Paul Broca

Paul Pierre Broca

Paul Pierre Broca (June 28, 1824 – July 9, 1880) was a French physician, anatomist and anthropologist. He was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France.

Education and research

Broca was a brilliant student. He entered medical school in Paris when he was only 17 years old and graduated at 20, when most of his contemporaries were just beginning as medical students.

Broca soon became a professor of surgical pathology at the University of Paris. He quickly excelled as a noted medical researcher in many areas. At the age of 24 he had received many awards, medals, and important positions. His early scientific works dealt with the histology of cartilage and bone, but he also studied cancer pathology, the treatment of aneurysms, and infant mortality. One of his major concerns was the comparative anatomy of the brain. His celebrated paper refers to many animal species. As a neuroanatomist he made important contributions to the understanding of the limbic system and rhinencephalon. Olfaction was for him a sign of animality. His research on the localization of speech led to entirely new research into the lateralization of brain function. He wrote extensively on Darwinism, known as transformism in France.

Speech research

Broca is most famous for his discovery of the speech production center of the brain located in the frontal lobes (now known as the Broca's area). He arrived at this discovery by studying the brains of aphasic patients (persons with speech and language disorders resulting from brain injuries), particularly the brain of his first patient in the Bicêtre Hospital, Leborgne, nicknamed "Tan" due to his inability to clearly speak any words other than "tan".

In 1861, through post-mortem autopsy, Broca determined that Tan had a lesion caused by syphilis in the left cerebral hemisphere. This lesion was determined to cover the area of the brain important for speech production. Although history credits this discovery to Broca, it should be noted that another French neurologist, Marc Dax, made similar observations a generation earlier.

Patients with damage to Broca's area and/or to neighboring regions of the left inferior frontal lobe are often categorized clinically as having Broca's aphasia. This type of aphasia, which often involves impairments in speech output, can be contrasted with Wernicke's aphasia, named for Karl Wernicke, which is characterized by damage to more posterior regions of the left hemisphere (in the superior temporal lobe), and by greater impairments in speech comprehension.

Anthropology research

Broca was also a pioneer in the study of physical anthropology. He founded the Anthropological Society in 1859, the Revue d'Anthropologie in 1872, and the School of Anthropology in Paris in 1876. Just like everyone else in his time he had no reason to think that the skulls of living people were trepanned prior to the time of the ancient Greeks. The situation changed dramatically for him and subsequently for scientists around the world in 1867, after he was shown an old Peruvian skull with cross-hatched cuts. This skull came from an Inca cemetery in the valley of Yucay and was shown to him by Ephraim George Squier, an archaeologist, writer, and diplomat. Careful examination of the Peruvian skull left no doubt in Broca's mind that "advanced surgery" had been performed in the New World before the European conquest.

Broca advanced the science of cranial anthropometry by developing many new types of measuring instruments (craniometers) and numerical indices. In his time some believed Caucasians were a superior race and used his cranial anthropometry to support their views. He maintained a scientific position and refused to support this. The uses that racist ideologues, and even reputable scientists, made of Broca's measurements and conclusions have been analyzed by Stephen Jay Gould in The Mismeasure of Man (1981) and by his biographer, Francis Schiller. Broca's work is also featured in Carl Sagan's book Broca's Brain. Francisco Goya had his skull hidden and not buried with the rest of his body as a direct response to Broca's work in this area.

Anatomy research

Another field in which Broca contributed significantly was the comparative anatomy of primates. He described, for the first time, trephined skulls from the Neolithic. He was very interested in the relation between anatomical features of the brain and mental capabilities, such as intelligence.

Personal life

As a personality, Broca was a remarkable individual. His biographer, neurosurgeon, Francis Schiller, records his fights with his local church which attempted to have him stuck off the electoral roll. Broca was denounced by authorities as a subversive, materialist, and corrupter of the youth after he founded a society of freethinkers in 1848 sympathetic to Charles Darwin's theories.

Near the end of his life, Paul Broca was elected a lifetime member of the French Senate. He was also a member of the Académie Française and held honorary degrees from many other learned institutions, both in France and abroad. Broca died in Paris in 1880.

Broca's Legacy

The discovery of the Broca's area revolutionized the understanding of speech production. New research has found that dysfunction in the Broca's area may lead to other speech disorders such as stuttering and apraxia of speech. Recent anatomical neuroimaging studies have shown that the pars opercularis of the Broca's area is anatomically smaller in individuals who stutter whereas the pars triangularis appears to be normal. Broca's area of the brain (part of the frontal lobe of the cortex) which is involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension, is named after Broca.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Renato M.E. Sabbatini: The History of Psychosurgery. Brain & Mind, September 1997.

External link

• Biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

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