Difference between revisions of "Mount Kilimanjaro" - New World Encyclopedia

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{{Infobox Mountain
 
{{Infobox Mountain
 
| Name = Mount Kilimanjaro
 
| Name = Mount Kilimanjaro
 
| Photo = Kibo_summit_of_Mt_Kilimanjaro_001.JPG
 
| Photo = Kibo_summit_of_Mt_Kilimanjaro_001.JPG
 
| Caption = Kibo Summit of Kilimanjaro
 
| Caption = Kibo Summit of Kilimanjaro
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| Elevation = {{convert|5895|m|ft|0|lk=on}}
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| Elevation = 19,341 ft. (5895 m)
 
| Location = [[Tanzania]]
 
| Location = [[Tanzania]]
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| Prominence =5,885&nbsp;m (19,303 feet) <small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 4th]]</small>
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| Prominence = 19,303 ft. (5,885 m) <small> [[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 4th]]</small>
 
| Coordinates = {{coord|03|04|33|S|37|21|12|E|region:TZ-09_type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
 
| Coordinates = {{coord|03|04|33|S|37|21|12|E|region:TZ-09_type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
 
| Type=[[Stratovolcano]]
 
| Type=[[Stratovolcano]]
 
| Age=
 
| Age=
 
| Last eruption=None in recorded history
 
| Last eruption=None in recorded history
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| First ascent = [[1889]] by [[Hans Meyer (geologist)|Hans Meyer]], [[Ludwig Purtscheller]], Yohanas Kinyala Lauwo
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| First ascent = 1889 by [[Hans Meyer (geologist)|Hans Meyer]], [[Ludwig Purtscheller]], Yohanas Kinyala Lauwo
 
| Easiest route =[[hiking|hike]]
 
| Easiest route =[[hiking|hike]]
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Kilimanjaro''' with its three volcanic cones, ''Kibo'', ''Mawensi'', and ''Shira'', is an inactive [[stratovolcano]] in north-eastern [[Tanzania]]. Although it does not have the highest elevation, Kilimanjaro is the tallest free-standing mountain rise in the world, rising {{convert|4600|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} from its base, and includes the highest peak in [[Africa]] at 19,340 feet (5,895 meters), providing a dramatic view from the surrounding plains.
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{{toc}}
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==Name==
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It is unknown where the name Kilimanjaro originated, but a number of theories exist. European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported it as its Swahili name, assuming that Kilimanjaro breaks up into ''Kilima'', Swahili for "hill" or "little mountain," and ''Njaro'', understood to be Swahili for "white"' or for "shining." The [http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/k/kilima-njaro.html ''The Nuttall Encyclopædia''] of 1907 contains the following definition: "Kilima-Njaro, a volcanic mountain group, 19,000 ft. high, on the northern border of German East Africa, 170 m. from the coast, with two peaks, Kibo and Kimawenzi; in 1894 an Austrian communistic settlement was established on the slopes."
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Others believe its origin to be from the Kichagga language word ''jaro'' meaning caravan. It is unknown, however, why the diminutive ''kilima'' is used instead of the proper word for mountain, ''mlima''. It is conceived that an early [[Europe]]an visitor, whose knowledge of the [[Swahili]] language was limited, changed mlima to kilima by analogy with the two Chagga names&mdash;Kibo and Kimawenzi.
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Another theory is that Kilimanjaro comes from the Kichagga word ''kilemanjaare'' or ''kilemajyaro'' meaning "that which defeats the bird/leopard/caravan." However this theory can't explain the fact that the name Kilimanjaro was not used in Kichagga before European exploration in the mid-1800s.<ref>J.A. Hutchinson, 1965, [http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00769.html The Meaning of Kilimanjaro] ''Tanganyika Notes and Records''. Retrieved February 13, 2008.</ref>
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In the 1880s the mountain, called ''Kilimandscharo'' in German, became a part of [[German East Africa]] after [[Karl Peters]] had persuaded local chiefs to sign treaties. In 1889 Uhuru Peak on Kibo was named ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze'', which was used in the [[German Empire]] until its defeat in 1918, when the territory became British-administered [[Tanganyika]] and the name was dropped.
  
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'''Kilimanjaro''' with its three volcanic cones, '''Kibo''', '''Mawensi''', and '''Shira''', is an inactive [[stratovolcano]] in north-eastern [[Tanzania]]. Although it does not have the [[List of highest mountains|highest elevation]], Kilimanjaro is the tallest free-standing mountain rise<ref name="rise">The concept of "free-standing rise" is not completely well-defined; however one definition  characterizes it as the rise of the summit over the lowest closed [[contour line]] encircling ''and remaining near'' the summit. (Compare [[topographic prominence]].) Kilimanjaro is encircled by a contour line at elevation {{Unit m|1395|0}}, giving a rise of {{Unit m|4500|0}}, which goes no further than {{Unit km|45|0}} from the summit.  This is the world's highest free-standing rise attainable within a {{Unit km|50|0}} radius. Higher rises are attainable over somewhat larger distances, namely for [[Pico Cristóbal Colón]], which rises {{Unit m|5000|-1}} above a contour within {{Unit km|75|0}}, and [[Mount McKinley]], which rises {{Unit m|5300|-1}} above a contour within {{Unit km|120|-1}}. (Sources: [[SRTM]] data, [[USGS]] National Elevation Dataset.)</ref> in the world,<ref name=NASAnjaro/> rising {{convert|4600|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} from its base, and includes the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest peak]] in [[Africa]] at 5,895 meters (19,340 ft), providing a dramatic view from the surrounding plains. '''Kilimanjaro''' is a Maasai word meaning ''Large Rock''. <ref>[http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/kilimanj.html UN Environment Programme - Kilimanjaro National Park]</ref>
 
 
==Geography==
 
==Geography==
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Kilimanjaro is 340 km south of the [[Equator]], 280 km from the [[Indian Ocean]] and just over 400 km from [[Lake Victoria]]. It lies on the eastern side of the eastern branch of the [[Great Rift Valley]], and north-north east of the Maasai steppe, the great plain of north-eastern Tanzania renowned as the homeland of the nomadic [[Maasai]] cattle-herders.  
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Kilimanjaro is 212 miles (340 km) south of the [[Equator]], 174 miles (280 km) from the [[Indian Ocean]] and just over 249 miles (400 km) from [[Lake Victoria]]. It lies on the eastern side of the eastern branch of the [[Great Rift Valley]], and north-north east of the Maasai steppe, the great plain of northeastern Tanzania renowned as the homeland of the nomadic [[Maasai]] cattle-herders.  
  
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Principal human habitation lies on the southern and eastern slopes of Kilimanjaro, where the fertile and well-watered soil supports farming, especially of [[horticulture|horticultural crops]] by the [[Chaga]] people. The city of [[Moshi]], just over 30 km from the summit, is the main urban centre and has paved highway and rail connections to the Tanzanian coast at [[Tanga]] and [[Dar es Salaam]]. The area's tourist industry is served by [[Kilimanjaro International Airport]].  
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Principal human habitation lies on the southern and eastern slopes of Kilimanjaro, where the fertile and well-watered [[soil]] supports farming, especially of [[horticulture|horticultural crops]] by the [[Chaga]] people. The city of [[Moshi]], just over 19 miles (30 km) from the summit, is the main urban center and has paved highway and rail connections to the Tanzanian coast at [[Tanga]] and [[Dar es Salaam]]. The area's tourist industry is served by [[Kilimanjaro International Airport]].  
  
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The grasslands exploited by the Maasai extend west and north of Kilimanjaro into [[Kenya]] as far as [[Nairobi]], 200 km north-north-west. The Kenyan border runs along the lower slopes of the mountain on the north-eastern and eastern sides, only 20 km from the summit. [[Amboseli National Park]] in Kenya reaches to the lower slopes on the northern side, while the hot dry [[savanna]] plains of [[Tsavo National Park]], also in Kenya, are farther east.  
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The grasslands exploited by the Maasai extend west and north of Kilimanjaro into [[Kenya]] as far as [[Nairobi]], 124 miles (200 km) north-northwest. The Kenyan border runs along the lower slopes of the mountain on the northeastern and eastern sides, only 12 miles (20 km) from the summit. [[Amboseli National Park]] in Kenya reaches to the lower slopes on the northern side, while the hot dry [[savanna]] plains of [[Tsavo National Park]], also in Kenya, are farther east.  
  
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These extensive plains surrounding the mountain have an elevation of 1100–1400 m except in Tsavo, which is lower at 800 m. The only other nearby highlands are a chain of hills running south-east to the coast where they are called the [[Usambara Mountains]], and 50 km to the west-south-west is another isolated volcanic mountain, [[Mount Meru, Tanzania|Mt Meru]], above the city of [[Arusha]].  
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These extensive plains surrounding the mountain have an elevation of 3600-4594 feet (1100–1400 m) except in Tsavo, which is lower at 2625 feet (800 m). The only other nearby highlands are a chain of hills running southeast to the coast where they are called the [[Usambara Mountains]], and 30 miles (50 km) to the west-southwest is another isolated volcanic mountain, [[Mount Meru, Tanzania|Mt Meru]], above the city of [[Arusha]].  
 
[[Image:Elephants Kili 2.jpg|thumb|290px|right|Kilimanjaro viewed from [[Amboseli National Park]]]]
 
[[Image:Elephants Kili 2.jpg|thumb|290px|right|Kilimanjaro viewed from [[Amboseli National Park]]]]
  
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Kilimanjaro's middle and lower slopes catch more rain than the surrounding plains. The southern slopes are the wettest, feeding the [[Pangani River]] which has formed a valley flowing south-south-west, parallel to the Usambara Mountains. To the east streams feed the [[Galana River]]. The northern slopes drain into the seasonal [[Lake Amboseli]] and [[Kiboko River]]. Streams on the south-western side join the Pangani.  
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Kilimanjaro's middle and lower slopes receive more [[rain]] than the surrounding plains. The southern slopes are the wettest, feeding the [[Pangani River]] which has formed a valley flowing south-southwest, parallel to the Usambara Mountains. To the east streams feed the [[Galana River]]. The northern slopes drain into the seasonal [[Lake Amboseli]] and [[Kiboko River]]. Streams on the southwestern side join the Pangani.  
  
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Kilimanjaro's prominence above the surrounding plains and frequent clear skies enable Kilimanjaro to be seen from the south, west and north from as much as 200 km away – it can often be seen from Nairobi. Although no hills block the view of the mountain from the east, the humid Indian Ocean coast is usually cloudy and hazy. Coastal towns such as [[Mombasa]] and [[Malindi]], 280 and 300 km away, are too far and too cloudy for Kilimanjaro to be seen from there, and although Arabs and Europeans have visited these towns for centuries, the mountain was not known to them until the 19th century.
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Kilimanjaro's prominence above the surrounding plains and frequent clear skies enable it to be seen from the south, west and north from as much as 124 miles (200 km) away&mdash;it can often be seen from Nairobi. Although no hills block the view of the mountain from the east, the humid [[Indian Ocean]] coast is usually cloudy and hazy. Coastal towns such as [[Mombasa]] and [[Malindi]], 174 and 186 miles (280 and 300 km) away, are too far and too cloudy for Kilimanjaro to be seen from; although [[Arab]]s and [[Europe]]ans had visited these towns for centuries, the mountain was not known to them until the nineteenth century.
  
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===Description===
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[[Image:Mount Kilimanjaro 2007.jpg|thumb|250px|Mount Kilimanjaro from the air.]]
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[[Image:Glacier at summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001.JPG|thumb|250px|The rapidly retreating [[Furtwängler Glacier]] is near the summit.]]
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[[Image:Kilimanjaro-from-the-air.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Mount Kilimanjaro seen from the air, with Mt Meru beyond.]]
  
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==Description==
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The Kilimanjaro mountain system extends in the east-west direction for approximately 50 miles (80 km). It consists of three principal extinct volcanoes: Mawensi on the east, Kibo in the center, and Shira on the western section of the massif.
  
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The highest point is Uhuru Peak on the volcano Kibo, [[1 E3 m|5,895 meters]] (19,340&nbsp;ft). Kibo has a 1.5 mile wide crater on the top of it. As the highest point in Africa, Uhuru Peak is one of the [[Seven Summits]]. The summit was first reached by the Marangu army scout, Yohanas Kinyala Lauwo, [[Germany|German]] [[Hans Meyer (geologist)|Hans Meyer]] and [[Austria]]n [[Ludwig Purtscheller]], on [[October 6]] [[1889]]. Two other peaks are also extinct volcanoes: Mawenzi (5,149 metres, 16,890&nbsp;ft), the third highest peak in Africa (after [[Mount Kenya]]) and Shira (3,962&nbsp;m, 13,000&nbsp;ft). Yohanas' Notch is named after Lauwo.[[Image:Mount Kilimanjaro 2007.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Mount Kilimanjaro from the air.  July 2007.]]
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The highest point on Kilimanjaro is the 19,341 ft (5895m) Uhuru Peak on Kibo, which retains a typical volcanic cone formation and contains a crater. It is linked to Mawensi, seven miles away, by a 15,000 foot high ridge. Mawensi, at 16,893 feet (5,149 m) is the older core of a former summit. The remnant of an earlier crater, Shira ridge, stands at 13,000 ft (3,962 m). Below the ridge, Kilimanjaro curves to the plains below, which lie at an elevation of about 3,300 ft (1,000 m).  
  
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An ascent of Mawenzi requires rock climbing and/or snow/ice climbing skills. The climb to Uhuru Peak is considered to be a relatively straightforward endeavour; however, ample time must still be provided for proper [[acclimatization]] to prevent [[altitude sickness]]. The three easiest routes, Marangu, Rongai and Machame can be climbed by a person of good health, and require no [[mountaineering]] experience. Many who climb employ altitude-sickness medication and find this to be helpful in preventing the pounding headaches that plague many travellers. Those who travel on the Marangu route usually take 4-5 days to complete their climb. Huts with cooking facilities, bathrooms, and (sometimes) electricity are available at the end of each day's journey, as of October 2007 these are generally disused apart from on the lower parts of the Marangu route and climbers will need to camp. The final part of the climb, from Kibo hut at 15,500&nbsp;ft (4,720&nbsp;m) to the summit, is generally undertaken at night, because the [[scree]] is frozen together, making the climb significantly easier. Gilman's Point, on the rim of the crater, but about 1½ hours hike from Uhuru, is attained at 5:00 - 6:00 am; those who have the strength to continue may then hike on to Uhuru in the growing sunlight and rising temperatures. Another route is the Western Breach, which is much more technical in nature. Annually, approximately 15,000 people attempt to climb the mountain, of whom 40% reach the summit.
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As the highest point in [[Africa]], Uhuru Peak is one of the [[Seven Summits]]. Mawensi is the third highest peak in Africa, after [[Mount Kenya]]. Mawensi's cone, which has semipermanent ice patches and substantial seasonal snow, is highly eroded and gorged.  
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[[Image:Glacier at summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001.JPG|thumb|left|250px|The rapidly retreating [[Furtwängler Glacier]] is near the summit.]]
 
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At the summit, there is a sign posted by the Tanzanian government. The sign (printed in English only) reads "Congratulations! You are now at Uhuru Peak, Tanzania, 5,895 m. [[AMSL]]. Africa's Highest Point. World's Highest Free-Standing Mountain. One of World's Largest Volcanos. Welcome." The sign is covered in travel stickers from past trekkers who have left their mark on the top of the peak. Near this famous sign is a [[Summit register|box containing a log]] that many climbers have signed.  As of January, 2007 this box has either been removed or buried.
 
  
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Due to the mountain's equatorial location as well as its high elevation, climbers can experience almost every [[Köppen climate classification|climate type]] on earth during the journey to the top. It is also known to many for its year round snow-topped summit.
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The dome of Kibo retains a permanent ice cap, the only one of the three which does. It also contains a 1.2 mile wide crater on its southern side. While it is inactive, Kilimanjaro has [[fumarole]]s that emit gas in the crater. Scientists concluded in 2003 that molten [[magma]] is just 1,300 ft below the summit crater. Several collapses and landslides have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the [[western breach]]. Although there is no recorded history of eruptions, local legend speaks of activity around 170 years ago.
  
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The summit of Kilimanjaro is covered by a [[GSM]] [[mobile phone]] network, provided by [[Vodacom]]. It lost its claim as the highest point in the world with mobile phone service, as [[China Mobile]] now provides coverage at the top of [[Mt. Everest]], the highest point in the world.
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Mount Kilimanjaro National Park was established in 1973 to protect the mountain above the tree line as well as the six forest corridors that extend downslope through the montane forest belt. The park was designated a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage site]] in 1987.  
  
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[[Image:Kilimanjaro-from-the-air.JPG|right|thumb|305px|Mount Kilimanjaro seen from the air, with Mt Meru beyond]]
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A succession of vegetation zones include:  
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* semiarid scrub of the surrounding plateau;
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* the massif's cultivated, well-watered southern slopes;
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*dense cloud forest;
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*open moorland;
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*alpine desert;
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*moss and lichen communities.  
  
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===Name===
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Large [[animal]]s roam the [[forest]]ed southern slopes, including [[buffalo]], [[antelope]], and [[elephant]]s. There are also a host of [[monkey]]s and [[bird]] [[species]].  
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It is unknown where the name Kilimanjaro comes from, but a number of theories exist. European explorers had adopted it by 1860 and reported that it was its Swahili name,<ref name=names/> assuming that Kilimanjaro breaks up into ''Kilima'' (Swahili for "hill, little mountain") and ''Njaro'',<ref>"Kilima-Njaro" (alternate name in 1907), ''The Nuttall Encyclopædia'', 1907, FromOldBooks.com, 2006, webpage: [http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/k/kilima-njaro.html FOB-Njaro].</ref> whose supposed origin varies according to the theory—for some it's an ancient Swahili word for ''white'' or for ''shining'',<ref name=NASAnjaro>"SRTM TANZANIA IMAGES" (Kilimanjaro or Kilima Njaro description), [[NASA]], August 28, 2005, webpage: [http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/tanzania.htm NASA-Tanzania].</ref> while for others it has non-Swahili origin, e.g. [[Kichagga language|Kichagga]] word ''jaro'' meaning caravan. The problem with all these theories is that they can't explain why the [[diminutive]] ''kilima'' is used instead of the proper word for mountain, ''mlima''. A different approach is to assume that it comes from Kichagga ''kilemanjaare'' or ''kilemajyaro'' meaning "which defeats the bird/leopard/caravan". However this theory can't explain the fact that the name Kilimanjaro was not used in Kichagga before European exploration in the mid-1800s.<ref name=names>http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00769.html</ref>
 
  
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In the 1880s the mountain, called ''Kilimandscharo'' in German, became a part of [[German East Africa]] after [[Karl Peters]] had persuaded local chiefs to sign treaties (a common story that [[Queen Victoria]] gave the mountain to [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] is not true).<ref>Briggs, Philip (1996): "Guide to Tanzania; 2nd edition." Bradt Guides.</ref> In 1889 Uhuru Peak on Kibo was named ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze'',<ref name=names/> which was used in the [[German Empire]] until its defeat in 1918, when the territory became British-administered [[Tanganyika]] and the name was dropped.
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German missionaries Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann are the first known Europeans to report sighting Kilimanjaro, though there had been rumors of the "snow-capped peak in close proximity to the equator." The summit of Kibo was first mastered by German geographer Hans Meyer and the Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller.<ref> Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007, Kilimanjaro ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''.</ref>
  
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== Current conditions ==
  
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While it is inactive, Kilimanjaro has [[fumarole]]s that emit gas in the crater on the main summit of Kibo. Scientists concluded in [[2003]] that molten [[magma]] is just 400 metres (1,300 ft) below the summit [[Volcanic crater|crater]]. Although new activity is not expected, there are fears the volcano may collapse{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, causing a major eruption similar to the [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens]]. Several collapses and landslides have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the [[western breach]]. Although there is no recorded history of eruptions, local legend speaks of activity around 170 years ago.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
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While the volcano appears to be dormant on the inside, events on top of the mountain draw global attention. The top of the mountain has seen a retreat of the most recent covering of glaciers, with the most recent ice cap volume dropping by more than 80 percent. In 2002, a study led by an [[Ohio State University]] ice core [[paleoclimatology|paleoclimatologist]] predicted that ice on top of Africa's tallest peak would be gone between 2015 and 2020.<ref> Earle Holland, October 3, 2002, [http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm African Ice Core Analysis Reveals Catastrophic Droughts, Shrinking Ice Fields And Civilization Shifts] ''Ohio State University Research Communications''. Retrieved February 13, 2008.</ref> In 2007, a team of [[Austria]]n scientists from University of Innsbruck predicted that the plateau ice cap will be gone by 2040, but some ice on the slope will remain longer due to local weather conditions.<ref> Jonathan Amos, April 17, 2007,
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[[Image:Nairobi (8).JPG|thumb|256px|A closer view of Kibo]]
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[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6561527.stm Kilimanjaro's ice set to linger] ''BBC News''. Retrieved February 13, 2008.</ref> A comparison of ice core records suggests conditions today are returning to those of 11,000 years ago. A recent study by the University of Washington in the United States and Georg Kaser of the University of Innsbruck in Austria indicates that the shrinking of Kilimanjaro's ice cap is not due to [[global warming]] but instead driven by [[solar radiation]].
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[[Image:Kilimanjaro.JPG|thumb|left|256px|View of Kibo, Mowenzi, Shira and Meru in far background]]
 
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== Current conditions ==
 
  
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While the volcano appears to be dormant on the inside, events on top of the mountain draw global attention. The top of the mountain has seen a retreat of the most recent covering  of glaciers, with the most recent ice cap volume dropping by more than 80%[http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/kilimanjaro_20021216/index.html]. In [[2002]], a study led by [[Ohio State University]] ice core [[paleoclimatology|paleoclimatologist]] [[Lonnie Thompson]] [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;298/5593/518] predicted that ice on top of Africa's tallest peak would be gone between 2015 and 2020 [http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm] [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5593/589].  In [[2007]], a team of Austrian scientists from University of Innsbruck predicted that the plateau ice cap will be gone by 2040, but some ice on the slope will remain longer due to local weather conditions [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6561527.stm]. A comparison of ice core records suggests conditions today are returning to those of 11,000 years ago.  A recent study by Philip Mote of the University of Washington in the United States and Georg Kaser of the University of Innsbruck in Austria indicates that the shrinking of Kilimanjaro's ice cap is not due to global warming but instead driven by solar radiation. [http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/06/12/climate.kilimanjaro.reut/index.html]
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As of January 2006, the Western Breach route had been closed by the [[Tanzania]]n government following a rockslide which killed four people at Arrow Glacier Camp. The rockslide is believed to have been caused by [[frost action]] in an area which is no longer permanently frozen.
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[[As of 2006|As of January 2006]], the Western Breach route has been closed by the Tanzanian government following a rockslide which killed four people at Arrow Glacier Camp. The rockslide is believed to have been caused by [[frost action]] in an area which is no longer permanently frozen.
 
  
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After the Western Breach route was closed in January 2006, many expeditions that had intended to use this route have instead used the Lemosho/Barafu route. As the Western Breach route, this route starts to the west and goes up the Shira Ridge towards Lava Tower. Instead of going up to Arrow Glacier camp and the breach, however, this route goes around the southern edge of Kili towards Barafu Camp. From Barafu Camp, around 15,200 ft (4,630&nbsp;m) altitude, a nighttime summit is usually attempted.
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After the Western Breach route was closed in January 2006, many expeditions that had intended to use this route have instead used the Lemosho/Barafu route. As the Western Breach route, this route starts to the west and goes up the Shira Ridge towards Lava Tower. Instead of going up to Arrow Glacier camp and the breach, however, this route goes around the southern edge of Kili towards Barafu Camp. From Barafu Camp, around 15,200 ft (4,630&nbsp;m) altitude, a nighttime summit is usually attempted.
 
[[Image:Mount Kilimanjaro Tanzania-NASA.jpg|thumb|left|800px|Mount Kilimanjaro - with Landsat Overlay. Heights two times exaggerated.]]
 
[[Image:Mount Kilimanjaro Tanzania-NASA.jpg|thumb|left|800px|Mount Kilimanjaro - with Landsat Overlay. Heights two times exaggerated.]]
 
<br style="clear:both;">
 
<br style="clear:both;">
  
 
== Climbing routes ==
 
== Climbing routes ==
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[[Image:Forest in Marangu route in Kilimanjaro area 001.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Forest along the Marangu climbing route.]]
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[[Image:Garden of the senecias.jpg|thumb|250px|Garden of the Senecias, with part of Kibo in the background.]]
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[[Image:JRO-climber.jpg|thumb|250px|Tanzania's Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs with a guide at the summit.]]
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There are several routes officially sanctioned for climbing Kilimanjaro. These are:
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There are several routes officially sanctioned for climbing Kilimanjaro. These are:
 
 
*Machame
 
*Machame
 
*Marangu
 
*Marangu
Line 79: Line 90:
  
 
===Machame route===
 
===Machame route===
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The Machame route as of 2006 is described here. The route is typically done on a 6 or 7 day hike.
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The Machame route as of 2006 is described here. The route is typically done on a six or seven day hike.  
  
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The campsites and gates (with corresponding elevations) are as follows: [http://7summits.com/kilimanjaro/waypoints.php]
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The campsites and gates (with corresponding elevations) are as follows:  
 
*Machame Gate (start of trek) (5718 ft/1738 m)
 
*Machame Gate (start of trek) (5718 ft/1738 m)
 
*Machame (9927 ft/3018 m)
 
*Machame (9927 ft/3018 m)
 
*Shira (12355 ft/3756 m)
 
*Shira (12355 ft/3756 m)
 
*Barranco (13066 ft/3972 m)
 
*Barranco (13066 ft/3972 m)
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*Karanga (optional camp, used by 6-day climbers)
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*Karanga (optional camp, used by six-day climbers)
 
*Barafu (high camp before summit) (15239 ft/4633 m)
 
*Barafu (high camp before summit) (15239 ft/4633 m)
 
*Mweka (descent) (10204 ft/3102 m)
 
*Mweka (descent) (10204 ft/3102 m)
 
*Mweka Gate (end of trek) (5423 ft/1649 m)
 
*Mweka Gate (end of trek) (5423 ft/1649 m)
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(The given altitudes are sourced from a GPS device and are accurate to a few hundred feet)
 
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One benefit of the Machame route is its quick rise to relatively high elevations (~10,000&nbsp;ft/~3,040 metres), and a short ascent to the Lava Tower site (~15,000&nbsp;ft/~4,560&nbsp;m) before descending back to Barranco Camp (12,700&nbsp;ft/3,870&nbsp;m) on the same day.  This follows the climber's adage 'climb high, sleep low', and helps [[Altitude sickness#Altitude acclimatization|altitude acclimatization]].  The initial steep ascent also helps climbers acclimatise better.
 
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The Machame route starts from Machame Gate and travels upwards through the montane [[rainforest]], characterized by dense vegetation, a muddy trail and short sections of steep climbs.  The first campsite, Machame Camp, is right after the dense tree cover in an area with lower but still thick bushlands.
 
−
 
−
The second day continues through increasingly sparse trees and bushes into moorlands.  Picturesque hanging mosses often cover trees and offer an ethereal quality to the landscape. The day finishes with Shira Camp, which is on a small plateau in the high moorlands, and features views of Kibo in the northwest and [[Mount Meru, Tanzania|Mount Meru]] towards the east.  [[White-necked Raven|White necked ravens]] can be seen throughout the day.  There is also a set of small caves a short walk from the campsite known as the Shira Caves.
 
−
 
−
[[Image:Garden of the senecias.jpg|thumb|left|Garden of the Senecias, with part of Kibo in the background.]]
 
−
 
−
The third day starts in the [[moorland]]s and moves into alpine desert, with less trees and more rocks.  The highest point is the base of the Lava Tower, after which the trail descends into the Barranco Valley.  More vegetation is present in this zone, especially the area just before the campsite.  This area is called the 'Garden of the Senecias' which features many of the huge [[senecio]] plants.  Shorter [[lobelia]] plants are also present.
 
−
 
−
The fourth day starts with the ascent of the Barranco Wall, which is considered a [[Scrambling|scramble]] in climbing terms.  The top of the Wall has attractive vistas of Kibo and the surrounding landscape.  The trail continues with many up and down sections across small streams and rivulets, and finally crosses the Karanga River to the Karanga campsite.
 
−
 
−
The fifth day follows the path up and across a rocky zone, finishing at the high camp Barafu.  Very little vegetation can be found on the inhospitable terrain.  A field of sedimentary rocks litters the ground like many broken mirrors. (Note - the 6 day trek omits the Karanga campsite, and climbers continue directly to Barafu on the same day.)
 
−
 
−
The summit is usually attempted on the very early morning of the 6th day (around midnight).  Barafu is also used as a summit campsite for the Umbwe route.  Climbers typically take somewhere between 5-7 hours to ascend, using headlamps and cold weather gear.  The first milestone is Stella Point (18,652&nbsp;ft/5,685&nbsp;m), which is on the crater rim.  Following Stella Point, the trail continues for another 30 mins to the summit - Uhuru Peak.
 
−
 
−
The descent back to Barafu takes roughly 4 hours.  Some climbers '[[scree]] slide' down the slope, which entails skidding/running down the loose gravel at medium speed.  From Barafu, climbers typically take a short break, and continue downwards through the alpine desert and ensuing [[moorland]]s to Mweka Camp.
 
−
 
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The 7th and final day has trekkers continue through the montane forest to Mweka Gate.  Troops of black-and-white [[Colobus|colobus monkeys]] can often be seen in the dense growth.
 
−
 
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A travelogue of the Machame route can be viewed here.[http://www.summitpost.org/trip-report/169501/kilimanjaro-climb-2004-june-machame-route.html]
 
−
A trip report of the Machame route can be viewed here.[http://www.perrochon.com/photo/Tanzania/Kilimanjaro/]
 
−
 
−
A travelogue of the Londorossi Lemosho route can be viewed here.[http://www.kleinman.tv/sys-tmpl/door/]
 
  
 
==National Parks in the Kilimanjaro area==
 
==National Parks in the Kilimanjaro area==
−
*[[Kilimanjaro National Park]] covers 753 km² of the mountain, and is a [[UNESCO World Heritage]] site.  
+
*[[Kilimanjaro National Park]] covers 753 km² of the mountain, and is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].  
 
*[[Amboseli National Park]], Kenya is on the northern side.
 
*[[Amboseli National Park]], Kenya is on the northern side.
 
*[[Tsavo National Park]], Kenya lies to the east.
 
*[[Tsavo National Park]], Kenya lies to the east.
−
*[[Arusha National Park]] covers neighbouring Mt Meru.
+
*[[Arusha National Park]] covers neighboring Mt Meru.
−
 
 
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==In popular culture==
 
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*Mount Kilimanjaro was the inspiration and backdrop for [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s classic short story ''[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]'' (1936). He also wrote a non-fiction account of his safari experiences in the 1950s, posthumously published as ''[[Under Kilimanjaro]]'' (2005).
 
−
*Mount Kilimanjaro is referred to in one of ''[[Monty Python|Monty Python's]] [[Monty Python's Flying Circus|Flying Circus]]'' skits, "Double Vision." Sir George Head ([[John Cleese]]) unwittingly proclaims, "I'm leading this expedition and we're going to climb both peaks of Mount Kilimanjaro," before Bob ([[Eric Idle]]) says there is only one peak (there are actually two prominent ones, and a third flatter one).
 
−
*Mount Kilimanjaro is the centerpiece of the uplifting 1980s song "Kilimanjaro" by the South African band [[Juluka]], also known as [[Johnny Clegg]] and [[Juluka.]]
 
−
*Mount Kilimanjaro is mentioned in [[Toto (band)|Toto]]'s 1982 hit, "[[Africa (song)|Africa]]" ("I know that I must do what's right, sure as Kilimanjaro rises like Olympus above the Serengeti"). Unfortunately for the song, the Serengeti is on the other side of the [[Great Rift Valley]], about 250 km away; [[Amboseli]] is the principal wildlife reserve at the foot of the mountain.
 
−
*Mount Kilimanjaro is the site of a major [[Universal Century Nations and Factions#Titans|Titans]] base in the [[anime]] ''[[Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam]]''.
 
−
*Mount Kilimanjaro is shown as the dramatic backdrop to the animal realm of [[Disney|Disney's]] ''[[The Lion King]]''.
 
−
*Mount Kilimanjaro is referenced in ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' as a clothing outlet serving "large men," simply called "Kilimanjaro's".
 
−
*In ''[[Halo 2]]'' and ''[[Halo 3]]'', if a player gets seven kills, each within four seconds of the last, the announcer says "Killimanjaro!" using a play on the mountain's name as a kill-related score reference.
 
−
*In the first trailer for the Xbox 360 game ''[[Halo 3]]'', Kilimanjaro is visible in the background as the lead character, Master Chief, walks along the plains west of the devastated ruins of present-day Mombasa, in actuality 280 km from the mountain which is not visible from there.
 
−
*A third-season episode of the [[Nickelodeon (TV Channel)|Nickelodeon]] [[game show]] ''[[Legends of the Hidden Temple]]'' was entitled "The Snow Cone of Mount Kilimanjaro."
 
−
*In the [[anime]] ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]'', Jet Black refers disparagingly to the plot of ''[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]''.
 
−
* In the episode "Friendship Day" of the children's series ''[[Dora The Explorer]]'', Dora and Swiper travel to Mount Kilimanjaro to give back the friendship bracelets.
 
−
* In [[Justina Robson]]'s novel ''Natural History'', which is set in the future, Mount Kilimanjaro has two peaks and is the site of a military base.
 
−
*Late 70s/early 80s UK post-punk neo-psychedelic group [[The Teardrop Explodes]]' first album is called ''[[Kilimanjaro (album)|Kilimanjaro]]''.
 
−
*Author [[Michael Crichton]] describes his ascent of Kilimanjaro in his autobiography ''Travels''.
 
−
*Drum and bass artist [[Ed Rush]] released the an album titled, [http://www.discogs.com/release/237 Killamanjaro] on the Prototype Recordings label.
 
−
*The story of [[Steven Barnes]] novel ''Great Sky Woman'' takes place on and around Kilimanjaro, and the mountain plays an importaint role in the novels plot.
 
−
*In the robot [[anime]] ''[[The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn]]'' (part of the [[Brave series]]), the lion-form support mecha Ga Ohn originates as a legend from Kilimanjaro.
 
−
*In a 1970's story line of the ''[[Superman]]'' comic book, a significant story line was based on the peak of Kilimanjaro being the point on the surface of the Earth furthest from the center; despite not being the highest point above mean sea level, the [[oblateness]] of the earth make's Kilimanjaro's peak further from the center of the earth.
 
−
 
 
  
 +
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
{{reflist}}
+
* Edward Stanford Ltd. 1905. ''Equatorial East Afri''ca. London: Edward Stanford.
 +
* Mitchell, John. 1971. ''Guide book to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro''. Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. ISBN 0901516554
  
−
==External links==
 
−
All Links Retrieved December 12, 2007.
 
−
*[http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/img_kilimanjaro.html Volcano World]
 
−
*[http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm Ohio State University study expedition to Kilimanjaro's glaciers]
 
−
*[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=10856 NASA Earth Explorer page]
 
  
 
{{Seven Summits}}
 
{{Seven Summits}}
 
{{Volcanic Seven Summits}}
 
{{Volcanic Seven Summits}}
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[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Africa]]
 
[[Category:Africa]]
 
[[Category:Mountains]]
 
[[Category:Mountains]]
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[[Category:Volcanoes]]
 
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{{credit|169871976}}
 
{{credit|169871976}}

Latest revision as of 01:45, 11 March 2023

Mount Kilimanjaro
Kibo summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001.JPG
Kibo Summit of Kilimanjaro
Elevation 19,341 ft. (5895 m)
Location Tanzania
Prominence 19,303 ft. (5,885 m) Ranked 4th
Geographic coordinates 03°04′33″S 37°21′12″E / -3.07583, 37.35333Coordinates: 03°04′33″S 37°21′12″E / -3.07583, 37.35333
Type Stratovolcano
Last eruption None in recorded history
First ascent 1889 by Hans Meyer, Ludwig Purtscheller, Yohanas Kinyala Lauwo
Easiest Climbing route hike

Kilimanjaro with its three volcanic cones, Kibo, Mawensi, and Shira, is an inactive stratovolcano in north-eastern Tanzania. Although it does not have the highest elevation, Kilimanjaro is the tallest free-standing mountain rise in the world, rising 4,600 m (15,100 ft) from its base, and includes the highest peak in Africa at 19,340 feet (5,895 meters), providing a dramatic view from the surrounding plains.

Name

It is unknown where the name Kilimanjaro originated, but a number of theories exist. European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported it as its Swahili name, assuming that Kilimanjaro breaks up into Kilima, Swahili for "hill" or "little mountain," and Njaro, understood to be Swahili for "white"' or for "shining." The The Nuttall Encyclopædia of 1907 contains the following definition: "Kilima-Njaro, a volcanic mountain group, 19,000 ft. high, on the northern border of German East Africa, 170 m. from the coast, with two peaks, Kibo and Kimawenzi; in 1894 an Austrian communistic settlement was established on the slopes."

Others believe its origin to be from the Kichagga language word jaro meaning caravan. It is unknown, however, why the diminutive kilima is used instead of the proper word for mountain, mlima. It is conceived that an early European visitor, whose knowledge of the Swahili language was limited, changed mlima to kilima by analogy with the two Chagga names—Kibo and Kimawenzi.

Another theory is that Kilimanjaro comes from the Kichagga word kilemanjaare or kilemajyaro meaning "that which defeats the bird/leopard/caravan." However this theory can't explain the fact that the name Kilimanjaro was not used in Kichagga before European exploration in the mid-1800s.[1]

In the 1880s the mountain, called Kilimandscharo in German, became a part of German East Africa after Karl Peters had persuaded local chiefs to sign treaties. In 1889 Uhuru Peak on Kibo was named Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze, which was used in the German Empire until its defeat in 1918, when the territory became British-administered Tanganyika and the name was dropped.

Geography

Kilimanjaro is 212 miles (340 km) south of the Equator, 174 miles (280 km) from the Indian Ocean and just over 249 miles (400 km) from Lake Victoria. It lies on the eastern side of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley, and north-north east of the Maasai steppe, the great plain of northeastern Tanzania renowned as the homeland of the nomadic Maasai cattle-herders.

Principal human habitation lies on the southern and eastern slopes of Kilimanjaro, where the fertile and well-watered soil supports farming, especially of horticultural crops by the Chaga people. The city of Moshi, just over 19 miles (30 km) from the summit, is the main urban center and has paved highway and rail connections to the Tanzanian coast at Tanga and Dar es Salaam. The area's tourist industry is served by Kilimanjaro International Airport.

The grasslands exploited by the Maasai extend west and north of Kilimanjaro into Kenya as far as Nairobi, 124 miles (200 km) north-northwest. The Kenyan border runs along the lower slopes of the mountain on the northeastern and eastern sides, only 12 miles (20 km) from the summit. Amboseli National Park in Kenya reaches to the lower slopes on the northern side, while the hot dry savanna plains of Tsavo National Park, also in Kenya, are farther east.

These extensive plains surrounding the mountain have an elevation of 3600-4594 feet (1100–1400 m) except in Tsavo, which is lower at 2625 feet (800 m). The only other nearby highlands are a chain of hills running southeast to the coast where they are called the Usambara Mountains, and 30 miles (50 km) to the west-southwest is another isolated volcanic mountain, Mt Meru, above the city of Arusha.

Kilimanjaro viewed from Amboseli National Park

Kilimanjaro's middle and lower slopes receive more rain than the surrounding plains. The southern slopes are the wettest, feeding the Pangani River which has formed a valley flowing south-southwest, parallel to the Usambara Mountains. To the east streams feed the Galana River. The northern slopes drain into the seasonal Lake Amboseli and Kiboko River. Streams on the southwestern side join the Pangani.

Kilimanjaro's prominence above the surrounding plains and frequent clear skies enable it to be seen from the south, west and north from as much as 124 miles (200 km) away—it can often be seen from Nairobi. Although no hills block the view of the mountain from the east, the humid Indian Ocean coast is usually cloudy and hazy. Coastal towns such as Mombasa and Malindi, 174 and 186 miles (280 and 300 km) away, are too far and too cloudy for Kilimanjaro to be seen from; although Arabs and Europeans had visited these towns for centuries, the mountain was not known to them until the nineteenth century.

Description

Mount Kilimanjaro from the air.
The rapidly retreating Furtwängler Glacier is near the summit.
Mount Kilimanjaro seen from the air, with Mt Meru beyond.

The Kilimanjaro mountain system extends in the east-west direction for approximately 50 miles (80 km). It consists of three principal extinct volcanoes: Mawensi on the east, Kibo in the center, and Shira on the western section of the massif.

The highest point on Kilimanjaro is the 19,341 ft (5895m) Uhuru Peak on Kibo, which retains a typical volcanic cone formation and contains a crater. It is linked to Mawensi, seven miles away, by a 15,000 foot high ridge. Mawensi, at 16,893 feet (5,149 m) is the older core of a former summit. The remnant of an earlier crater, Shira ridge, stands at 13,000 ft (3,962 m). Below the ridge, Kilimanjaro curves to the plains below, which lie at an elevation of about 3,300 ft (1,000 m).

As the highest point in Africa, Uhuru Peak is one of the Seven Summits. Mawensi is the third highest peak in Africa, after Mount Kenya. Mawensi's cone, which has semipermanent ice patches and substantial seasonal snow, is highly eroded and gorged.

The dome of Kibo retains a permanent ice cap, the only one of the three which does. It also contains a 1.2 mile wide crater on its southern side. While it is inactive, Kilimanjaro has fumaroles that emit gas in the crater. Scientists concluded in 2003 that molten magma is just 1,300 ft below the summit crater. Several collapses and landslides have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the western breach. Although there is no recorded history of eruptions, local legend speaks of activity around 170 years ago.

Mount Kilimanjaro National Park was established in 1973 to protect the mountain above the tree line as well as the six forest corridors that extend downslope through the montane forest belt. The park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.

A succession of vegetation zones include:

  • semiarid scrub of the surrounding plateau;
  • the massif's cultivated, well-watered southern slopes;
  • dense cloud forest;
  • open moorland;
  • alpine desert;
  • moss and lichen communities.

Large animals roam the forested southern slopes, including buffalo, antelope, and elephants. There are also a host of monkeys and bird species.

German missionaries Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann are the first known Europeans to report sighting Kilimanjaro, though there had been rumors of the "snow-capped peak in close proximity to the equator." The summit of Kibo was first mastered by German geographer Hans Meyer and the Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller.[2]

Current conditions

While the volcano appears to be dormant on the inside, events on top of the mountain draw global attention. The top of the mountain has seen a retreat of the most recent covering of glaciers, with the most recent ice cap volume dropping by more than 80 percent. In 2002, a study led by an Ohio State University ice core paleoclimatologist predicted that ice on top of Africa's tallest peak would be gone between 2015 and 2020.[3] In 2007, a team of Austrian scientists from University of Innsbruck predicted that the plateau ice cap will be gone by 2040, but some ice on the slope will remain longer due to local weather conditions.[4] A comparison of ice core records suggests conditions today are returning to those of 11,000 years ago. A recent study by the University of Washington in the United States and Georg Kaser of the University of Innsbruck in Austria indicates that the shrinking of Kilimanjaro's ice cap is not due to global warming but instead driven by solar radiation.

As of January 2006, the Western Breach route had been closed by the Tanzanian government following a rockslide which killed four people at Arrow Glacier Camp. The rockslide is believed to have been caused by frost action in an area which is no longer permanently frozen.

After the Western Breach route was closed in January 2006, many expeditions that had intended to use this route have instead used the Lemosho/Barafu route. As the Western Breach route, this route starts to the west and goes up the Shira Ridge towards Lava Tower. Instead of going up to Arrow Glacier camp and the breach, however, this route goes around the southern edge of Kili towards Barafu Camp. From Barafu Camp, around 15,200 ft (4,630 m) altitude, a nighttime summit is usually attempted.

Mount Kilimanjaro - with Landsat Overlay. Heights two times exaggerated.


Climbing routes

Garden of the Senecias, with part of Kibo in the background.

There are several routes officially sanctioned for climbing Kilimanjaro. These are:

  • Machame
  • Marangu
  • Rongai
  • Londorossi Lemosho
  • Umbwe
  • Shira
  • Mweka (descent only)

Machame route

The Machame route as of 2006 is described here. The route is typically done on a six or seven day hike.

The campsites and gates (with corresponding elevations) are as follows:

  • Machame Gate (start of trek) (5718 ft/1738 m)
  • Machame (9927 ft/3018 m)
  • Shira (12355 ft/3756 m)
  • Barranco (13066 ft/3972 m)
  • Karanga (optional camp, used by six-day climbers)
  • Barafu (high camp before summit) (15239 ft/4633 m)
  • Mweka (descent) (10204 ft/3102 m)
  • Mweka Gate (end of trek) (5423 ft/1649 m)

National Parks in the Kilimanjaro area

  • Kilimanjaro National Park covers 753 km² of the mountain, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • Amboseli National Park, Kenya is on the northern side.
  • Tsavo National Park, Kenya lies to the east.
  • Arusha National Park covers neighboring Mt Meru.

Notes

  1. ↑ J.A. Hutchinson, 1965, The Meaning of Kilimanjaro Tanganyika Notes and Records. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
  2. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007, Kilimanjaro Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  3. ↑ Earle Holland, October 3, 2002, African Ice Core Analysis Reveals Catastrophic Droughts, Shrinking Ice Fields And Civilization Shifts Ohio State University Research Communications. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
  4. ↑ Jonathan Amos, April 17, 2007, Kilimanjaro's ice set to linger BBC News. Retrieved February 13, 2008.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Edward Stanford Ltd. 1905. Equatorial East Africa. London: Edward Stanford.
  • Mitchell, John. 1971. Guide book to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. ISBN 0901516554


Seven Summits

Asia: Everest  •  South America: Aconcagua  •  North America: Mount McKinley  •  Africa: Kilimanjaro  •  Europe: Elbrus  •  Antarctica: Vinson Massif  •  Oceania: Puncak Jaya / Kosciuszko

Volcanic Seven Summits

South America: Ojos del Salado  •  Africa: Kilimanjaro  •  Asia: Damavand  •  Europe: Elbrus  •  North America: Pico de Orizaba  •  Oceania: Giluwe  •  Antarctica: Sidley

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