Jonestown

Houses in Jonestown

Jonestown was a communal settlement in northwestern Guyana founded by Jim Jones of the Peoples Temple. It gained lasting international notoriety in 1978, when nearly its whole population died in a mass suicide orchestrated by its founder.

Named after Jones, the settlement was founded in 1974 on his initiative about seven miles (11 km) southwest of the small town of Port Kaituma. It had a population of approximately a thousand at its height, with most residents having lived there under a year.

In November of 1978, United States Congressman Leo Ryan visited Jonestown to investigate alleged abuses there. On November 18, while attempting to fly out, Ryan and four others were gunned down at an airstrip by members of the Peoples Temple. That evening, Jones led his followers in their mass murder-and-suicide. Over 900 men, women and children perished, Jones among them.

Afterward a period of abandonment, the settlement the Guyanese government allowed its re-occupation by Hmong refugees from Laos for a few years in the early 1980s, but since then it has since been altogether deserted. It was mostly destroyed by a fire in the mid-1980s, and its remains were left to decay and be reclaimed by the jungle.

Origins

Rev. Jim Jones with children of members of the Peoples Temple

The Peoples Temple was formed in Indianapolis, Indiana, during the mid-1950s and later became affiliated with the Disciples of Christ under Jones' leadership. This new association bolstered the Temple's reputation, increased its membership, and spread Jones' influence. Beginning in 1965, Jones and about 80 followers moved to Redwood Valley in Mendocino County, California, where he taught a blend of Christianity, hippy philosophy, and Marxist liberation theology.

In 1972, Jones moved his congregation to San Francisco and opened another church in Los Angeles, California. While in San Francisco, Jones vocally supported prominent liberal-left political candidates. He was appointed to city commissions and was a frequent guest at political events. He also supported charity efforts and recruiting new members from the ranks of the poor into his interracial and intercultural congregation.

Soon, scandals regarding tax evasion and abuse of his members convinced Jones that the capitalist "establishment" was inevitably turning against him, and began planning a relocation of the Temple. In 1974, he leased over 3,800 acres (15.4 km²) of jungle land from the Guyanese government. Jones encouraged all of his followers to move to Jonestown, which he called the "Peoples Temple Agricultural Project," in 1977. Jonestown's population increased from 50 members in 1977 to more than 900 at its peak in 1978.

Jonestown established

Jonestown

Georgetown

Kaituma

Peoples Temple Agricultural Project ("Jonestown", Guyana)

Many of the Peoples Temple members believed that Guyana would be, as Jones promised, a socialist paradise. However, the life they found there was anything but ideal. Work was performed six days a week, from seven in the morning to six in the evening, with humid temperatures that often reached over 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius).

According to some, meals for the members often consisted of nothing more than rice and beans. Medical problems such as severe diarrhea and high fevers struck half the community in February 1978. According to the New York Times, copious amounts of drugs such as Thorazine, sodium pentathol, chloral hydrate, Demerol and Valium were administered to Jonestown residents, with detailed records being kept of each person’s drug regimen.

File:Jim Jones' Cabin.jpg

Jim Jones' Cabin

Various forms of punishment were used against members considered to be serious disciplinary problems, and some members who attempted to leave away were allegedly drugged to the point of incapacitation. Increasingly alienated from the U.S. and looking to nations like Cambodia, North Korea, and the Soviet Union as models, Jones reportedly had armed guards patrolling the compound day and night both to protect the compound from the CIA and to prevent unauthorized travel by Jonestown's own residents.

As with other communist agricultural projects, children were raised communally and both children and adults also taught to address Jones as "Father" or "Dad." Up to $65,000 in monthly U.S. welfare payments to Jonestown residents was allegedly appropriated by Jones.

Local Guyanese related stories about harsh beatings and a well into which Jones had misbehaving children thrown in the middle of the night. Convinced that the U.S. and the capitalist world might attempt to destroy his socialist experiment, Jones preached an increasingly apocalyptic vision and began rehearsing for a mass suicide in case of a CIA attack. According to former Jonestown member Deborah Layton:

"Everyone, including the children, was told to line up. As we passed through the line, we were given a small glass of red liquid to drink. We were told that the liquid contained poison and that we would die within 45 minutes. We all did as we were told. When the time came when we should have dropped dead, Rev. Jones explained that the poison was not real and that we had just been through a loyalty test. He warned us that the time was not far off when it would become necessary for us to die by our own hands."

Reports of these and other abuses began reaching the U.S. through relatives and Peoples Temple members who succeeded in leaving Jonestown. Charges included human rights violations, false imprisonment, the confiscation of money and passports, mass suicide rehearsals, and the murder of seven attempted defectors. Relatives became increasingly concerned that members were being held against their will or had been brainwashed or drugged into submission by an increasingly unstable Jones.

Investigations

Congressman Leo J. Ryan

On Tuesday November 14, 1978, Congressman Leo Ryan, a Democrat from San Francisco, flew to Guyana along with a team of 18 people consisting of government officials, media representatives, and members of the anti-Jones group "Concerned Relatives of Peoples Temple Members." The group also included Richard Dwyer, Deputy Chief of Mission of the US Embassy to Guyana at Georgetown, believed by some to have been a CIA officer.)

After the delegation's arrival in Guyana, Jones' lawyers in Georgetown, Mark Lane and Charles Garry, refused to allow Ryan's party access to Jonestown. Ryan did visited the Temple office in the suburb of Lamaha Gardens, but his request to speak to Jones by radio was denied.

On Friday, November 17, Ryan informed Lane and Garry that he would leave for Jonestown at 2:30 p.m., regardless of Jones' schedule or willingness. Accompanied by Lane and Garry, Ryan flew to Port Kaituma airstrip, six miles (10 km) from Jonestown. Only Ryan and three others were initially accepted into Jonestown, but the rest of Ryan's group was allowed in after sunset.

At first the visit was cordial. Jones organized a reception and concert for the Ryan delegation, and its members were given guided tours around the community. Some of the residents were reportedly angry with the visitors, seeing Ryan as a hostile investigator in cahoots with the CIA and resenting the presence of reporters and relatives who were perceived as hostile to the community. Jones reportedly commented that he felt like a dying man and ranted about government conspiracies and martyrdom, crying attacks by the press and his enemies. At some point in the evening, two Peoples Temple members, Vernon Gosney and Monica Bagby, passed a note to addressed to Ryan, reading "Please help us get out of Jonestown."

That night the primary Ryan delegation (Ryan, his legal adviser Jackie Speier, US embassy official Dwyer, and Guyanese official Neville Annibourne) stayed in Jonestown, while members of the press corps and the "Concerned Relatives" went to Port Kaituma and stayed at a small café. With feelings of an adversarial confrontation rising, in the early morning of November 18, more than a dozen Temple members walked out of the colony in the opposite direction of the airstrip at Port Kaituma.

Jones with US Embassy official Richard Dwyer and attorney Charles Gary

When the reporters and the Concerned Relatives group arrived back at Jonestown, Jones' wife Marceline gave a tour of the settlement for the visiting reporters. However, when the reporters insisted on entering the home of an elderly black woman, a dispute arose, and other residents accused the press of being racist for trying to invade her privacy.

Jim Jones, who was reportedly severely addicted to drugs, woke late on the morning of November 18, and the NBC crew confronted him Vernon Gosney's note. Jones angrily declared that those who wanted to leave the community would "lie" and "destroy Jonestown." Then two more families stepped forward and asked to be escorted out of Jonestown by the Ryan delegation. Jones reportedly remained calm and gave them permission to leave, along with some money and their passports, telling them they would be welcome to come back at any time. That afternoon Jones was informed that the two other families had defected on foot.

While negotiations proceeded, emotional scenes developed, as some family members wished to leave and others, determined to stay, accused them of betrayal. Al Simon, an Amerindian member of the Peoples Temple, walked toward Ryan with two of his small children in his arms and asked to go back with them to the U.S., but his wife Bonnie denounced her husband over Jonestown's loudspeaker system. Meanwhile, enough people had expressed a desire to leave on Ryan's chartered plane that there would not be room for them in one trip.

Violence breaks out

Jim Jones

Ryan planned on sending a group back to Georgetown and staying behind with the rest until another flight could be scheduled. Then Temple member Don Sly then attacked Ryan with a knife, allegedly on Jones' orders. Although the congressman was not seriously hurt in the attack, he and Dwyer realized the visiting party and the defectors were in danger. Shortly before departure, Jones loyalist Larry Layton asked to join the group that was leaving, but other defectors voiced their suspicions about his motives, which Ryan and Speier disregarded.

Ryan's party and 16 ex-Temple members left Jonestown and reached the nearby Port Kaituma airstrip at 4:30 p.m., where they planned to use two planes (a six-passenger Cessna and a slightly larger Twin Otter) to fly to Georgetown. Before the Cessna took off, Layton produced a gun he had hidden under his poncho and started shooting at the passengers.

After killing two of the party members, he was disarmed, but about this time, a tractor appeared at the airstrip, driven by members of Jones' armed guards. Jones loyalists opened fire while circling the plane on foot. Ryan was shot dead along with four journalists. A few seconds of the shooting were captured on camera by NBC cameraman Bob Brown, whose camera kept rolling even as he was shot dead. Ryan, three news team members, and 44-year-old Jonestown defector Patricia Parks were killed in the few minutes of shooting. Jackie Speier was injured by five bullets. Steve Sung and Anthony Katsaris also were badly wounded. The Cessna was able to take off and fly to Georgetown, leaving behind the damaged Otter, whose pilot and copilot also flew out in the Cessna.

Journalist Tim Reiterman, who had stayed at the airstrip, photographed the aftermath of the violence. Dwyer assumed leadership at the scene, and at his recommendation, Layton was arrested by Guyanese state police. The 10 wounded and others in their party gathered themselves together and spent the night in a café, with the more seriously wounded cared for in a small tent on the airfield. A Guyananese government plane came to evacuate the wounded the following morning.

Six teenage teenager defectors attempted to hide in the adjacent jungle until help arrived and their safety was assured, but became lost for three days and nearly died, until they were found by Guyanese soldiers.

Mass murder-suicide

A great deal remains either unknown or controversial concerning what happened in Jonestown on the evening of November 18, 1978. The media has generally reported the event as a mass suicide, but in recent years, variations of the term "murder-suicide" have popped up. In all, 909 people died in Jonestown that night, including 287 children.

About 45 minutes after the Port Kaituma shootings the airstrip shooters arrived back in Jonestown. The shooters numbered about nine, and their identities are not all certainly known, but most sources agree that Joe Wilson (Jones’ head of security), Thomas Kice Sr., and Albert Touchette were among them.

In the early evening, Jones called a meeting under the Jonestown pavilion. When the assembled gathered, Jones told the gathering "they'll torture our children, they'll torture some of our people here, they'll torture our seniors. We cannot have this." He then put into effect the mass suicide plan the group had previous rehearsed, saying: "All it is, is taking a drink to take... to go to sleep. That's what death is, sleep." Jones argued with at least one Temple member who actively resisted his decision for the whole congregation to die. A 43-minute audio tape, which was edited at some point by persons unknown, was left behind, documenting the affair. Christine Miller is heard objecting to mass death and called for an airlift to Russia. After several exchanges, she backed down, apparently after being shouted down by the crowd.

The children were poisoned first. Aides took the children from their parents and brought them to stand in line. Some parents apparently went with their children. The poisoned drink was squirted into children's mouths with plastic syringes. Eyewitness Stanley Clayton, who was assisting already-poisoned children, reports that many children resisted and were physically forced to swallow by guards and nurses. According to Clayton, the poison caused death within about five minutes. After consuming the drink, according to Clayton, people were then escorted away and told to lie down along walkways and areas out of view of the people who were still being dosed. The audio tape records numerous screams and anguished cries, from women and children.

Survivors/eyewitnesses

Four people who were intended to be poisoned managed to survive. They were:

• 79-year-old Grover Davis, who was hearing impaired, missed the announcement on the loudspeaker to assemble, laid down in a ditch and pretended to be dead;
• 76-year-old Hyacinth Thrash, who hid under her bed when nurses were going through her dormitory with cups of poison;
• 36-year-old Odell Rhodes, a Jonestown teacher and craftsman who volunteered to fetch a stethoscope and hid under a building; and
• 25-year-old Stanley Clayton, a kitchenworker and cousin of Huey Newton, tricked security guards and ran into the jungle.

Three more survivors were brothers Tim and Mike Carter (30 and 20), and and Mike Prokes (31) who were reportedly given luggage containing $500,000 US currency and a document, which they were told to deliver to Guyana’s Soviet Embassy, in Georgetown. They soon ditched most of the money and were apprehended heading for the Temple boat (Cudjo) at Kaituma.

Before the killing began, Jones' two lawyers, Charles Garry and Mark Lane, talked their way past armed guards and made it to the jungle, before eventually arriving in Port Kaituma. While in the jungle near the settlement, they heard cheering, then gunshots. This observation concurs with the testimony of Clayton, who heard the same sounds as he was sneaking back into Jonestown to retrieve his passport.

According to Guyanese police, Jones and his immediate staff, after having successfully carried out the "revolutionary suicide," came together and killed themselves and each other with handguns, after giving a final cheer. However, only two people were reported to have gunshot wounds: Jim Jones and Annie Moore—one wound each.

Aftermath

The first headlines reporting the event claimed that 407 Temple members had been killed and that the remainder had fled into the jungle. This death count was revised several times over the next week until the final total of 909 was reached.

The sheer scale of the killings, as well as Jones' socialist leanings, led some to suggest CIA involvement. In 1980 the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence investigated the Jonestown mass suicide and announced that there was no evidence of CIA involvement at Jonestown. Most government documents relating to Jonestown, however, remain classified. Guyanese Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Leslie Mootoo and his assistants examined 137 bodies soon after the tragedy. He concluded that all but two or three bodies were victims of murder: 80 percent to 90 percent had needle injection marks on their upper arms or shoulders, and most of the remainder were shot with crossbow bolts. He also reported that many needles and syringes were found on tables and on the ground around the area, many with bent or broken needles, suggesting struggles among unwilling adults.

Annie Moore which in part stated: "We died because you would not let us live in peace." However, only seven bodies of 913 were autopsied, including Jim Jones, Annie Moore, and Dr. Lawrence Schact.

Inconsistencies

A number of inconsistencies in the testimony and evidence of the Jonestown tragedy have raised various suspicions and conspiracy theories:

• At 4:44 a.m. local time (just about 8 hours after the deaths) the CIA's National Operations and Intelligence Watch Officers Network broadcast news of "mass suicides" at Jonestown, according to an official report from January 1979. But Guyanese soldiers were the first to arrive on scene, and they did not arrive until more than 12 hours after that transmission.

• A cloud of secrecy descended on effective investigation of the events. President Bill Clinton signed a bill into law in the 1990s, mandating the expiration of secrecy in documents after 25 years. The majority of Jonestown documents remain classified, despite Freedom of Information requests from numerous people over the past three decades/

Survivor Micheal Prokes committed suicide in March 1979, four months after the Jonestown incident. In the days leading up to his death, Prokes sent notes to several people, together with a 30-page about Peoples Temple. Prokes then arranged for a press conference, held in a motel room in Modesto, California, at which he read a statement to the eight reporters who attended. [1]. He then excused himself, went to the bathroom and fatally shot himself in the head.

Larry Layton, who had opened fire aboard the Cessna, was found not guilty in Guyanese court. He was later extradited to the U.S. and put in prison; he is the only person ever to have been held responsible for the events at Jonestown. He was paroled 24 years later, in 2002.

According to various press reports, surviving Temple members in the U.S. announced their fears of being targeted by a "hit squad" of Jonestown survivors; similarly, in 1979, the Associated Press reported the claim of a U.S. Congressional aide that there were ".. 120 white, brainwashed assassins out from Jonestown awaiting the trigger word to pick up their hit."

Legacy

The area formerly known as Jonestown was at first tended by the Guyanese government, which allowed its re-occupation by Hmong refugees from Laos, for a few years in the early 1980s, but it has since been altogether deserted. It was mostly destroyed by a fire in the mid-1980s, after which the ruins were left to decay. The buildings and grounds were not taken over by local Guyanese people because of the social stigma associated with the murders and suicides.

The Jonestown tragedy create a wave of fear about "cults." As a result, several new religious movements with no history of violence reported increased persecution, anti-cult movements received thousands of inquiries from concerned relatives, and a new wave of illegal "deprogramming" attempts were directed at NRM members in an effort to "save" them from the dangers of alleged brainwashing and possible mass suicide.

See also

• Heaven's Gate (religious group), another group that ended in a mass suicide, in the mid 1990s
• Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, a 2006 documentary film
• Seductive Poison, a book by Deborah Layton, a survivor of the Peoples Temple
• Waco Siege, an incident which resulted in the deaths of nearly all members of the religious group involved.
• Jonestown: Paradise Lost, a 2007 History Channel Documentary

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Galanter, Marc. Cults Faith, Healing, and Coercion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0195123697.
• Sorell, W. E.,. Cults and cult suicide. International Journal of Group Tensions, 1978. 
• Barden, Renardo. Cults. Troubled society. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Corp, 1990. ISBN 0865930708.
• Dolan, Sean. Everything You Need to Know About Cults, The need to know library. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 2000. ISBN 0823932303.
• Sargeant, Jack. Death Cults Murder, Mayhem and Mind Control. True crime. London: Virgin, 2002. ISBN 0753506440.
• Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown: The Moore Family Involvement in Peoples Temple. Lewiston, New York: E. Mellen Press, 1985. ISBN 0889468605.
• Krause, Charles A., Laurence M. Stern, Richard Harwood, and Frank Johnston. Guyana Massacre The Eyewitness Account. New York: Berkley, 1978. ISBN 0425042340.
• Naipaul, Shiva. Journey to Nowhere A New World Tragedy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981. ISBN 0140061894.
• Kerns, Phil, and Doug Wead. People's Temple, People's Tomb. Plainfield, N.J.: Logos International, 1979. ISBN 0882703633.
• Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven The Untold Story of the Rev. Jim Jones and His People. New York: Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0525241361.
• Kilduff, Marshall, and Ron Javers. The Suicide Cult The Inside Story of the Peoples Temple Sect and the Massacre in Guyana. New York: Bantam Books, 1978. ISBN 0553129201.
• Nelson, Stanley, Marcia Smith, W. Noland Walker, Michael Chin, and Tom Phillips. Jonestown the life and death of Peoples Temple. [Alexandria, Va.]: PBS Home Video, 2007. ISBN 1415731527.

External links

All links retrieved November 29, 2007

• The Facts about the Children at Jonestown
• Jonestown Apologists Alert
• Alternative considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple
  • "Who Died?", a list of who died at Jonestown
• "The Jonestown Death Tape (FBI No. Q 042) (November 18, 1978)"
• "Nightmare in Jonestown, Time magazine cover story, Monday, December 4, 1978
• Father Cares: The Last of Jonestown, a 1981 audio documentary produced by NPR (90 minutes)
• 'Jonestown Legacy' website run by David Wise, once a Pastor of the Los Angeles Branch of the Peoples Temple, but latterly an opponent of Jim Jones.
• The Jonestown, Guyana Tragedy: Primary Source Materials from the U.S. Department of State
• "The Jonestown Massacre" - Crime Library
• "Jonestown massacre + 20: Questions linger", CNN.com, November 18, 1998
• "Timeline: Road to tragedy in Jonestown", CNN.com, November 17, 2003
• "1978: Mass suicide leaves 900 dead", BBC, On This Day: 18 November
• "The Assassination of Representative Leo J. Ryan and the Jonestown, Guyana Tragedy", excerpt from: Report of a Staff Investigative Group to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, May 15, 1979
• "Masters and Slaves: The Tragedy of Jonestown"

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