Difference between revisions of "Porphyry (geology)" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | [[Image:P1000115.JPG|thumb|250px|A sample of porphyry | + | [[Image:Särna-Porphyr P1000115.JPG|thumb|250px|A sample of '''porphyry''']] |
| − | '''Porphyry''' is a variety of [[igneous]] [[Rock (geology)|rock]] consisting of large-grained [[crystal]]s, such as [[feldspar]] or [[quartz]], dispersed in a fine-grained feldspathic<ref>Feldspathic refers to material that contains [[feldspar]].</ref> [[Matrix (geology)|matrix]] or groundmass. The larger crystals are called '''[[phenocryst]]s'''. In its traditional, | + | '''Porphyry''' is a variety of [[igneous rock|igneous]] [[Rock (geology)|rock]] consisting of large-grained [[crystal]]s, such as [[feldspar]] or [[quartz]], dispersed in a fine-grained feldspathic<ref>Feldspathic refers to material that contains [[feldspar]].</ref> [[Matrix (geology)|matrix]] or groundmass. The larger crystals are called '''[[phenocryst]]s'''. In its traditional, non-geologic use, the term "porphyry" refers to the purple-red form of this stone, valued for its appearance. Later, the name was generalized to [[igneous rocks]] with large crystals. |
| − | + | {{toc}} | |
| − | Historically, purple was regarded as the royal color, and porphyry was prized for various monuments and building projects in [[Roman Empire|Imperial Rome]] and later. For example, it was used for the columns of [[Hagia Sophia]] (in [[Constantinople]], now [[Istanbul]]) and in the "Porphyra, | + | Historically, purple was regarded as the royal color, and porphyry was prized for various monuments and building projects in [[Roman Empire|Imperial Rome]] and later. For example, it was used for the columns of [[Hagia Sophia]] (in [[Constantinople]], now [[Istanbul]]) and in the "Porphyra", the official delivery room used by pregnant empresses in the [[Great Palace of Constantinople]]. Today, there are at least 134 porphyry columns in buildings around Rome, all reused from imperial times. In addition, countless altars, basins, and other objects are made from this stone. |
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
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Porphyry deposits are formed when a column of rising [[magma]] undergoes cooling in two stages: | Porphyry deposits are formed when a column of rising [[magma]] undergoes cooling in two stages: | ||
| − | * In the first stage, the magma cools slowly deep within the crust, creating the large crystal grains with a diameter of 2 millimeters | + | * In the first stage, the magma cools slowly deep within the crust, creating the large crystal grains with a diameter of 2 millimeters or more. |
* In the second stage, the magma is cools rapidly at relatively shallow depth or as it erupts from a [[volcano]], creating small grains that are usually invisible to the unaided eye. | * In the second stage, the magma is cools rapidly at relatively shallow depth or as it erupts from a [[volcano]], creating small grains that are usually invisible to the unaided eye. | ||
The cooling also leads to a separation of dissolved metals into distinct zones. This process is one of the main reasons for the existence of rich, localized metal ore deposits such as those of [[gold]], [[copper]], [[molybdenum]], [[lead]], [[tin]], [[zinc]], and [[tungsten]]. | The cooling also leads to a separation of dissolved metals into distinct zones. This process is one of the main reasons for the existence of rich, localized metal ore deposits such as those of [[gold]], [[copper]], [[molybdenum]], [[lead]], [[tin]], [[zinc]], and [[tungsten]]. | ||
== Egypt's historical quarry == | == Egypt's historical quarry == | ||
| − | [[Image:Entrance of Colditz Castle chapel.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The porphyry portal of the "church house" at [[Colditz Castle]], [[Free State of Saxony|Saxony]], designed by [[Andreas Walther II]] (1584), exemplifies the exuberance of "[[Mannerism|Antwerp Mannerism]]" | + | [[Image:Entrance of Colditz Castle chapel.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The porphyry portal of the "church house" at [[Colditz Castle]], [[Free State of Saxony|Saxony]], designed by [[Andreas Walther II]] (1584), exemplifies the exuberance of "[[Mannerism|Antwerp Mannerism]]"]] |
| − | [[Pliny's Natural History]] stated that the "Imperial Porphyry" had been discovered at an isolated site in Egypt in C.E. | + | [[Pliny the Elder]]’s ''[[Pliny's Natural History]]'' stated that the "Imperial Porphyry" had been discovered at an isolated site in Egypt in 18 C.E. by a Roman legionnaire named Caius Cominius Leugas (Werner 1998). It came from a single [[quarry]] in the [[Eastern Desert]] of [[Egypt]], from 600 million-year-old [[andesite]] of the [[Arabian-Nubian Shield]]. This quarry, named ''Mons Porpyritis'' ("Porphyry Mountain," the Arabic ''Jabal Abu Dukhan''), seems to have been worked intermittently between 29 and 330 C.E. |
| − | The road from the quarry westward to Qena (Roman Maximianopolis) on the Nile, which [[Ptolemy]] put on his second-century map, was described first by [[Strabo]] and is still known as the ''Via Porphyrites'' (the Porphyry Road). Its track is marked by the [[Hydreuma|hydreumata]], or watering wells, which made it viable in this utterly dry landscape. | + | The road from the quarry westward to Qena (Roman Maximianopolis) on the [[Nile River|Nile]], which [[Ptolemy]] put on his second-century map, was described first by [[Strabo]] and is still known as the ''Via Porphyrites'' (the Porphyry Road). Its track is marked by the [[Hydreuma|hydreumata]], or watering wells, which made it viable in this utterly dry landscape. |
| − | After the fourth century, this quarry was lost to sight for many centuries. The scientific members of the French Expedition under [[Napoleon]] sought for it in vain. It was only when the Eastern Desert was reopened for study under [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], viceroy of Egypt, that the site was rediscovered by Burton and [[John Gardiner Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] in 1823. | + | After the fourth century, this quarry was lost to sight for many centuries. The scientific members of the French Expedition under [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] sought for it in vain. It was only when the Eastern Desert was reopened for study under [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], viceroy of Egypt, that the site was rediscovered by Burton and [[John Gardiner Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] in 1823. |
== Use of porphyry in Western history == | == Use of porphyry in Western history == | ||
| − | All the porphyry columns in Rome, the red porphyry togas on busts of emperors, the porphyry panels in the revetment of the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], as well as the altars, vases, and fountain basins reused in the Renaissance and dispersed as far as [[Kiev]], all came from the ''Mons Porpyritis'' quarry | + | All the porphyry columns in Rome, the red porphyry togas on busts of emperors, the porphyry panels in the revetment of the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], as well as the altars, vases, and fountain basins reused in the [[Renaissance]] and dispersed as far as [[Kiev]], all came from the ''Mons Porpyritis'' quarry—the stone is not naturally present in Italy. |
| − | [[Constantine I]] celebrated the founding of his capital of [[Constantinople]] with a 30-meter (100-foot) pillar, built of seven stacked porphyry drums. This pillar still stands. A triumphant last use were the eight monolithic columns of porphyry that support ''[[exedra]]e'' (semicircular niches) in [[Hagia Sophia]]. Justinian's chronicler, Procopius, called the columns "a meadow with its flowers in full bloom, surely to make a man marvel at the purple of some and at those on which the crimson glows | + | [[Constantine I]] celebrated the founding of his capital of [[Constantinople]] with a 30-meter (100-foot) pillar, built of seven stacked porphyry drums. This pillar still stands. A triumphant last use were the eight monolithic columns of porphyry that support ''[[exedra]]e'' (semicircular niches) in [[Hagia Sophia]]. [[Justinian I|Justinian's]] chronicler, Procopius, called the columns "a meadow with its flowers in full bloom, surely to make a man marvel at the purple of some and at those on which the crimson glows" (Werner 1998). The Romans also used the Imperial Porphyry for the monolithic pillars of [[Baalbek]]'s [[Temple of Heliopolis]] in [[Lebanon]]. |
| − | Byzantine historians distinguish two sorts of emperors: those who won power through a coup and those "born to the purple." Those in the latter group, known as "[[porphyrogenitus|porphyrogenites]]," were born to the imperial family in a room in [[Great Palace of Constantinople]] veneered with purple porphyry, as described by [[Anna Comnena]], daughter of the eleventh-century emperor Alexius I. | + | [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] historians distinguish two sorts of emperors: those who won power through a coup and those "born to the purple." Those in the latter group, known as "[[porphyrogenitus|porphyrogenites]]," were born to the imperial family in a room in [[Great Palace of Constantinople]] veneered with purple porphyry, as described by [[Anna Comnena]], daughter of the eleventh-century emperor Alexius I. |
In addition, members of the imperial family were entombed in the purple stone. It appears that [[Nero]] was the first to be immured in a porphyry sarcophagus. Roman sarcophagi were reused for imperial burials in Sicily. The porphyry sarcophagi of Holy Roman Emperors [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] and king [[William I of Sicily]] and the Empress [[Constance of Sicily|Constance]] are preserved in the cathedrals of [[Palermo]] and [[Monreale]]. | In addition, members of the imperial family were entombed in the purple stone. It appears that [[Nero]] was the first to be immured in a porphyry sarcophagus. Roman sarcophagi were reused for imperial burials in Sicily. The porphyry sarcophagi of Holy Roman Emperors [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] and king [[William I of Sicily]] and the Empress [[Constance of Sicily|Constance]] are preserved in the cathedrals of [[Palermo]] and [[Monreale]]. | ||
| − | [[Image:Baptismal Font Magdeburg.jpg|thumb|250px|The baptismal font in the [[Cathedral of Magdeburg]] is made of rose porphyry from Gebel Abu Dokhan near [[Hurghada]], [[Egypt]] | + | [[Image:Baptismal Font Magdeburg.jpg|thumb|250px|The baptismal font in the [[Cathedral of Magdeburg]] is made of rose porphyry from Gebel Abu Dokhan near [[Hurghada]], [[Egypt]]]] |
| − | Porphyry was used extensively for decoration in [[Germany]], [[Poland]], and [[Czechoslovakia]]. This can be seen in the [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] style sculpted portal outside the chapel entrance in [[Colditz Castle]]. Also, King [[Louis XIV of | + | Porphyry was used extensively for decoration in [[Germany]], [[Poland]], and [[Czechoslovakia]]. This can be seen in the [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] style sculpted portal outside the chapel entrance in [[Colditz Castle]]. Also, King [[Louis XIV of France]] obtained the largest collection of porphyry by acquiring the [[Borghese]] collection. |
| − | In 1840, | + | In 1840, Bonapartists recovered the body of [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon I]] from Saint Helena and intended to bury it in a porphyry sarcophagus in [[Les Invalides]], Paris. However, the Egyptian quarry was not available and a similar red [[quartzite]] from Finland was chosen, in spite of its purchase from the Russian Empire, an enemy of France. |
== Example of porphyries == | == Example of porphyries == | ||
| Line 70: | Line 70: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | * Blatt, Harvey, and Robert J. Tracy. 1995. ''Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic'', 2nd ed. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0716724383 | + | * Blatt, Harvey, and Robert J. Tracy. 1995. ''Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic'', 2nd ed. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0716724383 |
| − | * McBirney, Alexander R. 2006. ''Igneous Petrology'' | + | * McBirney, Alexander R. 2006. ''Igneous Petrology'', 3rd ed. Jones & Bartlett. ISBN 0763734489 |
| − | * Pellant, Chris. 2002. ''Rocks and Minerals''. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060 | + | * Pellant, Chris. 2002. ''Rocks and Minerals''. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060 |
| − | * Skinner, Brian J., Stephen C. Porter, and Jeffrey Park. 2004. ''Dynamic Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology'' | + | * Skinner, Brian J., Stephen C. Porter, and Jeffrey Park. 2004. ''Dynamic Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology'', 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. ISBN 0471152285 |
* Werner, Louis. 1998. [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199806/via.porphyrites.htm Via Porphyrites.] ''Saudi Aramco World''. Retrieved May 18, 2007. | * Werner, Louis. 1998. [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199806/via.porphyrites.htm Via Porphyrites.] ''Saudi Aramco World''. Retrieved May 18, 2007. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| + | All links retrieved November 30, 2022. | ||
| + | * [http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/blporphyry.htm Porphyry.] ''About: Geology''. | ||
| + | *[http://www.euratlas.com/mons_porphyrites/index.html Pictures of the Mons Porphyrites, Red Sea, Egypt.] | ||
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[[Category:Physical sciences]] | [[Category:Physical sciences]] | ||
Latest revision as of 05:39, 30 November 2022
Porphyry is a variety of igneous rock consisting of large-grained crystals, such as feldspar or quartz, dispersed in a fine-grained feldspathic[1] matrix or groundmass. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts. In its traditional, non-geologic use, the term "porphyry" refers to the purple-red form of this stone, valued for its appearance. Later, the name was generalized to igneous rocks with large crystals.
Historically, purple was regarded as the royal color, and porphyry was prized for various monuments and building projects in Imperial Rome and later. For example, it was used for the columns of Hagia Sophia (in Constantinople, now Istanbul) and in the "Porphyra", the official delivery room used by pregnant empresses in the Great Palace of Constantinople. Today, there are at least 134 porphyry columns in buildings around Rome, all reused from imperial times. In addition, countless altars, basins, and other objects are made from this stone.
Etymology
The word "porphyry" is derived from a Latin term that means "purple." Purple was the color of royalty, and the "Imperial Porphyry" (noted below) was a deep brownish-purple igneous rock with large crystals of plagioclase.
Formation
Porphyry deposits are formed when a column of rising magma undergoes cooling in two stages:
- In the first stage, the magma cools slowly deep within the crust, creating the large crystal grains with a diameter of 2 millimeters or more.
- In the second stage, the magma is cools rapidly at relatively shallow depth or as it erupts from a volcano, creating small grains that are usually invisible to the unaided eye.
The cooling also leads to a separation of dissolved metals into distinct zones. This process is one of the main reasons for the existence of rich, localized metal ore deposits such as those of gold, copper, molybdenum, lead, tin, zinc, and tungsten.
Egypt's historical quarry
Pliny the Elder’s Pliny's Natural History stated that the "Imperial Porphyry" had been discovered at an isolated site in Egypt in 18 C.E. by a Roman legionnaire named Caius Cominius Leugas (Werner 1998). It came from a single quarry in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, from 600 million-year-old andesite of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. This quarry, named Mons Porpyritis ("Porphyry Mountain," the Arabic Jabal Abu Dukhan), seems to have been worked intermittently between 29 and 330 C.E.
The road from the quarry westward to Qena (Roman Maximianopolis) on the Nile, which Ptolemy put on his second-century map, was described first by Strabo and is still known as the Via Porphyrites (the Porphyry Road). Its track is marked by the hydreumata, or watering wells, which made it viable in this utterly dry landscape.
After the fourth century, this quarry was lost to sight for many centuries. The scientific members of the French Expedition under Napoleon sought for it in vain. It was only when the Eastern Desert was reopened for study under Muhammad Ali, viceroy of Egypt, that the site was rediscovered by Burton and Wilkinson in 1823.
Use of porphyry in Western history
All the porphyry columns in Rome, the red porphyry togas on busts of emperors, the porphyry panels in the revetment of the Pantheon, as well as the altars, vases, and fountain basins reused in the Renaissance and dispersed as far as Kiev, all came from the Mons Porpyritis quarry—the stone is not naturally present in Italy.
Constantine I celebrated the founding of his capital of Constantinople with a 30-meter (100-foot) pillar, built of seven stacked porphyry drums. This pillar still stands. A triumphant last use were the eight monolithic columns of porphyry that support exedrae (semicircular niches) in Hagia Sophia. Justinian's chronicler, Procopius, called the columns "a meadow with its flowers in full bloom, surely to make a man marvel at the purple of some and at those on which the crimson glows" (Werner 1998). The Romans also used the Imperial Porphyry for the monolithic pillars of Baalbek's Temple of Heliopolis in Lebanon.
Byzantine historians distinguish two sorts of emperors: those who won power through a coup and those "born to the purple." Those in the latter group, known as "porphyrogenites," were born to the imperial family in a room in Great Palace of Constantinople veneered with purple porphyry, as described by Anna Comnena, daughter of the eleventh-century emperor Alexius I.
In addition, members of the imperial family were entombed in the purple stone. It appears that Nero was the first to be immured in a porphyry sarcophagus. Roman sarcophagi were reused for imperial burials in Sicily. The porphyry sarcophagi of Holy Roman Emperors Frederick II and Henry IV and king William I of Sicily and the Empress Constance are preserved in the cathedrals of Palermo and Monreale.
Porphyry was used extensively for decoration in Germany, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. This can be seen in the Mannerist style sculpted portal outside the chapel entrance in Colditz Castle. Also, King Louis XIV of France obtained the largest collection of porphyry by acquiring the Borghese collection.
In 1840, Bonapartists recovered the body of Napoleon I from Saint Helena and intended to bury it in a porphyry sarcophagus in Les Invalides, Paris. However, the Egyptian quarry was not available and a similar red quartzite from Finland was chosen, in spite of its purchase from the Russian Empire, an enemy of France.
Example of porphyries
- Dacite porphyry
- Trachyte/latite porphyry
- Diorite porphyry
- Granite porphyry
- Rhyolite porphyry
- basalt porphyry
Rhomb porphyry
Rhomb porphyry is a volcanic rock with gray-white large porphyritic rhomb-shaped phenocrysts embedded in a very fine grained red-brown matrix.
Rhomb porphyry lavas are known from only three rift areas: The East African Rift (including Mount Kilimanjaro), Mount Erebus near the Ross Sea in Antarctica, and the Oslo graben in Norway.
See also
Notes
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Blatt, Harvey, and Robert J. Tracy. 1995. Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic, 2nd ed. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0716724383
- McBirney, Alexander R. 2006. Igneous Petrology, 3rd ed. Jones & Bartlett. ISBN 0763734489
- Pellant, Chris. 2002. Rocks and Minerals. Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0789491060
- Skinner, Brian J., Stephen C. Porter, and Jeffrey Park. 2004. Dynamic Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. ISBN 0471152285
- Werner, Louis. 1998. Via Porphyrites. Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
External links
All links retrieved November 30, 2022.
- Porphyry. About: Geology.
- Pictures of the Mons Porphyrites, Red Sea, Egypt.
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