Difference between revisions of "Perpetua and Felicity" - New World Encyclopedia
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Recent studies indicated that the martyrs may have been [[Montanists]], a "heretical" sect with a strong following in Carthage, but the are universally recognized as orthodox saints. | Recent studies indicated that the martyrs may have been [[Montanists]], a "heretical" sect with a strong following in Carthage, but the are universally recognized as orthodox saints. | ||
| − | == | + | ==History== |
| − | + | The date of their martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas is traditionally given as March 6, 203.<ref>However, some argue that the association of their martyrdom with a birthday festival of the future [[Publius Septimius Geta|Emperor Geta]] would seem to place it after 209, when Geta was made ''Caesar'', though before 211, when he was assassinated.</ref> The details of the martyrdoms survive in both Latin and Greek texts. Perpetua's account is apparently historical, making it is the earliest surviving text written by a Christian woman.<ref>Paul Halsall ed. ''Internet Medieval Sourcebook''</ref> After a brief introduction (chapters i–ii), the narrative and visions of Perpetua (iii–x) are followed by the vision of Saturus (xi–xiii). After this, the account of their deaths, written by an eyewitness, are appended (xiv–xxi). | |
| − | + | By order of Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] (193–211), all imperial subjects were forbidden under severe penalties to become [[Christians]] or [[Jews]]. The edict did not affect earlier converts, but only recent ones.<ref>Dale Irvin and Scott Sunquist, ''History of World Christian Movement'' (Orbis Books. Maryknoll, NY, 2001), 82-83</ref> As a result, the five new Christians and [[catechumen]]s were seized and cast into prison. Before being led away, the catechumens were baptized. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | According to Perpetua's ''Acts,'' the terrors of imprisonment were increased by her anxiety for her unweaned child. Two [[deacons]] succeeded in gaining admittance to her prison by bribing the jailer, and Perpetua's mother brought the baby to her. She was then permitted to nurse the child and keep it with her. She relates: "Straightway I became well and was lightened of my labor and care for the child; and suddenly the prison was made a palace for me." | |
| − | + | A vision informed her of her approaching martyrdom. Perpetua saw herself treading on a dragon's head and ascending a perilous bronze ladder leading to green meadows, where a flock of sheep was grazing. A few later Perpetua's father, hearing that the trial of the imprisoned Christians would soon take place, visited their dungeon and besought her not to bring this disgrace on their name; but Perpetua remained steadfast. The next day the trial of the six took place before the [[Procurator]] [[Hilarianus]]. All six resolutely confessed their Christian faith. Perpetua's father, carrying her child in his arms, approached her again and attempted to induce her to [[Apostasy|apostatize]]. The procurator also remonstrated with her, but in vain, as she steadfastly refused to offer sacrifice to the gods. The procurator then had the father removed by force. | |
| − | |||
| − | The Christians were then condemned to be torn to pieces by wild beasts, | + | The Christians were then condemned to be torn to pieces by wild beasts. As was the case with many such martyrs, they responded to their sentences by giving thanks to [[God]] for sharing in the suffering of Jesus. |
| − | In | + | In another vision, recorded while awaiting her sentence to be carried out, Perpetua saw her brother Dinocrates, who had died unbaptized from a disfiguring disease at the early age of seven, in a place of darkness and distress. She prayed for him and later had a vision of him happy and healthy, his disfigurement only a scar. In another apparition, she apparently saw herself defeating a savage Egyptian, interpreting this that she would have to do battle not merely with wild beasts but with the [[Devil]] himself. |
| − | Saturus, who also recorded his visions, saw himself and Perpetua transported Eastward by four [[angels]] to a beautiful garden, where they met with four other North African Christians who had suffered martyrdom during the same persecution | + | Saturus, who also recorded his visions, saw himself and Perpetua transported Eastward by four [[angels]] to a beautiful garden, where they met in the spirit with four other North African Christians who had suffered martyrdom during the same persecution. Saturus also saw in this vision Bishop [[Optatus of Carthage]] and the priest Aspasius, who besought the martyrs to arrange a reconciliation between the two churchmen. |
| − | + | Meanwhile, the birthday of [[Publius Septimius Geta|Emperor Geta]] approached, on which occasion the condemned Christians were to fight with wild beasts in the military games. They were therefore transferred to the prison in the camp. | |
| − | + | Perpetua had another significant vision as well, which repeated the first. In this vision, Perpetua saw a ladder leading to heaven. At the bottom of the ladder was a serpent, attacking the Christians trying to climb the latter to heaven. From this vision Perpetua claimed that she would have to fight Satan rather than just the beast of the arena. Furthermore, she learned that she would not be defeated in her quest and was defiantly confident. | |
| − | |||
| − | Secundulus died in prison. Felicitas, who was eight months pregnant, was apprehensive that she would not be permitted to suffer martyrdom with the others, since the law forbade the execution of pregnant women, | + | Meanwhile, their jailer, Pudens, had come to respect his prisoners, and he permitted other Christians to visit them. Perpetua's father was also admitted and made another fruitless attempt to dissuade his daughter from her impending matyrdom. |
| − | At the demand of the crowd they were first [[Flagellation|scourged]] | + | |
| + | One of the martyrs, Secundulus, then died in prison. Felicitas, who was eight months pregnant, was apprehensive that she would not be permitted to suffer martyrdom with the others, since the law forbade the execution of pregnant women. However, two days before the games, she gave birth to a daughter, who was adopted by a Christian woman. | ||
| + | |||
| + | On the day of the games, the five were led into the amphitheater. At the demand of the crowd they were first [[Flagellation|scourged]]. Then a boar, a bear, and a leopard, were set on the men, and a wild bull on the women. Wounded by the wild animals, they gave each other the [[kiss of peace]] and were then put to the sword. | ||
| + | |||
| + | A narrator adds: "But Perpetua, that she might have some taste of pain, was pierced between the bones and shrieked out; and when the swordsman's hand wandered still (for he was a novice), herself set it upon her own neck. Perchance so great a woman could not else have been slain (being feared of the unclean spirit) had she not herself so willed it." | ||
Their bodies were interred at [[Carthage]]. | Their bodies were interred at [[Carthage]]. | ||
Revision as of 19:14, 21 October 2008
| Saints Perpetua and Felicity | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Perpetua (center) and Felicity (left) with fellow saint before their martyrdom | |
| Martyrs | |
| Died | 7 March 202 or 203 in Carthage, Roman Province of Africa |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church |
| Feast | 7 March (6 March from 1908 to 1969) |
| Patronage | Mothers, Expectant Mothers |
- Perpetua redirects here. For other uses, see Perpetua (disambiguation)
- For the other saint named Felicitas, see Felicitas of Rome.
Saints Perpetua and Felicitas are two early century Christian martyrs venerated as saints. Perpetua was a 22-year old married noblewoman and nursing mother, while her co-martyr Felicitas (or Felicity), an expectant mother, was her slave. They suffered at Carthage, Roman Province of Africa around 203 C.E., together with several other martyrs to their faith. The record of the Passion of St. Perpetua, St. Felicitas, and their Companions is considered one of the great treasures of Christian literature, believed to preserve the actual words of the martyrs and their friends.
During the persecutions of the Emperor Septimius Severus, five catechumens (candidates for Christian baptism) were arrested for their faith. The group consisted of a slave named Revocatus, his fellow slave Felicitas, two free men named Saturninus and Secundulus, and Vivia Perpetua, the wife of a nobleman who was the mother of an infant. Perpetua's father was a pagan, her mother and two brothers were Christians, and one of the brothers, like her, was a catechumen.
The five prisoners were soon joined by Saturus, who seems to have been their instructor in the faith who chose to share their punishment. At first they were all kept under strict guard in a private house. Perpetua wrote a vivid account of the events leading up to their martyrdom. Their sufferings while in prison, the angry attempts of Perpetua's father to induce her to renounce Christianity, the vicissitudes of the martyrs before their execution, and the visions of Saturus and Perpetua in their dungeons, were all committed to writing.
Recent studies indicated that the martyrs may have been Montanists, a "heretical" sect with a strong following in Carthage, but the are universally recognized as orthodox saints.
History
The date of their martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas is traditionally given as March 6, 203.[1] The details of the martyrdoms survive in both Latin and Greek texts. Perpetua's account is apparently historical, making it is the earliest surviving text written by a Christian woman.[2] After a brief introduction (chapters i–ii), the narrative and visions of Perpetua (iii–x) are followed by the vision of Saturus (xi–xiii). After this, the account of their deaths, written by an eyewitness, are appended (xiv–xxi).
By order of Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), all imperial subjects were forbidden under severe penalties to become Christians or Jews. The edict did not affect earlier converts, but only recent ones.[3] As a result, the five new Christians and catechumens were seized and cast into prison. Before being led away, the catechumens were baptized.
According to Perpetua's Acts, the terrors of imprisonment were increased by her anxiety for her unweaned child. Two deacons succeeded in gaining admittance to her prison by bribing the jailer, and Perpetua's mother brought the baby to her. She was then permitted to nurse the child and keep it with her. She relates: "Straightway I became well and was lightened of my labor and care for the child; and suddenly the prison was made a palace for me."
A vision informed her of her approaching martyrdom. Perpetua saw herself treading on a dragon's head and ascending a perilous bronze ladder leading to green meadows, where a flock of sheep was grazing. A few later Perpetua's father, hearing that the trial of the imprisoned Christians would soon take place, visited their dungeon and besought her not to bring this disgrace on their name; but Perpetua remained steadfast. The next day the trial of the six took place before the Procurator Hilarianus. All six resolutely confessed their Christian faith. Perpetua's father, carrying her child in his arms, approached her again and attempted to induce her to apostatize. The procurator also remonstrated with her, but in vain, as she steadfastly refused to offer sacrifice to the gods. The procurator then had the father removed by force.
The Christians were then condemned to be torn to pieces by wild beasts. As was the case with many such martyrs, they responded to their sentences by giving thanks to God for sharing in the suffering of Jesus.
In another vision, recorded while awaiting her sentence to be carried out, Perpetua saw her brother Dinocrates, who had died unbaptized from a disfiguring disease at the early age of seven, in a place of darkness and distress. She prayed for him and later had a vision of him happy and healthy, his disfigurement only a scar. In another apparition, she apparently saw herself defeating a savage Egyptian, interpreting this that she would have to do battle not merely with wild beasts but with the Devil himself.
Saturus, who also recorded his visions, saw himself and Perpetua transported Eastward by four angels to a beautiful garden, where they met in the spirit with four other North African Christians who had suffered martyrdom during the same persecution. Saturus also saw in this vision Bishop Optatus of Carthage and the priest Aspasius, who besought the martyrs to arrange a reconciliation between the two churchmen.
Meanwhile, the birthday of Emperor Geta approached, on which occasion the condemned Christians were to fight with wild beasts in the military games. They were therefore transferred to the prison in the camp.
Perpetua had another significant vision as well, which repeated the first. In this vision, Perpetua saw a ladder leading to heaven. At the bottom of the ladder was a serpent, attacking the Christians trying to climb the latter to heaven. From this vision Perpetua claimed that she would have to fight Satan rather than just the beast of the arena. Furthermore, she learned that she would not be defeated in her quest and was defiantly confident.
Meanwhile, their jailer, Pudens, had come to respect his prisoners, and he permitted other Christians to visit them. Perpetua's father was also admitted and made another fruitless attempt to dissuade his daughter from her impending matyrdom.
One of the martyrs, Secundulus, then died in prison. Felicitas, who was eight months pregnant, was apprehensive that she would not be permitted to suffer martyrdom with the others, since the law forbade the execution of pregnant women. However, two days before the games, she gave birth to a daughter, who was adopted by a Christian woman.
On the day of the games, the five were led into the amphitheater. At the demand of the crowd they were first scourged. Then a boar, a bear, and a leopard, were set on the men, and a wild bull on the women. Wounded by the wild animals, they gave each other the kiss of peace and were then put to the sword.
A narrator adds: "But Perpetua, that she might have some taste of pain, was pierced between the bones and shrieked out; and when the swordsman's hand wandered still (for he was a novice), herself set it upon her own neck. Perchance so great a woman could not else have been slain (being feared of the unclean spirit) had she not herself so willed it."
Their bodies were interred at Carthage.
Veneration
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In Carthage a magnificent basilica was afterwards erected over the tomb of the martyrs, the Basilica Majorum, where an ancient inscription bearing the names of Perpetua and Felicitas has been found.
Saints Felicitas and Perpetua (mentioned in that order) are two of seven women commemorated by name in the second part of the Canon of the Mass. The Blessed Virgin Mary is commemorated in the first part.
The feast day of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas, 7 March, was celebrated even outside Africa, and is entered in the Philocalian Calendar, the fourth-century calendar of martyrs venerated publicly at Rome. When Saint Thomas Aquinas was inserted into the Roman calendar, for celebration on the same day, the two African saints were thenceforth only commemorated. This was the situation in the Tridentine Calendar established by Pope Pius V and remained so until 1908, when Pope Pius X brought the date for celebrating them forward to 6 March.[4] In 1969, Pope Paul VI restored the date of their celebration to 7 March.[5] Traditionalist Catholics still observe 6 March as their feast, following a tradition of only 61 years' duration.
Other Churches also, including the Lutheran Church and the Episcopal Church, commemorate these two martyrs on 7 March.
Controversy over Dinocrates
The account of St. Perpetua comforting her dead brother has been a point of controversy. The text gives no indication that the child had been baptized. Renatus used this account to bolster his claim that unbaptized infants could attain paradise, if not the kingdom of heaven. Augustine in turn proposed an explanation for how Dinocrates could have been baptized but later estranged from Christ by his pagan father.[6]
In popular culture
The once-flowering rambling rose "Félicité et Perpétue" (R. sempervirens x 'Old Blush'[7]) with palest pinks buds opening nearly white, was introduced by Robert Jacques[8] in 1828.[9]
Two historical fiction novels have been written from the point of view of Perpetua. Amy Peterson's Perpetua: A Bride, A Martyr, A Passion (ISBN 978-0972927642) was published in 2004, and Malcolm Lyon's The Bronze Ladder (ISBN 978-1905237517) in 2006.
Bibliography
- Rex Butler: The New Prophecy and "New Visions": Evidence of Montanism in the Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas: Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press: 2006: ISBN 0-8132-1455-6
- Sara Maitland (introduction): The Martyrdom of Perpetua: Evesham: Arthur James: 1996: ISBN 0-85305-352-9
- Edward Nolan: Cry Out and Write: A Feminine Poetics of Revelation: New York: Continuum: 1994: ISBN 0-8264-0684-X
- Cecil Robeck: Prophecy in Carthage: Perpetua, Tertullian and Cyprian: Cleveland: Pilgrim Press: 1992: ISBN 0-8298-0924-4
- Joyce Salisbury: Perpetua's Passion: New York: Routledge: 1997:ISBN 0-415-91837-5
- Marie-Luise Von Franz: The Passion of Perpetua: A Psychological Interpretation of Her Visions: Toronto: Inner City Books: 2004: ISBN 1-894574-11-7
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- ↑ However, some argue that the association of their martyrdom with a birthday festival of the future Emperor Geta would seem to place it after 209, when Geta was made Caesar, though before 211, when he was assassinated.
- ↑ Paul Halsall ed. Internet Medieval Sourcebook
- ↑ Dale Irvin and Scott Sunquist, History of World Christian Movement (Orbis Books. Maryknoll, NY, 2001), 82-83
- ↑ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 89
- ↑ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 119
- ↑ Church Fathers Volume 14 Augustin
- ↑ Its French equivalent name is R. 'Noisette'.
- ↑ Robert Jacques was director of horticulture for King Louis-Philippe.
- ↑ Marie-Thérèse Haudebourg, Roses et jardins Hachette, ISBN 2-01-236947-2, p.177
External links
- "Perpetua: A Bride, A Martyr, A Passion": "Novel Incorporating the Majority of Her Historical Diary"]
- "Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicity"
- "Sts. Felicitas and Perpetua". Catholic Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Early Christian Writings: Acts of Perpetua
- Medieval Sourcebook: The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity
- Henry Wace, A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century C.E. 1911
- Patron Saints Index: St. Felicity
- 7 St. Patrick's Church: March 7 saints
- Historical novel: The Bronze Ladder
- Episcopal Church Lectionary: Lessons for the Feast of Perpetua and Felicity
Template:Famous Carthaginians
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