (ČVUT) founded in 1707
*[[Academy of Fine Arts]] (AVU) founded in 1800
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*Academy of Fine Arts (AVU) founded in 1800
 
*[[Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design]] (VŠUP) founded in 1885
 
*[[Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design]] (VŠUP) founded in 1885
*[[Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague|Institute of Chemical Technology]] (VŠCHT) founded in 1920
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*Institute of Chemical Technology (VŠCHT) founded in 1920
*[[Academy of Performing Arts]] (AMU) founded in 1945
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*Academy of Performing Arts (AMU) founded in 1945
*[[Czech University of Agriculture]] (ČZU) founded in 1906/1952
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*Czech University of Agriculture (ČZU) founded in 1906/1952
*[[University of Economics, Prague|University of Economics]] (VŠE) founded in 1953
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*University of Economics (VŠE) founded in 1953
 
*[[University of New York Prague]] (UNYP)
 
*[[University of New York Prague]] (UNYP)
  
==Transport==
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==Transportation==
===Integrated transport system===
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===Integrated transportation system===
Public transport infrastructure consists of an integrated transport system of [[Prague Metro|three metro lines]] (with 54 stations in total), [[tram]]s, [[Prague Tram System]] (including the [[:Image:Tram91.jpg|"nostalgic tram" no. 91]]), buses, a [[funicular]] to [[Petřín Hill]] and a [[chairlift]] at [[Prague Zoo]]. All services have a common ticketing system, and are run by ''Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy'' (The Capital City of Prague Transport Company).
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The public transit infrastructure consists of an integrated transit system of Prague Metro with its three metro lines and 54 stations, trams, (including the [[:Image:Tram91.jpg|"nostalgic tram" no. 91]]), buses, a funicular to Petřín Hill and a chairlift at Prague Zoo. All services have a common ticketing system and are run by ''Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy'' (The Capital City of Prague Transit Company).
  
 
[[Image:Tram91.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The "nostalgic tram" no. 91 runs through the city centre]]
 
[[Image:Tram91.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The "nostalgic tram" no. 91 runs through the city centre]]
  
 
===Rail===
 
===Rail===
The city forms the hub of the [[České dráhy|Czech railway]] system, with services to all parts of the Czech Republic and to neighbouring countries.
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The city forms the hub of the České dráhy (Czech railway) system, with services to all parts of the Czech Republic and neighbouring countries.
  
Prague has two international railway stations, [[Hlavní nádraží]] (sometimes referred to as Wilsonovo nádraží) and Praha Holešovice. Intercity services also stop at the main stations Praha Smíchov and Masarykovo nádraží. In addition to these, there are a number of smaller suburban stations.
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Prague has two international railway stations, Hlavní nádraží (sometimes referred to as Wilsonovo nádraží named for United States President Woodrow Wilson) and Praha Holešovice, and a number of smaller suburban stations.
  
 
===Air===
 
===Air===
Prague is served by [[Ruzyně International Airport]], which is the hub of the flag carrier, [[Czech Airlines]]. There are several cheap flights per day from the UK and from other countries. [[Ruzyně International Airport]] is considered as one of the most modern airports in Europe.
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Prague is served by Ruzyně International Airport, one of Europe's most modern airports, which is the hub of the flag carrier, Czech Airlines.  
  
 
===Taxis===
 
===Taxis===
[[Image:Prague - Jerusalemer Synagoge.jpg|thumb|250px|The Jerusalem Synagogue, built in 1906 to 1907 by Wilhelm Stiassny, of Bratislava, is the largest Jewish place of worship in Prague]]
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[[Image:Prague - Jerusalemer Synagoge.jpg|thumb|250px|The Jerusalem Synagogue, built between 1906 and 1907 by Wilhelm Stiassny, of Bratislava, is the largest Jewish place of worship in Prague]]
The [[Taxicab|taxi]] service in Prague has had a somewhat checkered history. During the rule of Communist Party in [[Czechoslovakia]] (1948–1989), the taxi service was nationalised into one umbrella company, and, with a short exception during liberalization related to the [[Prague Spring]], no independent taxi drivers were allowed. The quality and availability of the service was low. This caused many enterprising people to run illegal taxi services. Their earnings were far above income of typical citizens and became a source of envy. After the [[Velvet Revolution|fall of the Communist regime]], the service was liberalized and anyone could become a taxi driver. Unfortunately, the chaos of transition from planned to market economy did not leave any time to implement sufficient regulations. The lack of planning and controls has led to a number of serious taxi [[scam]]s operating in the city; some of which have been linked with [[organised crime]]. Many of the victims of overpricing are tourists.
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The taxi service in Prague has had a somewhat checkered history. During the rule of the Communist Party (1948–1989), the taxi service was nationalised into one umbrella company, and, with a short exception during liberalization related to the Prague Spring, no independent taxi service was allowed. The quality and availability of the service was low, but in line with the law of supply and demand, unlicensed individuals stepped in to provide illegal ("underground") services, for which they earned big buck, far above the income of other citizens, and became a source of envy. After the Velvet Revolution, the service was liberalized and anyone could become a taxi driver. Unfortunately, the chaotic transition from planned to market economy did not leave time for an implementation of sufficient regulations, resulting in a plethora of taxi scams operating in the city, some linked with organized crime. Unsuspecting tourists were often the victims of the rip-off schemes.
  
Taxi services in Prague can currently be divided into three sectors. There are major taxicab companies, operating call-for-taxi services (radio-taxi) or from regulated taxi stands, where overpricing is rare and regulation mostly in place. There are independent drivers, who make pick-ups on the street; cheating is mostly associated with these cars. Lastly, there are fake taxi drivers, who operate as "contractual transport services" in order to avoid government regulation.
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Taxi services are run by major taxicab companies, operating call-for-taxi services (radio-taxi) or from regulated taxi stands, where overpricing is rare and regulation mostly in place. Then there are independent drivers who pick up their fares on the street; cheating is mostly associated with those. Lastly, there are fake taxi drivers, who operate as "contractual transport service providers" in order to avoid government regulation.
  
 
==Sport==
 
==Sport==
Prague is the site of many sports events, national [[stadiums]] and [[teams]]
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Prague is the site of many sports events, national stadiums and teams:
  
* [[Prague International Marathon]]
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* Prague International Marathon
* [[Sparta Prague]] -> [[UEFA Champions League]]
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* Sparta Prague -> UEFA Champions League
* [[Slavia Prague]] -> [[UEFA Cup]]
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* Slavia Prague -> UEFA Cup
* [[Sazka Arena]] -> [[2004 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]] and [[Euroleague]] Final Four 2006
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* Sazka Arena -> 2004 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships and Euroleague Final Four 2006
* [[Strahov Stadium]] &mdash; the largest stadium in the world
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* Strahov Stadium&mdash;the largest stadium in the world
* [[World Cup Skateboarding|Mystic SK8 Cup]] &mdash; World cup of skateboarding
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* World Cup Skateboarding
* [[Prague open]] &mdash; prestige [[Floorball]] cup
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* Prague Open&mdash;prestige Floorball Cup
* and more
 
  
 
==Miscellaneous==
 
==Miscellaneous==
  
Prague is also the site of the most important offices and institutions of the Czech Republic and Central Europe.
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Prague is the seat of major offices and institutions of the Czech Republic and Central Europe:
  
* [[President of the Czech Republic]]
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* President of the Czech Republic
* The [[Government]] and both houses of the [[Parliament]]
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* The Government and both houses of the Parliament
* [[Czech Television]] and other major broadcasters
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* Czech Television and other major broadcasters
* [[Radio Free Europe]] &mdash; [[Radio Liberty]]
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* Radio Free Europe&mdash;Radio Liberty
* [[Prague Institute|Prague Institute for Global Urban Development]]
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* Prague Institute for Global Urban Development
  
 
==Prague as a venue==
 
==Prague as a venue==
 
Recent major events held in Prague:
 
Recent major events held in Prague:
* [[NATO|NATO Summit]] 2002
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* NATO Summit 2002
* [[International Monetary Fund]] and [[World Bank]] Summit 2000
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* International Monetary Fund and World Bank Summit 2000
* [[International Olympic Committee]] Session 2004
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* International Olympic Committee Session 2004
* [[International Astronomical Union|International Astronomical Union General Assembly 2006]]
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* International Astronomical Union General Assembly 2006
  
 
==Famous people connected with Prague==
 
==Famous people connected with Prague==

Revision as of 16:56, 25 December 2006

For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 50°05′N 14°26′E

Prague (Praha), Czech Republic
128px
Capital city Czech Republic (Česká republika)
Population 1,183,729 (31 March 2006)
Area 496 km²
Coordinates 50°05′ N 14°26′ E
Elevation 177-399 m AMSL
Founded 9th century
Website prague-city.cz
Prague location map
Portal Prague Portal

Prague (Czech: Praha (IPA: [ˈpraɦa]), see also other names) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated on the Vltava river in central Bohemia, it is home to approximately 1.2 million people. (It can be derived from jobs statistics, however, that an additional 300,000 work there without having registered as residents.)

Nicknames for Prague have included "city of a hundred spires" and "the golden city". Since 1992, the historic center of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. According to Guinness World Records, Prague Castle is the largest ancient castle in the world.

my additions

Praha Praha – od roku 1920 Hlavní město Praha, předtím od roku 1784 Královské hlavní město Praha – je hlavním a součastně největším městem Česko .


Počátkem 12. století byla Praha kvetoucím městem, nad nímž se vznosně vypínal knížecí Hrad. „Tam žijí Židé mající plno zlata a stříbra, tam jsou ze všech národů nejbohatší kupci, tam jsou nejzámožnější peněžníci, tam stojí tržiště a něm plno kořisti …“, napsal kdosi neznámý o Praze koncem 11. století . Tehdejší Praha se rozkládala na území dnešního Starého Města. Pojmenování Starší - respektive latinským terminem Maior, to znamená také Větší - Město pražské získala poté, co Přemysl II. Otakar udělil roku 1257 městská práva pražskému podhradí, osídlenému již od 10. století. Tak vzniklo Nové, později Menší Město Pražské - Malá Strana . Příliv řemeslníků a kupců do obou měst sílil, zvláště když se v době panování Karel IV. Praha stala císařskou residencí a císař zamýšlel učinit z ní hlavní město Svaté říše římské.

Sjednocení pražských měst Sjednotit pražská města natrvalo do jednoho správního celku se podařilo až roku 1784 za vlády císaře Josef II. . Královské hlavní město Praha pak tvořilo Nové a Staré Město pražské, Malá Strana a Hradčany. Postupně byl připojen Josefov (Praha) , Vyšehrad a Holešovice . Na konci 19. století byla Praha již industrializace , rychle se rozvíjejícím městem se železnice a továrnami. Tehdy se stala jedním z předních průmyslových a obchodních center Evropy. Roku 1893 byla asanace severní část Starého Města; začaly se rozvíjet elektrické dráhy, k městu se zároveň připojil Karlín a Libeň . Velká Praha Na konci První světová válka byla vyhlášena nezávislost českého státu, ke kterému se vzápětí připojilo Slovensko . V Praze docházelo k ničení symbolů rakouského mocnářství, jakým byl například Mariánský sloup na Staroměstském náměstí. Jako hlavní město nově ustanoveného Československo byla Praha i nadále modernizována a rozšiřována. Roku 1922 byla založena Velká Praha , do které byla zahrnuta všechna předměstí včetně do té doby samostatných měst jakými byly Praha-Vinohrady nebo Košíře . Praha, v niž vedle sebe žilo obyvatelstvo českého, německého a židovského původu, se stala pozoruhodným kulturním centrem. Historizující styl, v němž bylo postaveno např. Národní divadlo, pseudogotické chrámy sv. Prokopa na Žižkově a sv. Ludmily na Náměstí Míru, či přestavěna vyšehradská bazilika, rázně odvrhla secese přelomu století (Obecní dům, nová budova Hlavního nádraží, Hotel Central v Hybernské ulici, Petřínská rozhledna a Průmyslový palác v Holešovicích, Husův pomník na Staroměstském náměstí). Desetileté secesní období přerušila světová válka. Na konci dvacátých let 20. století se začal v architektuře projevovat funkcionalismus – vznikly první moderní budovy a byla také dostavěna gotická Katedrála svatého Víta . Světově unikátní je architektura kubismus – jedině v Praze přešel kubismus z malířských pláten do architektury ( Pavel Janák , Josef Gočár , Josef Chochol ), ambiciózním plánem bylo založení kubistického sídliště na Vyšehrad . Pod vlivem nastupujícího nacismu ve druhé polovině 30.let Prahu začaly opouštět první obyvatelé. Druhá světová válka Za války bylo z Prahy odsunuto v transportech do koncentrační tábor žid ovské obyvatelstvo, stejně jako Cikáni ské (tehdejší běžné označení) a další její obyvatelé tzv. „ méněcenná rasa “. Běžné byly popravy a věznění odpůrců nacismus režim u. Nechvalně proslulou se v této souvislosti stala například úřadovna Gestapa v Pečkově paláci nebo Kobyliská střelnice . Škody na pražské zástavbě byly za osvobozování Prahy minimální, k lehkému poškození došlo pouze za bombardování americkými letadly na konci války (věže kláštera v Emauzích) a plánovanou likvidaci už nemohl v té době oslabený a ustupující nacistický režim provést. Podle vůle komunistických předáků pražské povstání (Smrkovský) a předem stanovených smluv mezi spojenci z protihitlerovské koalice Prahu musela osvobodit Rudá armáda , zatímco Americká armáda vyčkávala u Plzeň . Dříve než sovětská vojska do města dorazila, vypuklo zde 5.května 1945 Pražské květnové povstání , které ukončil 9.května příjezd Rudé armády. Praha jako hlavní město socialistického Československa V únor 1948 se chopili moci komunismus , plánování a výstavba města začaly probíhat v duchu „ socialistický realismus “. Vznikla tak první sídliště ( Dvouletka ) a později i první panelové sídliště na Petřiny . V letech 1960, 1968, 1970 a 1974 bylo k Praze připojeno Části Prahy . V 60. a 70. letech se zmodernizovaly důležité dopravní stavby jako letiště a Hlavní nádraží , začalo se budovat metro a takzvaný ZÁKOS - systém kapacitních městských komunikací, z nichž jedna oddělila Národní muzeum od Václavské náměstí . Pro obyvatele, kteří přicházeli do Prahy z celé republiky, byla na zelených loukách okolo Prahy budována panelová sídliště (největší z nich je Jižní Město ). Postupující Ekonomika úpadek země zasáhl i Prahu, což se projevilo v zanedbaném vzhledu města i ve zhoršování služeb. Mocenský monopol komunistické strany ukončila Sametová revoluce . Praha po sametové revoluci Otevření státních hranic přivedlo do města početné davy turistů. Rozvoj soukromého podnikání se projevil na mnoha starších, leckdy chátrajících budovách i menších domech, které byly opraveny. Došlo k výstavbě mnoha obchodních komplexů, ve městě se zmnohonásobil dopravní provoz, který působí řadu problémů. http://praha.cs.gabsmad.info/


Husitská Praha hned na jejím počátku odstranila moc královských úřadů, německého patriciátu a římské církve, ubránila se křížovým výpravám krále Zikmunda a stala se na čas rozhodujícím mocenským činitelem v zemi. Výsadní politické postavení v čele měst­ského stavu si pražské měšťanstvo udrželo i v pohusitském období. Jeho dominantní pozicí otřásl až nástup dynastie Habsbur­ků na český trůn (1526) a dalekosáhlé omezení městských práv českých královských měst Ferdinandem I. po neúspěšném stavovském povstání roku 1547.

Vzdor ztrátě politického vlivu prošla Praha ve druhé polovině 16. stol. obdobím intenzivní renesanční přestavby a v l. 1583-1612 se stala sídlem uměnímilovného císaře Rudolfa II., jehož dvůr byl shromaždištěm umělců a učenců z celé Evropy. Počtem 60 000 obyvatel se česká metropole opět zařadila mezi přední evropská velkoměsta. Přestože po porážce druhého stavovského odboje proti Habsburkům v osudné bitvě na Bílé hoře (1620) postihly pražská města znovu tvrdé tresty, nucená emigrace nekatolíků, plenění a válečné ztráty a přestože přestěhování císařského dvora a úřadů do Vídně postupně degradovalo Prahu z hlavního města státu na pouhé zemské centrum, uchovalo si město svůj hospodářský i kulturní význam. Pokračovala vý­stavba šlechtických paláců a především klášterů i chrámů obnovené katolické církve a právě v této době získala jeho architektura osobitou, stylově vzácně jednotnou tvář „pražského baroka“.

Patentem císaře Josefa II. z 12. února 1784 byla čtyři dosud samostatná pražská města - Staré Město, Nové Město, Malá Strana a Hradčany - spojena v jeden celek, v hlavní město Prahu. V důsledku průmyslové revoluce vznikl v předpolí jejího barokního opevnění kruh velkých průmyslových předměstí (Karlín, Smíchov, Holešovice, Libeň ad.). Praha se stala největším výrobním a dopravním centrem v zemi a v průběhu 19. stol. se proměnila v moderní velkoměsto. Byla ohniskem vlasteneckého národně obrozeneckého hnutí, jež po revoluci 1848 překonalo pobělohorský úpadek českého jazyka i národního a státní­ho vědomí. Záporným důsledkem této modernizace byla necitlivá asanace vnitřního města, které po roce 1893 padla za oběť velká část Starého Města a téměř celé Nové Město i Židovské Město. Jen zčásti nahradily vzniklou kulturní ztrátu nové reprezentační budovy ve slohu české novorenesance, secese a kubismu.

28. října 1918 se Praha stala hlavním městem samostatné Československé republiky. Dnem 1. ledna 1922 k ní bylo připo­jeno 37 sousedních měst a vesnic. Vznikla velká Praha, na jejímž území o rozloze 171,64 km2 žilo 676 657 obyvatel. Po překonání poválečné krize a sociálního neklidu prošlo město v letech 1922-1938 dalším obdobím dynamického rozvoje. Jeho výsledkem byl nejen vzrůst počtu obyvatel až k hranici 1 milionu (1938), ale především vznik četných hodnot urbanistických, architektonických i kulturních, nesených duchem modernismu, funkcionalismu a avant­gardních uměleckých proudů 20. a 30. let 20. stol. Praha se stala útočištěm exulantů ze zemí, kde byly nastoleny totalitní a fašistické režimy, a přes rostoucí ohrožení naci­onalismem a fašismem si až do počátku r. 1939 udržela demokratickou samosprávu, na níž se podílely všechny politické proudy od pravice po komunisty.

Když 15. března 1939 okupovala město nacistická vojska, změnila se Praha, v níž žilo 95 % českého obyvatelstva, v projevech představitelů okupační správy ve "staré německé město", kde Češi měli být jen dočasně trpěni. Jeho skutečnou tvář však ukázaly masové demonstrace obyvatelstva proti okupantům 28. října 1939, zatýkání a po­pravy po uzavření českých vysokých škol 17. listopadu 1939 i krvavý teror po atentátu na zastupujícího říšského protektora R. Heydricha (27. 5. 1942). Protifašistický odboj Pražanů vyvrcholil povstáním ve dnech 5.-9. května 1945, které skončilo osvobozením města a příchodem Rudé armády.

Poválečný politický vývoj vedl k uchopení moci Komunistickou stranou Československa, která po nekrvavém pražském převratu z 20.- 25. února 1948 namísto proklamované tzv. československé cesty k socialismu vytvořila totalitní nedemokratický režim, poznamenaný policejní zvůlí a justičními zločiny. Pokusem o jeho překonání bylo "pražské jaro" roku 1968, násilné ukončené vpádem okupačních vojsk pěti zemí Varšavské smlouvy dne 21. srpna 1968. Nastolení tzv. normalizačního kurzu přineslo pak v pražských poměrech nejen potlačení sotva obnovených zárodků demokracie a svobodného života obča­nů, ale též další prohlubování stagnačních rysů ve sféře ekonomiky i ve všech oblastech veřejného a kulturního dění. Konec čtyřicetileté komunistické totality přinesla "sametová" revoluce, jejímž začátkem byla studentská demonstrace v Praze 17. listopadu 1989. Obnova pluralitního demokratického systému, rozsáhlé majetkové restituce a privatizace živností i služeb proměnily a výrazně oživily tvář města, které znovu nalezlo svoji dynamiku. Stalo se kulturním a turistickým centrem evropského významu i dějištěm nejvýznamnějších politických jednání. Pražská památková rezervace byla v r. 1992 zapsána do Seznamu světového kulturního dědictví UNESCO. Na přelomu 20. a 21. století hlavní město České republiky přes řadu problémů, které zbývají k řešení, znovu důstojně navázalo na svoji staletou his­torickou roli hlavy českého státu a jedné z významných metropolí a duchovních křižovatek Evropy. http://www.praha-mesto.cz/(sl5xs255xzv5bn55tblbz1ub)/default.aspx?ido=5240&sh=-2089591173


Karlův most

Karlův most patří k nejvýznamnějším turistickým pozoruhodnostem města. Je to nejstarší dochovaný pražský most. Měl dva předchůdce: dřevěný most v místech asi o něco níže po proudu Vltavy, připomínaný v 10. století, a potom asi od roku 1170 první kamenný most (po řezenském druhý ve střední Evropě), zvaný Juditin podle manželky krále Vladislava I., za jehož panování byl most vystavěn. Juditin most, užší a nižší než Karlův a s jeho trasou téměř souběžný, stál až do roku 1342, kdy byl zničen povodní.

Po této katastrofě byl dlouhou dobu provizorně užíván pouze most dřevěný a až 9. července 1357 v 5 hodin 31 minut položil král Karel IV. (1346 - 1378) základní kámen nového mostu. Datum, i s přesným určením času, bylo vybráno s ohledem na konjunkci Slunce se Saturnem, což byl podle astrologů pro takový počin nejvhodnější a nejšťastnější okamžik roku. Stavbou byl pověřen mladý švábský stavitel Petr Parléř a jeho huť, která most dokončila začátkem 15. století.

Most se stal brzy jedním ze středisek městského života. Zde se obchodovalo, soudilo, na mostě se pořádaly turnaje. Nemalý byl i jeho význam vojenský. Tudy utíkal zimní král po porážce na Bílé hoře, tady útočili na Prahu Švédové v roce 1648 a při bojích zničili část výzdoby mostu, zničena byla i částečně Staroměstská mostecká věž.

Most byl však především – tak jako i dnes – místem procházek, přes most vedla i proslulá Královská cesta. Z mostu se otevírá překrásný pohled na Vltavu, na panorama města Prahy a Hradu.

Sochařská výzdoba Karlova mostu

Nejznámějším se však Karlův most stal pro svou charakteristickou barokní sochařskou výzdobu.

Myšlenka sochařské výzdoby, této galerie plastik pod širým nebem, je italského původu podle vzoru Andělského mostu v Římě. Spojení přísné gotické architektury mostu s barokními sochařskými skupinami dalo celku ojedinělý a osobitý charakter. Výzdoba nebyla jednorázovou akcí. V prvéní polovině 17. století byl obnoven na mostě kříž, roku 1683 byla postavena jako první socha Jana Nepomuckého. V letech 1695–1696 byla na mostě umístěna socha Piety (později přenesená do nádvoří nemocnice pod Petřínem) a kolem roku 1700 sousoší sv. Václava, ale ani to se na mostě nezachovalo.

V letech 1706-1714 byl most vyzdoben již 26 sochami a sousošími. Další plastiky byly na mostě osazeny až ve druhé polovině 19. století – roku 1857 socha sv. Kryštofa a roku 1859 nové sousoší sv. Václava. Posledním sochařským dílem je Dvořákovo sousoší sv. Cyrila a Metoděje z roku 1938.

Dnes stojí na Karlově mostě alej třiceti soch a sousoší od nejznámějších umělců (Matyáše Bernarda Brauna, Jano Brokoffa a jeho synů Michala Jana Josefa a Ferdinanda Maxmiliána) až po sochaře méně známé.

Asi uprostřed mostu je na zábradlí reliéf, znázorňující utopení Jana Nepomuckého, který byl prohlášen roku 1729 svatým. Jan Nepomucký, správně Jan z Pomuka, generální vikář, byl utopen roku 1393 pod Karlovým mostem na rozkaz Václava IV., protože proti králově vůli potvrdil nového opata kladrubského kláštera, a nikoliv proto, že nechtěl jako královnin zpovědník vyzradit prchlivému králi zpovědní tajemství.

Na konci mostu před Malostranskými mosteckými věžemi stojí na levé straně renesanční domek z roku 1591, v němž bývala celnice. V prvním patře domu je vzácný románský reliéf z poloviny 13. století, původně snad výzdoba průčelí nižší Mostecké věže. http://tschechien-prag.hotel-academic.cz/karluv-most.html


Císaø Svaté øíše øímské Karel IV. se postaral o první "zlatý vìk" Prahy. Založil první univerzitu ve Støední Evropì. Postavil katedrálu sv. Víta. Pøikázal postavit nový, významný most a také založil "Nové Mìsto". Postavil také naprosto zbyteènou zeï - tzv. Hladovou, aby mohl dìlníkùm zaplatit bez toho, že by se uchýlil k pøímé charitì. Praha, jak ji známe dnes, je pøedevším jeho zásluhou. V této dobì dosahoval poèet pražského obyvatelstva okolo 40.000, z èehož velký podíl pøedstavovali studenti dychtivý studovat na nové univerzitì. Karel považoval za svou prioritu podporu èeského jazyka a tradic.

Po Karlovì smrti pøišel Jan Hus se silným sociálnì-náboženským programem, zamìøeným na odpor proti silám øíše, které v té dobì již prosazovaly na vìtšinì území. Nakonec se však Habsburkùm podaøilo husity potlaèit a následnì ovládnout Èechy.

"Bitva na Bílé hoøe" v první tøetinì 17. století byla pokusem èeské šlechty svrhnout habsburskou nadvládu (v této bitvì bojoval jako katolický žoldák filosof René Descartes, a upadl zde prý v dùsledku zranìní do bezvìdomí. Když se vzpamatoval, prohlásil svou nesmrtelnou vìtu: "Myslím, tudíž jsem." - co se dá také øíci?). Šlechta byla poražena a Prahu nyní èekal úpadek, klesal její význam mocnosti v Evropì a rakousko-uherské impérium ji na 300 let ovládlo. Místo ní nabyla na síle Vídeò a pøevzala po Praze úlohu mocenského centra støední Evropy.

V 17. století dochází k pøíchodu jezuitù, jejichž úlohou bylo katolicizovat vìtšinové protestantské obyvatelstvo. Postarali se zároveò o stavbu nìkolika nádherných barokních budov.

Poèet pražského obyvatelstva prudce vzrostl bìhem prùmyslové revoluce v 19. století a vznikla náhle potøeba vìtší národní identity. Proto bylo postaveno Národní divadlo a Národní muzeum, které jsou symbolem tìchto snah. Èeský jazyk byl znovuobjeven - témìø totiž zanikl po bitvì na Bílé hoøe, kdy se jeho funkce ujala nìmèina.

Po pádu rakousko-uherské monarchie v roce 1918 došlo k pravému rozkvìtu èeské národní identity. Dvoøák, Smetana a Palacký pomohli rozvíøit tyto emoce.

V roce 1918 byl vytvoøen nezávislý èeskoslovenský stát, jehož hlavním mìstem se stala Praha. Moc a bohatství Prahy se zase jednou mohly projevit - až do Mnichovské smlouvy, na základì níž Nìmci zaèali okupovat zemi.

Mìsto bylo osvobozeno od nacistické nadvlády sovìtskými tanky v roce 1945, Amerièané byli nuceni zùstat v pozadí u Plznì po dohodì se Sovìty. Velká, tøímilionová nìmecká menšina byla ze zemì vyhnána (a dodnes vládnou spory o to, mají-li být tito obyvatelé odškodnìni za ztrátu svého majetku). O tøi roky pozdìji se zemì stala Èeskoslovenskou socialistickou republikou. V té dobì byl tento krok spatøován jako pozitivní.

Praha pøežila druhou svìtovou válku prakticky netknutá.

Její následující léta pod vládou presidenta Klementa Gottwalda byla velmi nelehká pro tu èást lidí, která trpìla rozsáhlými represemi. Ty pokraèovaly až do Gottwaldovy smrti v roce 1953. (Dostal zápal plic na Stalinovì pohøbu v Moskvì).

V 60. letech bìhem "Pražského jara" dospìla zemì pod Dubèekovým vedením k liberalizaci. Ta však bohužel byla rozdrcena armádami Varšavské smlouvy, které vtrhly do zemì.

Prezidentem byl ustaven Husák, jehož úkolem bylo dohlížet na "normalizaci". Bìhem 21 následujících let tak zemì stagnovala pod komunistickou vládou, ale stala se støediskem tìžkého prùmyslu v rámci východního bloku. Opozice proti režimu vždy existovala, ale nebyla úèinná. Jména jako Václav Havel se øadí mezi nejaktivnìjší pøedstavitele disentu této doby.

Po pádu Berlínské zdi Prahu zaplavily tisíce východonìmeckých uprchlíkù natìsnaných do prostor místního Západonìmeckého velvyslanectví. Zažehli tak jiskru, která mìla vznítit "sametovou revoluci". Komunistický režim odstoupil po následujících 10 dnech a vznikla nová strana Obèanské fórum pod vedením Václava Havla.

Od té doby se od federace odtrhlo Slovensko, èeská ekonomika se stabilizovala, èeská koruna se stala silnou, smìnitelnou mìnou a Praha znovu nabývá pozici jednoho z hlavních evropských mìst. http://www.praguesite.cz/new_cz/historie/praha_h.html


V roce 1597 se nepohodl s novým králem, nějaký čas cestoval po Evropě a v roce 1599 byl Rudolfem II. na radu Tadeáše Hájka z Hájku pozván do Prahy, kde působil jako císařský astrolog u dvora. Postavil novou observatoř v Benátkách nad Jizerou, kde mu posledních několik měsíců života dělal asistenta Jan Kepler. Mauerquadrant (Tycho Brahe 1598) Mauerquadrant (Tycho Brahe 1598)

Podle pověsti zemřel Brahe na protržení močového měchýře při pozorování zatmění slunce nebo kvůli tomu, že ze společenských důvodů nemohl vstát od hostiny dříve než císař, ale dnes se zdá, že měl nějakou ledvinovou chorobu, nebo podlehl otravě rtutí ze svých alchymistických experimentů.

Pohřben je na pražském Starém Městě v kostele Panny Marie před Týnem u Staroměstského náměstí. http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe



Jiná pověst se váže ke stavbě mostu. Aby byl most pevný a odolný, nechal stavitel přimíchat do malty vápno s vínem a vejci. V Praze však tolik vajec nebylo a tak král Karel nařídil, aby se vejce svážela ze všech českých měst. Velvarští obyvatelé poslali však místo vajec sirových vejce vařená natvrdo, aby se po cestě nerozbila a občané Unhoště poslali zase spolu s vejci i tvaroh a syrečky. A tak je Karlův most opravdu důkladně postavený, neboť v jeho základech je víno z pražských vinic, tvaroh a syrečky z Unhoště a vejce z celých Čech. Nejslavnější pověstí je však ta o zázračném meči. Někde ve zdivu je zazděn Bruncvíkův zázračný meč, nikdo však neví kde. Ale až jednou bude české zemi nejhůř, vyjede prý svatý Václav v čele blanických rytířů své zemi na pomoc a tehdy na Karlově mostě jeho kůň klopýtne o kámen, ten se vyvrátí a pod ním se objeví slavný Bruncvíkův meč. Svatý Václav jej vytasí a zvolá: "Všem nepřátelům země České hlavy dolů!". A od té doby bude v Čechách klid a mír už navždy. http://www.zlate-cihly.cz/Default.htm?http&&&www.zlate-cihly.cz/CRM_Karluv_Most.htm

History

Czech Slavs Push out Celtic Tribes

http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history02.html

The land where Prague was to be built has been settled since the Paleolithic Age. Several thousands of years ago, there were trade routes connecting southern parts of Europe to northern Europe which passed through this area, following the course of the river. From around 500 B.C.E. the Celt tribe known as the Boii was the first documented inhabitants of this region, who named the region Bohemia (“Boiohaemum”) and the river Vltava. In between the sixth and ninth centuries C.E., the Germanic tribe Marcomanni and other Germanic tribes migrated to Bohemia. In the sixth century their elites along with majority of inhabitants moved to the Danubian area, which enabled a Slavic tribe invading from the West to settle this territory. During the Migration of Peoples - roughly from the third to the seventh centuries C.E. - Slav colonization spread westward from the Steppes of the East all the way to the territory of the present-day Czech Republic and up to Poland and down to Yugoslavia. From probably the sixth century C.E. on, the Slavic peoples settled in several waves of migration into the regions abandoned by the Germanic tribes, with Forefather Czech ("Praotec Cech") becoming the founder of the Czech nation.

According to a Czech legend, there were three brothers - Czech, Lech and Rus – who, along with their tribes, set out on a journey in search of a new place to live. Czech (Forefather Czech) continued until he came upon a rich land overflowing with milk and honey and climbed to the top of Rip hill in Bohemia, claiming it the place for him and his tribe. However, the annalist of the first Czech and Latin chronicle, P. Kosmas, calls Forefather Czech “Bohemus”, thus saying that he was a Celt, since “Bohemus” is Latin for a member of the Boii tribe.

Premyslid Dynasty

The Czech legend also mentions a new leader of the Slavs of Bohemia – Krok - who had three beautiful daughters named Kazi, Teta and Libuše.

http://www.sweb.cz/rcelt/cech.html


Týn Church - a view from east of Prague.

Libuse inherited the rule over the Czech tribes from her father, part of which was the highest 'court of appeal' for disputes among the people. She saw many prophecies from her castle Libusin, located in central Bohemia, which is also supported by archaeological finds dating back to the seventh century. A man who did not like one of her decisions started a stink about the Czechs being ruled by a woman, and a response came through another vision: "I see a vast city, whose glory will touch the stars! I see a place in the middle of a forest where a steep cliff rises above the Vltava River. There is a man chiseling the threshold (prah) for the house. A castle named Prague (Praha) will be build there, on the seven hills of which a fair city will grow, whose fame will rise to the stars. The dynasty carrying the same name ruled over the Czech lands till the 14th century.

From around 936, the Czech rulers got most of Bohemia under their control. The first Bohemian ruler acknowledged by historians was Czech Prince Borivoj Premyslovec, who ruled in the second half of the 9th century. He and his wife Ludmila (who became a patron saint of Bohemia after her death) were baptized by Metodej, who (together with his brother Cyril) brought Christianity to the Great Moravia region in 863. Borivoj moved his seat to Prague (Praha), also called the Prague castle grounds or Prague Castle, which thus became the seat of the Czech rulers. Prague Castle became the largest inhabited fortress in the world and is the seat of the Czech president.

Bohemia Becomes Part of Roman Empire

Borivoj's grandson, Prince Wenceslas, initiated friendly relations with the Saxon dynasty. Wenceslas wanted Bohemia to become an equal partner in a greater empire. Bohemia had belonged to Great Moravia in the 9th century and to Samo's empire in the 7th century; both resisted the attacks of the Avars. Orientation towards the Saxons was not favored by his brother Boleslav, and it was the main reason why Prince Wenceslas was assassinated on September 28, 929. He was buried at St. Vitus' Rotunda, the church which he founded. (It stood on the ground where St. Wenceslas' Chapel in St. Vitus' Cathedral now is). A few years later Wenceslas was canonized and he became Bohemia's most beloved patron saint. He is the "Good King Wenceslas" from the Christmas carol. In 962, Boleslav changed his mind and Bohemia became part of the newly instituted Roman Empire when Otto I the Great from the Saxon dynasty became the emperor. That was at the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire; the exact term was adapted in the 12th century.

By the early 10th century, the area around and below Prague Castle had developed into an important trading center, where merchants coming from all over Europe gathered. In 965, Jewish merchant and traveler Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub wrote: "Prague is built from stone and lime, and it has the biggest trade center. Slavs are on the whole courageous and brave... They occupy the lands which are the most fertile and abundant with all the food supply."

In 973, a bishopric was founded in Bohemia with the bishop's palace located on the Prague Castle grounds. The first Czech bishop was Adalbert who became a Czech, Polish and Hungarian patron saint after his canonization in 999.

Next to the Romanesque fortified settlement of Prague, another Romanesque fortified settlement was built across the river Vltava at Vyšehrad in the 11th century. During the reign of Prince Vratislav II, who rose to the title of Vratislav I, King of Bohemia, in 1085, Vysehrad became the temporary seat of Czech rulers.

Bridges of Prague.
File:HradcanyPolWiki.jpg
Prague Castle at night.
Charles Bridge.
St. Vitus Cathedral.
The Astronomical Clock

Prince Vladislav II was crowned Vladislav I, the King of Bohemia, in 1158. Many monasteries and churches were built under his rule. The Romanesque style Strahov Monastery was founded in 1142. The first bridge over the river Vltava — the Judith Bridge — was building in 1170. (It crumbled in 1342 and a new bridge, later called the Charles Bridge, was built in its place in 1357).

In 1212, Bohemia became a kingdom when Prince Premysl Otakar I rose to the title of King by inheritance from Frederick II (Emperor from 1215), which was legalized in the document called the "Golden Bull of Sicily".

In the 13th century, the towns started to rise. Three settlements around the Prague castle grounds gained the privilege of a town. The settlement below Prague Castle became New Town of Prague in 1257 under King Otakar II, and it was later renamed Lesser Town Malá Strana. The town of Hradčany, which was built around its square, just outside of the Prague's castle grounds, dates to 1320. Across the river Vltava, the Old Town of Prague Staré Město had already gained the privilege of a town in 1230.

In the 13th century, King Premysl Otakar II, known as the King of Iron and Gold, was the most powerful king of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled over seven other countries from Silesia to the Adriatic coast.

The Premyslid dynasty ruled until 1306 when the male line died out. The inheriting dynasty was the Luxembourg dynasty, with Eliska, sister of the last Premyslid ruler, marrying John of Luxembourg.

Charles IV of Luxembourg Dynasty

The city flourished during the 14th century during the reign of Charles IV, of the Luxembourg dynasty. Charles was the oldest son of Princess Eliska Premyslid and John of Luxembourg. He was born in Prague in 1316 and inherited the throne of the King of Bohemia upon the death of his father in 1346. Thanks to Charles, the bishopric of Prague was promoted to an archbishopric in 1344. On April 7, 1348 he founded Charles University, the first university in central, northern and eastern Europe as well as the first German university. In the same year he also founded New Town (Nové Město) adjacent to Old Town.

Charles rebuilt the Prague Castle and Vysehrad, and a new bridge was erected, now called the Charles Bridge. The construction of St. Vitus' Cathedral had also begun, and numerous new churches were founded. In 1355, Charles was crowned the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Rome, and Prague became the capital of Holy Roman Empire. Charles labored to make Prague into one of the most beautiful cities in the world and the dominant city in the empire, with the Prague Castle the dominant site in the city and the Gothic cathedral even more dominant. Everything was built in a grandiose Gothic style decorated in an independent art style, the Bohemian school. During the reign of Emperor Charles IV, the Czech Lands were among the most powerful in Europe.

Hussite Wars

All that changed during the reign of weak King Wenceslas IV — Václav IV — (1378–1419), son of Charles IV. During his reign, Master Jan Hus, a preacher and the university's rector, held his sermons in Prague in the Bethlehem Chapel, speaking in Czech to disseminate his ideas about the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church. His burning at stake in 1415 in Constance following an accusation of heresy led four years later to the Hussite wars (following the defenestration, when the people rebelled under the command of the Prague priest Jan Želivský and threw the city's counselors out of the New Town Hall’s window). King Wenceslas IV died 16 days later.

The crown was passed to the King’s younger stepbrother Sigismund (Zikmund, son of Charles IV), who was opposed by the Hussites for his ideology. In retaliation, Sigismund invaded Prague with an army of 30,000 crusaders in an effort to achieve capitulation of Prague and the crown. It was Sigismund who invited Jan Hus to Constance to defend himself from heresy and promised him immunity, a promise he failed to keep. In 1420, peasant rebels, led by the famous one-eyed general Jan Žižka, along with Hussite troops, defeated Sigismund in the Battle of Vítkov Mountain. More crusades followed, all of which ended in failure, but after Zizka died, the Hussite warriors were unable to maintain unity and eventually split. The most radical of them were defeated at the Battle of Lipany in 1434 after the moderate Hussites got together with the Czech Catholics. Sigismund became King of Bohemia until his death in 1437, when the male line of Luxembourg dynasty died out.

Duke of Austria Albert II, the husband of Sigismund's daughter Elizabeth, became the Bohemian king for two years until his death. Sigismund’s grandson Ladislaw Posthumous (born after his father's death), was next in line for the Bohemian crown. When he died only 17 years old, nobleman George of Podebrady (Jiri z Podebrad), a former advisor to Ladislaus, was chosen as the Bohemian king both by the Catholics and by the Ultraquist Hussites. He was dubbed the Hussite king. During his reign, the pope dispatched a crusade against the Czech heretics, which was lead by King of Hungary Matthius Corvinus who, after the crusade, became King of Bohemia. George would not abdicate, so Bohemia had two kings.

Jagellon Dynasty

Before his death, George made an arrangement with Polish King Casimir IV that the next Bohemian king would come from the Jagellon dynasty. (The wife of King Casimir IV was the sister of late Ladislaus Posthumous and so her son Vladislav was related to the Luxembourg dynasty and also to the original Bohemian Premyslid dynasty). The Jagellon dynasty ruled only until 1526, when it died out with Ludwig Jagellon.

Habsburg Dynasty

Ferdinand Habsburg, husband of Ann Jagellon, who was a sister of Ludwig Jagellon, was the next Bohemian king, and this was the beginning of the Habsburg dynasty. After Ferdinand's brother Charles V resigned in 1556 as Emperor, Ferdinand was elected Emperor in 1558. After he died, his son Maximilian II inherited all his titles and then upon his death, his son Rudolf II inherited all the titles. It was during the reign of Emperor Rudolf II, when there was another glorious time for Prague. Prague became the cultural center of Holy Roman Empire again. Rudolf was related to the Jagellon dynasty, to the Luxemburg dynasty and to the Premyslovec dynasty. But he was also related to Spanish Joan the Mad (the daughter of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon); Joan was the mother of Rudolf's grandfather. Although Rudolf II was very talented, he was eccentric and he suffered from depression. Emperor Rudolf II lived in Prague Castle, where he held his bizarre courts of the astrologers, the magicians and other strange figures. But it was a prosperous period for the city; famous people living there included the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johann Kepler, the painters Giuseppe Arcimboldo, B. Spranger, Hans von Aachen, J. Heintz and others. In 1609, under the influence of the Protestant estates, Rudolf II (a devout Catholic), issued "Imperial Charter of Emperor" in which he legalized extensive religious freedom unparalled in Europe of that period. Many German Protestants (both Lutherans and Calvinists) immigrated to Bohemia. (One of them was Count J.M. Thurn, a German Lutheran; under his leadership the Third Defenestration of Prague happened in 1618 and it led to the Thirty Years War).

Next in line for Bohemian crown was Rudolf's brother Matthias, but since Matthias was childless, his cousin, the archduke Ferdinand of Styria, was preliminary accepted by the Bohemian Diet as the future Bohemian king when Matthias became ill. The Protestant estates of Bohemia didn't like this decision. Tension between the Protestants and the Catholics (who were pro-Habsburgs) led to the Third Defenestration of Prague when the Catholic governors were thrown from the windows at Prague Castle on May 23, 1618. They survived, but the Protestants replaced the Catholic governors. This incident led to the Thirty Years War. When Matthias died, Ferdinand of Styria was elected Emperor as Emperor Ferdinand II, but was not accepted as King of Bohemia by the Protestant directors. Calvinist Frederick V of Pfalz was elected King of Bohemia. The Battle on the White Mountain followed on November 8, 1620. Emperor Ferdinand II was helped by not only Catholic Spain, Catholic Poland, and Catholic Bavaria, but also by Lutheran Saxon (who disliked the Calvinists). The Protestant army, lead by the warior Count J.M. Thurn, was formed from the Protestant armies, mostly Lutheran Silesia, Lusatias, and Moravia. It was mainly the battle between the Protestants and the Catholics. The Catholics won and Emperor Ferdinand II became King of Bohemia. He proclaimed the re-Catholicization of the Czech Lands. Twenty seven Protestant leaders were executed in Old Town Square in Prague on June 21, 1621. (Executed were three noblemen, seven knights and seventeen burghers, including Dr. Jan Jesenius, the rector of Prague university). Most Protestant leaders fled, including Count J.M. Thurn; those who had stayed didn't expect such a harsh punishment. The Protestants had to return all the Catholic seized property to the Church. No faith other than Catholic was permitted. The upper classes were given the option either to emigrate or to convert to Catholicism. The German language was given equal rights with the Czech language. After the Peace of Westphalia, Ferdinand II moved the court to Vienna, and Prague began a steady decline which reduced the population from the 60,000 it had had in the years before the war to 20,000.

The Jewish Quarter of Prague

Jewish Cemetery and surrounding buildings

The 17th century is considered the Golden Age of Jewish Prague. The Jewish community of Prague numbered some 15,000 people (approx. 30 per cent of the entire population), making it the largest Ashkenazic community in the world and the second largest community in Europe after Thessaloniki. In the years 1597 to 1609, the Maharal (Judah Loew ben Bezalel) served as Prague's chief rabbi. He is considered the greatest of Jewish scholars in Prague's history, his tomb at the Old Jewish Cemetery eventually becoming a pilgrimage site. The expulsion of Jews from Prague by Maria Theresa of Austria in 1745 based on their alleged collaboration with the Prussian army was a severe blow to the flourishing Jewish community. The queen allowed the Jews to return to the city in 1748. In 1848 the gates of the Prague ghetto were opened. The former Jewish quarter, renamed Josefov in 1850, was demolished during the "ghetto clearance" (Czech: Asanace) on the turn of the 19th to the 20th century.

Great fire in 1689

In 1689 a great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city. The economic rise continued through the following century, and the city in 1771 had 80,000 inhabitants. Many of these were rich merchants who, together with noblemen, enriched the city with a host of palaces, churches and gardens, creating a Baroque style renowned throughout the world. In 1784, under Joseph II, the four municipalities of Malá Strana, Nové Město, Staré Město and Hradčany were merged into a single entity. The Jewish district, called Josefov, was included only in 1850. The Industrial Revolution had a strong effect in Prague, as factories could take advantage of the coal mines and ironworks of the nearby region. A first suburb, Karlín, was created in 1817, and twenty years later the population exceeded 100,000. The first railway connection was built in 1842.

19th century

In 1806, Holy Roman Empire ended when Napoleon dictated its dissolution. Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated his title. He became Emperor of Austria Francis I.

The revolutions that shocked all Europe around 1848 touched Prague too, but they were fiercely suppressed. In the following years the Czech nationalist movement (opposed to another nationalist party, the German one) began its rise, until it gained the majority in the Town Council in 1861.

In 1867, Emperor Francis Joseph I established the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy of the Austrian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary.

20th century

The next in succession to the Austro-Hungarian throne became Francis Ferdinand d'Este after Crown Prince Rudolf (son of the emperor Francis Joseph I) had committed suicide and after the Emperor's brother (Ferdinand's father) had died. Ferdinand was married to Sophie von Chotek from a Czech aristocratic family. They lived in Bohemia at the Konopiste Castle, not far from Prague. He was in favor of Triple Monarchy, expanding an Austro-Hungary Dualism into Austro-Hungary-Czech Triple Monarchy, but on June 28, 1914 he and his wife were assassinated at Sarajevo. This assassination led to World War I.

World War I ended with the defeat of Austro-Hungarian Empire and the creation of Czechoslovakia. Prague was chosen as its capital. At this time Prague was a true European capital with a very developed industrial base. In 1930 the population had risen to a startling 850,000.

For most of its history Prague had been a multiethnic city with important Czech, German, and Jewish populations. From 1939, when the country was occupied by Nazi Germany, and during World War II, most Jews either fled the city or were killed in the Holocaust. Most of the Jews living in Prague after the war emigrated in the years of Communism, particularly after the communist coup, the establishment of Israel in 1948, and the Soviet invasion in 1968. In the early 1990s, the Jewish Community in Prague numbered only 800 people compared to nearly 50,000 before the World War II. In 2006, some 1,600 people were registered in the Jewish Community.

During the war, Prague itself was one of few european cities that were not damaged by bombardment, the citizens of Prague were however widely oppressed and persecuted by the Nazis. Politicians (e.g. prime minister Alois Eliáš), university profesors and students and many others were murdered or imprisoned with assistance of Germans or Czech informers. Prague uprising started on May 5, 1945 when Prague's Czech people, assisted by a revolting Russian division formerly in service of the Waffen SS, had revolted against the Nazi German occupants. That same day, the General Patton's American Third Army (with 150 thousand soldiers) was in Pilsen (only a few hours away from Prague) while Marshal Konev's Soviet Army was on the borders of Moravia. General Patton was in favor of liberating Prague, but he had to comply with the instructions from General D. Eisenhower. General Eisenhower requested the Soviet Chief of Staff to permit them to press forward, but was informed that American help is not needed (a prior agreement from the Yalta Conference was that Bohemia would be liberated by the Red Army). Finally, on May 9, 1945 (the day after Germany officially capitulated) the Soviet tanks got to Prague. It was not until May 12, 1945 when the fight was completely over in the Czech Lands.

The ethnic German population, which had formed the majority of the city's inhabitants until the late 19th century[citation needed], either fled or was expelled in the months after May, 1945. During the gathering and transfer of Germans limited local massacres happened with today unknown number of victims.

The Czechs genuinely felt gratitude towards the Soviet soldiers. People did not know that they became the victims in rival politics. The Soviet victory was both military and political. (Bismarck once declared: "He, who is master of Bohemia, is master of Europe...") Prague was henceforth the capital of a republic under the military and political control of the Soviet Union, and in 1955 it entered the Warsaw Pact.

The always lively intellectual world of Prague, however, suffered under the totalitarian regime, in spite of the rather careful program of rebuilding of and caring for the damaged monuments after World War II. At the 4th Czechoslovakian Writers' Congress held in the city in 1967 a strong position against the regime was taken. This spurred the new secretary of Communist Party, Alexander Dubček to proclaim a new deal in his city's and country's life, starting the short-lived season of the "socialism with a human face". It was the Prague Spring, which aimed at democratic reform of institutions. The Soviet Union and the rest of the Warsaw Pact reacted, occupying Czechoslovakia and the capital in August 1968, suppressing under tanks' tracks any attempt of renovation.

In 1989, after the Berlin Wall had fallen, and the Velvet Revolution crowded the streets of Prague, Czechoslovakia finally freed itself from communism and Soviet influence, and Prague benefited deeply from the new mood. In 1993, after the split of Czechoslovakia, Prague became capital city of the new Czech Republic. Prague is capital of two administrative units of Czech Republic - Prague region (Template:Lang-cz) and Central Bohemian Region (Template:Lang-cz). As Prague is not geographically part of Central Bohemian Region it is a capital outside of territory it serves.

Timeline of most important moments of Prague history

  • 870   Prague Castle founded
  • 1085 Prague becomes the seat of kings - 1st king Vratislaus II.
  • 1344 the Prague Bishopric becomes an Archdiocese
  • 1346 the rule of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Prague capital of Holy Roman Empire
  • 1348 University of Prague (Charles University) founded
  • 1415 in Konstanz, Jan Hus is burned at the stake as a heretic
  • 1419 1st Defenestration of Prague
  • 1420 battle on Vítkov Mountain - Hussites win over crusaders
  • 1583 rule of Rudolf II - city for the second time the capital of Holy Roman Empire and cultural center of Europe
  • 1618 3rd Defenestration of Prague sparked off the Thirty Years' War
  • 1621 execution of 27 Czech nobles on the Old Town Square as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain
  • 1648 west bank of Prague (including the Prague Castle) occupied and looted by Swedish armies in the Battle of Prague 1648
  • 1741 occupation by French-Bavarian armies
  • 1744 occupation by Prussian armies
  • 1848 revolutionary uprising crushed by Imperial Army
  • 1890 flooding causes extreme damage
  • 1918 after World War I Prague becomes the capital of Czechoslovakia
  • 1922 Greater Prague comes into being through unification of the city with its suburbs and neighbouring towns
  • 1938 after the political betrayal by Western allies, when Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement in September, Germany occupies Sudetenland and in 1939 the rest of the country
  • 1942 Czechoslovak paratroopers kill Reinhard Heydrich, Nazis respond with a wave of terror
  • 1945 United States Air Force conducts bombing of Prague, killing hundreds of Praguers by mistake. (Dresden, 134 km away was the target).
  • 1945 Prague uprising against the Nazi German occupants during the last days of World War II, ends with the arrival of the Red Army – followed by the Expulsion of Germans after World War II
  • 1948 communist takeover
  • 1968 Warsaw Pact armies invade to crush the Prague Spring
  • 1989 Prague is the center of Velvet Revolution (the fall of communist regime)
  • 2000 Anti-globalization Protests - some 15,000 protesters turned violent during the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank summits
  • 2002 Prague hit by the flooding, parts of the city evacuated but no major landmarks destroyed

The four independent boroughs that had formerly constituted Prague were eventually proclaimed a single city in 1784. Those four cities were Hradčany (the Castle District, west and north of the Castle), Malá Strana (Lesser Town, south of the Castle), Staré Město (Old Town, on the east bank opposite the Castle) and Nové Město (New Town, further south and east). The city underwent further expansion with the annexation of Josefov in 1850 and Vyšehrad in 1883, and at the beginning of 1922, an additional 37 municipalities were incorporated, raising the city's population to 676,000. In 1938, the population reached 1,000,000.

Sights

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Prague has become one of Europe's (and the world's) most popular tourist destinations. It is the sixth most visited European city after London, Paris, Rome, Madrid and Berlin.[1] Prague suffered considerably less damage during World War II than some other major cities in the region, allowing most of its historic architecture to stay true to form. It contains one of the world's most pristine and varied collections of architecture, from Art Nouveau to Baroque, Renaissance, Cubism, Gothic, Neo-Classical and ultra-modern. Some of the most notoriously known sights are:

Packed with tourists on a busy summer day in Malá Strana (Lesser Quarter), Prague
  • Staré Město (Old Town) with its Staroměstské náměsti (Old Town Square)
  • Orloj (The Astronomical Clock)
  • The picturesque Karluv Most (Charles Bridge)
  • Nové město (New Town) with its busy and historic Václavske náměsti (Wenceslas Square)
  • Malá Strana (Lesser Quarter)
  • Prague Castle with its Katedrála Sv. Vita (St. Vitus Cathedral)
  • Josefov (the old Jewish quarter) with Old Jewish Cemetery and Old New Synagogue
  • The Lennon Wall
  • Vinohrady
  • The museum of Operation Anthropoid - Reinhard Heydrich assassination - in the crypt of the Church of Saint Cyril and Methodius
  • National Museum
  • Vyšehrad Castle
  • Petřínská rozhledna, an observation tower on Petřín hill, which is nearly a 1:5 copy of the Eiffel Tower
  • Anděl (city quarter) - one of the busiest parts of the city with its contemporary architectural shopping mall
  • Žižkov Television Tower with an observation deck
  • The New Jewish Cemetery in Olšany, location of Franz Kafka's grave
  • The Prague Metronome, a giant, functional metronome that looms over the city
  • The Dancing House (Fred and Ginger Building)
  • The Mucha Museum, showcasing the Art Nouveau works of Alfons Mucha
  • Places connected to writers living in the city, such as Franz Kafka.
File:PragueCityscape.JPG
A postcard image of Prague from the top of the Petřínská rozhledna.
Milunić and Gehry's Dancing House

Culture

Prague is a traditional cultural centre of Europe, hosting many cultural events.

Significant cultural institutions:

  • National Theatre (Prague)
  • The Rudolfinum (home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra)
  • State opera (Prague)
  • National Museum (Prague)
  • Náprstek Museum
  • Clementinum (National Library)
  • National Gallery in Prague

There are hundreds of concert halls, galleries, cinemas and music clubs in the city. Prague also hosts Film Festivals, Music Festivals, a Prague Writers Festival, hundreds of Vernissages and Fashion Shows.

See also:

  • Prague Spring International Music Festival
  • Prague Autumn International Music Festival
  • Febiofest
  • One World Film Festival
  • Echoes of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
  • Barrandov Studios
  • Prague Writers Festival
  • Prague International Organ Festival
  • Prague Fringe Festival
  • World Roma Festival
  • Premiere of Mozart's Don Giovanni

Economy

The GDP per capita of Prague is more than double that of the Czech Republic as a whole, with a per capita GDP (PPP) of EUR 32,357 in 2002, which is some 153% of the European Union average. Many multinational corporations have their European headquarters there.

Since the late 1990s, Prague has become a popular location with foreign movie producers and Hollywood motion pictures. Since it was not devasted in the World War II, the city is often passed off for Amsterdam or London[1] [2] in movies set in those cities in the pre-WW II period. A combination of architecture, low costs, tax breaks, and the standing motion picture infrastructure has proved attractive to international film production companies.

Colleges and universities

Prague skyscraper.

The city contains nine universities and colleges including the oldest university in Central and Eastern Europe:

  • Charles University (UK) founded in 1348
  • Czech Technical University (ČVUT) founded in 1707
  • Academy of Fine Arts (AVU) founded in 1800
  • Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design (VŠUP) founded in 1885
  • Institute of Chemical Technology (VŠCHT) founded in 1920
  • Academy of Performing Arts (AMU) founded in 1945
  • Czech University of Agriculture (ČZU) founded in 1906/1952
  • University of Economics (VŠE) founded in 1953
  • University of New York Prague (UNYP)

Transportation

Integrated transportation system

The public transit infrastructure consists of an integrated transit system of Prague Metro with its three metro lines and 54 stations, trams, (including the "nostalgic tram" no. 91), buses, a funicular to Petřín Hill and a chairlift at Prague Zoo. All services have a common ticketing system and are run by Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy (The Capital City of Prague Transit Company).

The "nostalgic tram" no. 91 runs through the city centre

Rail

The city forms the hub of the České dráhy (Czech railway) system, with services to all parts of the Czech Republic and neighbouring countries.

Prague has two international railway stations, Hlavní nádraží (sometimes referred to as Wilsonovo nádraží named for United States President Woodrow Wilson) and Praha Holešovice, and a number of smaller suburban stations.

Air

Prague is served by Ruzyně International Airport, one of Europe's most modern airports, which is the hub of the flag carrier, Czech Airlines.

Taxis

The Jerusalem Synagogue, built between 1906 and 1907 by Wilhelm Stiassny, of Bratislava, is the largest Jewish place of worship in Prague

The taxi service in Prague has had a somewhat checkered history. During the rule of the Communist Party (1948–1989), the taxi service was nationalised into one umbrella company, and, with a short exception during liberalization related to the Prague Spring, no independent taxi service was allowed. The quality and availability of the service was low, but in line with the law of supply and demand, unlicensed individuals stepped in to provide illegal ("underground") services, for which they earned big buck, far above the income of other citizens, and became a source of envy. After the Velvet Revolution, the service was liberalized and anyone could become a taxi driver. Unfortunately, the chaotic transition from planned to market economy did not leave time for an implementation of sufficient regulations, resulting in a plethora of taxi scams operating in the city, some linked with organized crime. Unsuspecting tourists were often the victims of the rip-off schemes.

Taxi services are run by major taxicab companies, operating call-for-taxi services (radio-taxi) or from regulated taxi stands, where overpricing is rare and regulation mostly in place. Then there are independent drivers who pick up their fares on the street; cheating is mostly associated with those. Lastly, there are fake taxi drivers, who operate as "contractual transport service providers" in order to avoid government regulation.

Sport

Prague is the site of many sports events, national stadiums and teams:

  • Prague International Marathon
  • Sparta Prague -> UEFA Champions League
  • Slavia Prague -> UEFA Cup
  • Sazka Arena -> 2004 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships and Euroleague Final Four 2006
  • Strahov Stadium—the largest stadium in the world
  • World Cup Skateboarding
  • Prague Open—prestige Floorball Cup

Miscellaneous

Prague is the seat of major offices and institutions of the Czech Republic and Central Europe:

  • President of the Czech Republic
  • The Government and both houses of the Parliament
  • Czech Television and other major broadcasters
  • Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty
  • Prague Institute for Global Urban Development

Prague as a venue

Recent major events held in Prague:

  • NATO Summit 2002
  • International Monetary Fund and World Bank Summit 2000
  • International Olympic Committee Session 2004
  • International Astronomical Union General Assembly 2006

Famous people connected with Prague

Being the cultural and economical center of Bohemia, Prague has attracted many famous people. Some of the best known are:


Historical population

Demographic evolution of Prague between 1230 and 2004
1230 1370 1600 1804 1837 1850 1880 1900 1925 1950 1980 1991 2004
4,000 40,000 60,000 76,000 105,500 118,000 162,000 201,600 718,300 931,500 1,182,800 1,214,174 1,170,571
  • The record of 1230 includes Staré Město only
  • The records of 1370 and 1600 includes Staré město, Nové město, Malá Strana and Hradčany quarters
  • Numbers beside other years denote the population of Prague within the administrative border of the city at that time (and population including present suburbs in parentheses).
The Church of St. Nicolas.
Commons
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Twin cities

See also

  • Bethlehem Chapel
  • Infant Jesus of Prague
  • Golem of Prague
  • Prague specifics
  • Prague city districts
  • Prague uprising
  • Prague Zoo

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. "Prague, sixth most visited city in Europe", Radio Praha, 12 April 2005. URL accessed on 26 November 2006.

External links

Preceded by:
Weimar
European Capital of Culture
2000
with eight other cities
Succeeded by:
Porto and
Rotterdam

Template:Prague districts

hsb:Praha

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