Difference between revisions of "Minerva" - New World Encyclopedia

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Head of Minerva by Elihu Vedder, 1896

Minerva was a Roman goddess of crafts, poetry and wisdom, and is known as the inventor of music. She was considered to be the virgin goddess of warriors, poetry, medicine, wisdom, commerce, crafts, and the inventor of music. Like many of the figures of Roman mythology, Minerva's character and function was largely appropriated from the Greek tradition, and she is similar to virtually identical to Athena, the goddess of wisdom and warriors in the Greek pantheon. It was only when she was identified with the Greek goddess Athena did she gain the character as a goddess of war and combat. As Minerva Medica, she was the goddess of medicine and doctors. The name "Minerva" may derive from the Indo-European root 'men', from which "mental" and "mind" are also derived. However, it is more likely imported from the non-Indo-European speaking Etruscans, who called their goddess of the arts Menrva. The Romans would have easily confused her foreign name with their word mens meaning "mind", since one of her aspects as goddess pertained to the intellectual.

History

(Please add a history section)

The name "Minerva" is likely imported from the Etruscans who called her Menrva. The Romans would have easily confused her foreign name with their word mens meaning "mind" since one of her aspects as goddess pertained not only to war but also to the intellectual.

Adapting Greek myths about Athena, Romans said that Minerva was not born in the usual way, but rather Jupiter had a horrible headache and Vulcan opened up his head and out came Minerva, fully grown, and dressed in armor, a long trailing robe, a helmet, a shield and a spear.

Worship

A head of "Sulis-Minerva" found in the ruins of the Roman baths in Bath

Minerva was worshipped throughout Italy, though only in Rome did she take on a warlike character. Her worship was also taken out to the empire - in Britain, for example, she was conflated with the wisdom goddess Sulis. Minerva was also worshipped on the Capitoline Hill as one of the Capitoline Triad along with Jupiter and Juno, at the Temple of Minerva Medica, and at the "Delubrum Minervae" a temple founded around 50 B.C.E. by Pompey on the site of the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva (near the present-day Piazza della Minerva and the Pantheon).

The Romans celebrated her festival from March 19 to March 23 during the day which is called, in the feminine plural, Quinquatria, the fifth after the Ides of March, the nineteenth, the artisans' holiday. A lesser version, the Minusculae Quinquatria, was held on the Ides of June, June 13, by the flute-players, who were particularly useful to religion. In 207 B.C.E., a guild of poets and actors was formed to meet and make votive offerings at the temple of Minerva on the Aventine hill. Among others, its members included Livius Andronicus. The Aventine sanctuary of Minerva continued to be an important center of the arts for much of the middle Roman Republic. However, with the acknowledgement of Christianity as the state religion of Rome in the 4th century, worship of the various polytheistic dieties including Minerva faded into oblivion.

Interestingly enough, worship of Minerva resurfaced in the early 20th century in Gautemala, of all places. During this time, Manuel José Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala, tried to promote a "Cult of Minerva" in his country. This movement left little legacy other than a few interesting Hellenic style "Temples" in parks around Guatemala.

Temples

The supposed "Temple of Minerva Medica".

Several famous temples dedicated to the goddess Minerva once existed in the ancient world, especially in Rome.

The temple of Minerva Medica (akin to the temple of Apollo Medicus) was a Roman temple built on the Esquiline Hill in the republican era (cf. Cic. de div. II.123: sine medico medicinam dabit Minerva, and CIL VI.10133, 30980), though no remains of it have been found. It has since the 17th century been wrongly identified with the ruins of a nymphaeum on a nearby site (see picture inset), on account of the erroneous impression that the Athena Giustiniani had been found in its ruins (HJ 360; LS III.158‑161).

The site of another ancient Minerva Temple in Rome is now today a famous Christian church. The Santa Maria sopra Minerva is a basilica church in Rome, which gets its name because, like many early Christian basilicas, it was built directly over (sopra) the foundations of a temple dedicated to the goddess Minerva. Details of the ruined temple to Minerva, built by Pompey about 50 B.C.E., referred to as Delubrum Minervae are not known.

In Assisi, another church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva was built in the 16th century within the surviving cella of a late Republican temple of Minerva. Its Corinthian portico still stands.

Influence

The statue of Minerva in La Sapienza University, Rome

Although Minerva is no longer worshipped, she has persisted as one of the Roman dieties most commonly alluded to among the cogniscenti and their folds. As patron goddess of wisdom, Minerva is frequently featured at educational establishments in the form of a statue, or as an image on seals, among other forms. For example, a statue of Minerva is located in the center of La Sapienza University, the most important university of Rome. Minerva is also displayed in front of Columbia University's Low Library as "Alma Mater." Minerva decorates the keystone over the main entrance to the Boston Public Library, the original public-financed library in America, beneath the words, "Free to all." Minerva is featured on the seals and logos of many institutions of higher learning, such as the University of Lincoln in the United Kingdom, the University at Albany, The State University of New York, the University of Alabama and Union College, New York, among others. Minerva is the logo of the world famous German "Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science".

Minerva is also alluded to in numerous academic publications and literary works. For instance, Minerva is a triannual magazine for members of the Royal Dublin Society. Minerva is also a section heading in the British Medical Journal, alluding to her healing powers. In a similar vein, Minerva Medica is the name of an Italian publisher of medical journals and books. The journal of the Special Air Service Regiment of the British Army is "Mars and Minerva", taking its name from the regimental badge of the Artists' Rifles. Numerous literary and popular fictional characters, have been named after Minerva, usually related to computers or genius.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Grant, Michael & Hazel, John. Who's Who in Classical Mythology. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973. ISBN 0297766007
Grimal, Pierre. A Concise Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Cambridge, M.A.: Blackwell, 1990. ISBN 0631166963
Lenardon, Robert J, et al. A Companion to Classical Mythology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0195147254
Morford, Mark P. O. & Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0195153446
Scheid, John. An Introduction to Roman Religion. Bloomington, I.N.: Indiana University Press, 2003. ISBN 0253216605

External Links

Credits

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[Image:Head of Minerva.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Head of Minerva by [[Elihu Vedder]], 1896]]
-'''Minerva''' was a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[goddess]] of crafts, poetry and wisdom, and is known as the inventor of music.
-Minerva was the daughter of [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]. She was considered to be the virgin goddess of [[war]]riors, [[poetry]], [[medicine]], [[wisdom]], [[commerce]], [[craft]]s, and the [[inventor]] of [[music]]. As ''Minerva Medica'', she was the goddess of medicine and doctors.
+'''Minerva''' was a [[Roman mythology|Roman]] [[goddess]] of crafts, poetry and wisdom, and is known as the inventor of music. She was considered to be the virgin goddess of [[war]]riors, [[poetry]], [[medicine]], [[wisdom]], [[commerce]], [[craft]]s, and the [[inventor]] of [[music]]. Like many of the figures of Roman mythology, Minerva's character and function was largely appropriated from the Greek tradition, and she is similar to virtually identical to [[Athena]], the goddess of wisdom and warriors in the Greek pantheon. It was only when she was identified with the Greek goddess Athena did she gain the character as a goddess of war and combat. As ''Minerva Medica'', she was the goddess of medicine and doctors. The name "Minerva" may derive from the Indo-European root 'men', from which "mental" and "mind" are also derived. However, it is more likely imported from the non-Indo-European speaking [[Etruscan religion|Etruscans]], who called their goddess of the arts Menrva. The Romans would have easily confused her foreign name with their word ''mens'' meaning "mind", since one of her aspects as goddess pertained to the intellectual.
 ==History==
@@ Line 15: / Line 14: @@
 ==Worship==
 [[Image:Minerwa from Bath.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A head of "Sulis-Minerva" found in the ruins of the [[Roman Baths (Bath)|Roman baths in Bath]]]]
-[[Ovid]] called her the "goddess of a thousand works."{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Minerva was worshipped throughout Italy, though only in Rome did she take on a warlike character. Her worship was also taken out to the empire - in Britain, for example, she was conflated with the wisdom goddess [[Sulis]].
-The Romans celebrated her festival from [[March 19]] to [[March 23]] during the day which is called, in the feminine plural, [[Quinquatria]], the fifth after the Ides of March, the nineteenth, the [[artisan]]s' holiday. A lesser version, the Minusculae Quinquatria, was held on the Ides of June, [[June 13]], by the [[auloi|flute-players]], who were particularly useful to religion. In [[207 B.C.E.]], a [[guild]] of poets and actors was formed to meet and make [[votive offering]]s at the temple of Minerva on the [[Aventine]] hill.  Among others, its members included [[Livius Andronicus]].  The Aventine sanctuary of Minerva continued to be an important center of the arts for much of the middle [[Roman Republic]].
+Minerva was worshipped throughout Italy, though only in Rome did she take on a warlike character. Her worship was also taken out to the empire - in Britain, for example, she was conflated with the wisdom goddess [[Sulis]]. Minerva was also worshipped on the [[Capitoline Hill]] as one of the [[Capitoline Triad]] along with Jupiter and Juno, at the [[Temple of Minerva Medica (temple)|Temple of Minerva Medica]], and at the "Delubrum Minervae" a temple founded around [[50 B.C.E.]] by [[Pompey]] on the site of the church of ''[[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]'' (near the present-day Piazza della Minerva and the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]).
-Minerva was also worshipped on the [[Capitoline Hill]] as one of the [[Capitoline Triad]] along with Jupiter and Juno, at the [[Temple of Minerva Medica (temple)|Temple of Minerva Medica]], and at the "Delubrum Minervae" a temple founded around [[50 B.C.E.]] by [[Pompey]] on the site of the church of ''[[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]'' (near the present-day Piazza della Minerva and the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]).
+The Romans celebrated her festival from [[March 19]] to [[March 23]] during the day which is called, in the feminine plural, [[Quinquatria]], the fifth after the Ides of March, the nineteenth, the [[artisan]]s' holiday. A lesser version, the Minusculae Quinquatria, was held on the Ides of June, [[June 13]], by the [[auloi|flute-players]], who were particularly useful to religion. In [[207 B.C.E.]], a [[guild]] of poets and actors was formed to meet and make [[votive offering]]s at the temple of Minerva on the [[Aventine]] hill.  Among others, its members included [[Livius Andronicus]].  The Aventine sanctuary of Minerva continued to be an important center of the arts for much of the middle [[Roman Republic]]. However, with the acknowledgement of [[Christianity]] as the state religion of Rome in the 4th century, worship of the various polytheistic dieties including Minerva faded into oblivion.
+Interestingly enough, worship of Minerva resurfaced in the early [[20th century]] in [[Gautemala]], of all places. During this time, [[Manuel José Estrada Cabrera]], [[President of Guatemala]], tried to promote a "Cult of Minerva" in his country. This movement left little legacy other than a few interesting [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]] style "Temples" in parks around [[Guatemala]].
 ==Temples==
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 In [[Assisi]], another church of ''Santa Maria sopra Minerva'' was built in the [[16th century]] within the surviving [[cella]] of a late Republican temple of Minerva. Its [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] portico still stands.
-==In later culture==
+==Influence==
-===Universities and educational establishments===
 [[Image:MinervaSapienza.JPG|right|400px|thumb|The statue of Minerva in [[La Sapienza University]], [[Rome]]]]
-As patron goddess of wisdom, Minerva frequently features in statuary, an image on seals, and in other forms, at educational establishments, including:
-*A statue of Minerva is located in the center of [[La Sapienza University]], the most important university of [[Rome]].
-*Minerva is displayed in front of [[Columbia University]]'s Low Library as "Alma Mater."
-*Minerva is the name of a female residence at the [[University of Stellenbosch]] in [[South Africa]].
-*Minerva is the name of the computer science server used by students at the Harvard Extension School.
-*Minerva is displayed to the East of [[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]]'s Elliot University Center as a statue.
-*Minerva is featured on the seals and logos of many institutions of higher learning:
-**[[University of Lincoln]]. Minerva's head is used as the logo of this UK University. There is a tradition within the Lincoln rugby team and it is thought they are the Knights of Minerva, each match being won in her honour.
-**[[University at Albany, The State University of New York]]. Minerva is still venerated by seniors and their 'torch bearers' during a pre-graduation ritual called "Torch Night" there.
-**the [[University of Alabama]]
-**[[Union College, New York]]. Union College has also used Minerva as the name of their new academic and social "Third Space" program, the Minerva House System; and, also here, Minerva is the goddess of [[Theta Delta Chi]].
-**[[UFRJ]], the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, in [[Brazil]].
-**[[Ghent University]], in [[Belgium]]
-**[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]], in [[Cambridge, Mass.]] The seal's principal figure is Minerva - a symbol appropriate for an organization created in the midst of the American Revolution and dedicated to the cultivation of every art and science to "advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people."
-* Minerva is also the name of the second oldest elite student-association in the Netherlands (Leiden University).
-*Minerva decorates the keystone over the main entrance to the Boston Public Library beneath the words, "Free to all." BPL was the original public-financed library in America and, with all other libraries, is the long-term memory of the human race.
-* Minerva is the Goddess of the [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] Fraternity.  Fraternity Brothers are known as Loyal Sons of Minerva.
-* Minerva is the name of a remote learning facility at Bath Spa University in England, UK.
-* Minerva is featured on the seal of the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma.
-===Societies===
+Although Minerva is no longer worshipped, she has persisted as one of the Roman dieties most commonly alluded to among the cogniscenti and their folds. As patron goddess of wisdom, Minerva is frequently featured at educational establishments in the form of a statue, or as an image on seals, among other forms. For example, a statue of Minerva is located in the center of [[La Sapienza University]], the most important university of [[Rome]]. Minerva is also displayed in front of [[Columbia University]]'s Low Library as "Alma Mater." Minerva decorates the keystone over the main entrance to the Boston Public Library, the original public-financed library in America, beneath the words, "Free to all." Minerva is featured on the seals and logos of many institutions of higher learning, such as the [[University of Lincoln]] in the United Kingdom, the [[University at Albany, The State University of New York]], the [[University of Alabama]] and [[Union College, New York]], among others. Minerva is the logo of the world famous German "Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science".
-*In the early 20th century, [[Manuel José Estrada Cabrera]], [[President of Guatemala]], tried to promote a "Cult of Minerva" in his country; this left little legacy other than a few interesting [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]] style "Temples" in parks around [[Guatemala]].
-*According to John Robison's ''Proofs of a Conspiracy'' (1798), the third degree of the Bavarian [[Illuminati]] was called ''Minerval'' or ''Brother of Minerva'', in honor of the goddess of learning.  Later, this title was adopted for the first degree of [[Aleister Crowley]]'s [[Ordo Templi Orientis|OTO]] rituals.
+Minerva is also alluded to in numerous academic publications and literary works. For instance, Minerva is a triannual magazine for members of the [[Royal Dublin Society]]. Minerva is also a section heading in the [[British Medical Journal]], alluding to her healing powers. In a similar vein, Minerva Medica is the name of an Italian publisher of medical journals and books. The journal of the Special Air Service Regiment of the British Army is "Mars and Minerva", taking its name from the regimental badge of the [[Artists' Rifles]]. Numerous literary and popular fictional characters, have been named after Minerva, usually related to computers or genius.
-*Minerva is the logo of the world famous German "Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science" ([[Max-Planck-Gesellschaft]])
 ==References==
-*
+*Grant, Michael & Hazel, John. ''Who's Who in Classical Mythology''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973. ISBN 0297766007
-*
+*Grimal, Pierre. ''A Concise Dictionary of Classical Mythology''. Cambridge, M.A.: Blackwell, 1990. ISBN 0631166963
-*
+*Lenardon, Robert J, et al. ''A Companion to Classical Mythology''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0195147254
-*
+*Morford, Mark P. O. & Lenardon, Robert J. ''Classical Mythology''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0195153446
+*Scheid, John. ''An Introduction to Roman Religion''. Bloomington, I.N.: Indiana University Press, 2003. ISBN 0253216605
 ==External Links==